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“Edwin B. Matzke
Library
Bn 2 contin
Pees
THE
NATURAL HIS TOR Y
OF
PEREANTS:
VOLS:
THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OI
Pe Ne Pte:
BY
H. BAILLON,
PRESIDENT OF THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY OF PARIS,
PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL NATURAL HISTORY AND DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
OF THE PACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS.
VOL:
NYCTAGINACEZÆ, PHYTOLACCACEZÆ, MALVACEZÆ,
TILIACEÆ, DIPTEROCARPACEÆ, CHLÆNACEZÆ, TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ,
BINACEZÆ, CISTACEZÆ, VIOLACEA, OCHNACEZÆ, RUTACEÆ.
LONDON :
L. REEVE & CO. 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1875.
187l
1. 4
yan pe
LONDON :
SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
COVENT GARDEN.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
XXIV. NYCTAGINACEA.
The Marvels of Peru (Fr., Belle-de-nuit ;' figs. 1-10) have regular
Their convex receptacle bears below a first
hermaphrodite flowers.
Mirabilis Jalapa.
Fr@. 1.—Floriferous branch (2).
2003.—
Ke
84; Il, t. 105.—ENDz., Gen. n.
\
NS
1 Mirabilis L., Gen., n.139.—GÆRTN., Fruct.,
ii. 207, t.127.—Lamx., Dict., iv. 481; Suppl.,iv. DucHarrre, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 3, ix. 263
VOL. IV. B
HI
2 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
floral envelope, green, analogous to a calyx, with five divisions more
or less deep quincuncially imbricated, or almost valvate. More inter-
nally is found a second coloured’ petaloid envelope, with a tube more
or less elongated according to the species, dilated at the base into a kind
Mirabilis Jalapa.
Fie, 3.
Flower,
Fra. 4.
Diagram.
Fia, 2.
Bud.
Fia. 5.
Base of the flower, lon-
gitudinal section (3).
of sac, and spreading out above into a funnel-shaped limb, of which
the five divisions are deeply induplicate-contorted.* The androceum
is formed of five stamens, alternating with the divisions of the inner
envelope. They are generally of unequal length, each composed of
a filament, free in all its upper portion, surmounted by a bilocular
introrse anther, with two cells dehiscing by longitudinal submarginal
clefts? Below, these filaments sometimes adhere to the tube of the
perianth, and, quite at their base, unite into a short thick tube, fleshy
in certain species, and more or less urceolate and glandular.‘ This
t. 17-19.—Cnoisy, in DC. Prodr., xiii. sect. ii.
427.— Payer, Organog., 297. — Admirabilis
Cuus., Hist., ii, 87.—Nyctage V. Roy., Lugd.,
417.—Jalapa T., Inst., 129, t. 50.—ADANS.,
Fam. des Pl., ii. 265.—Nyctago J., Gen., 90;
in Ann. Mus., ii. 274 (incl.: Acleisanthes A,
Gray, Quamoclidion CHors.).
1 White, pink, violet purple yellowish, or
spotted with these different colours.
2 The lobes, properly speaking, are but
slightly prominent. Their midrib corresponds
to the five projecting ribs found all along the
perianth, and ending in a more or less acute
little point, It is between these apices that the
limb expands into five petaloid laminæ, which
are reduplicate-contorted in the bud (often
wrongly described as lobes of the calyx) while
the real body of the petal is valvate.
3 The pollen-grains are large and spherical.
Their outer coat is “firm, punctate with many
pores” (H. Mout, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii.
313). “ Pollen granulosum luteum” (Cuots.,
Prodr., 426).
4 Often described, for this reason (but
wrongly), as a dise, this organ is quite inde-
pendent of the hypogynous dise, which is repre-
sented in several species by a slight thickening
of the base of the ovary itself.
NYCTAGINACEX. 3
part of the androceum surrounds a free, superior, unilocular ovary,
thickened at the base into a hypogynous dise,' surmounted by a long
slender style, the capitate apex of which bears a great number of
small branches, simple or ramified,’ each terminated by a little head
bearing stigmatic papilla. Towards the base of the ovary-cell, at
the bottom of its posterior wall, is found a subbasilar placenta, which
supports a single anatropous ovule, suberect, with the micropyle
turned downwards and out-
wards® The fruit is an
achene,’ with a membranous
pericarp surmounted by a ves-
tige of the style, and closely
applied to the seed which it
encloses. Around it persists
the inflated base of the an-
Mirabilis Jalapa.
droceum and the dilated
portion of the petaloid
erianth, which become Bees a
per ? 5 Induviate fruit (5). Longitudinal section, antero-
posterior, of induviate
dry, hard, pentagonal (figs. fruit,
6, 7), only presenting at
its truncated apex a narrow opening at the point where the
tubular part is detached after anthesis. Under the very thin
seed-coats is found a conduplicate embryo, which envelops by
its curved radicle, with inferior apex, and by its two large
foliaceous, unequal’ conduplicate-incumbent cotyledons, a thick
farinaceous albumen (figs. 7, 8, 10). The Marvels of Peru are
perennial’ plants of tropical America. ‘Their subterranean portion
is tuberous, formed by the tap-root, which is sometimes con-
siderably developed. The herbaceous stems di- or trichotomous,
with swollen, articulated nodes, bear opposite, simple petiolate exsti-
pulate leaves. The axillary or terminal flowers are in cymes or
1 Often little developed ; its existence is always
indisputable in the common Marvelof Peru.
? In M. Jalapa they are only ramified, as a
rule, into two or three short branches.
3 It has two coats, and its base is very thick ;
it often forms a projection below the micropyle,
which seems to play the part of an obturator.
4 It might almost be called a caryopsis; how-
ever, the membranes which represent, one the
pericarp, the other the episperm, are separable,
although closely applied to each other.
5 The exterior is larger than the interior, and
this disproportion is very marked in certain
other Nyctaginaceæ.
6 With us, they are cultivated as annuals, the
winter destroying their aerial branches. But
if protected from the frost, their fleshy tap-roots
can be preserved from one year to another.
B 2
4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
glomerules.! Half a dozen species’ of Miradilis proper are known,
some of which are frequently cultivated in our gardens. The exterior
green gamophyllus envelope of our common Marvel of Peru is not a
calyx, but really an involucre; for in J/. ¢rifora it contains, instead
of a single flower, three, of which one is terminal, and two younger
Mirabilis Jalapa.
Fra. 8. Fra. 9. Fie. 10.
Fruit with indusium. Fruit without indusium (%), Seed, the teguments taken
Longitudinal section (bilateral), aways
ones lateral. A genus has been made for this plant under the name
of Quamoclidion*® In M. multifora‘ the flowers are still more nume-
rous within the involucre; from four to six may be counted around
the terminal flower. In the preceding plants the number of bracts
in the involucre varies from four to seven or eight. In some other
species of Mirabilis, distinguished under the generic name of Acleis-
anthes, there are not more than two, or more rarely three bracts
under the articulate flower; and they are besides very small, instead
of protecting the entire’ bud when young. The variable size of these
bracts, however, does not permit us to distinguish the three or four
known species of Acleisanthes’ otherwise than as a section in the
genus Mirabilis. Thus constituted,’ this genus consequently includes,
according to us, as many as ten species.
1 Often uniparous towards the extremity of 4 Nyctaginia? Torreyana Cuors., Prodr.,
the infloresence. 430, n. 3.—Oxybaphus mulliflorus TorR., in
2 Ruerp., Hort. Malab., x. t. 75 (Andi- Ann, Lye. N.-York, ii. 237. — Quamoclidion
Maileri).—Rumru., Herb. Amboin., v. t. 89 multiflorum Torr., ex A. Gray, Brief Char. of
—L., Spec., 252.—Manou, Meth., 508 (Jalapa). some new Gen. and Spec. of Nyctag., 7, n. 2 (ex
—Sm., Exot. Bot., i. 48, t. 23.—H.B.K., Nov. Amer. Journ. Sc., 1853, xv.).
Gen, et Spec., ii. 212.—BERTOL., Hort. Bonon., 5 A. Gray, Brief Char., 2.
15, t. 1—Travtv., in Bull. Sc. Acad. Petersh., 6 The articulation of the flower is above them.
vi. n, 14,—LEPELL., in Ann. Mus., viii. 481.— 7 A. Gray, loc. cit., 2, 3.—CuHols., Prodr.
Branco, Fl. de Filipp., '77.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil, 429, n. 2 (Nyctaginia).
v. 205.—DC., Fl. Fr., iii. 425,—Curn., in Bot. SMS 1. Nyctago (J.).
Mag., t. 371.—Watpr., Ann., v. 721. aa 2. Quamoclidion (CHoO1s.).
3 Cuors., Prodr. 429, n. 2. ect. 3. (3. Acleisanthes (A. GRAY).
NYCTAGINACEÆ. 5
Nyctaginia capitata’ has the same vegetative organs, the same
flowers, and the same fruit as Mirabilis, but it has been made into a
distinct genus because its flowers are united in great numbers into a
terminal false capitulum, in an involucre formed of numerous bracts,
and because its stamens and capitate style protrude from the perianth,
instead of remaining included. It is a herb of Mexico and Texas.
Okenia hypogea is à Mexican herb, the glutinous branches of
which are prostrate on the sand, and bear terminal solitary flowers,
in form like those of Hirabilis. But these flowers have from twelve
to eighteen stamens, a style peltate and stigmatiferous at the apex,
and the fruit surrounded, like that of Airabilis, by an indusium of
similar nature, buries itself in the sand to ripen, while the peduncle
which supports it bends and lengthens greatly. The involucre
surrounding the enlarged portion of the perianth is here formed of
three leaves more developed than those of <Acleisanthes, smaller
than those of the true A/irabilis, imbricate at first, but afterwards
caducous.
In Pentacrophys Wright an herbaceous plant from Texas, the ter-
minal or leaf-opposed sessile flowers are constructed almost like those
of the preceding genera, but they have an involucre of three subulate
bracts, a diandrous androceum, and the base of the perianth, which
persists around the fruit, takes the form of a truncated cylinder,
traversed lengthwise by five prominent, thick, obtuse ribs, terminated
by a glandular swelling. The apex of the indusium presents a small
opening into the cavity, which contains a small fruit, formed, in
fact, like that of Hirabilis.'
Selinocarpus has the same organs of vegetation as all the pre-
ceding plants, and bracts and flowers like those of Acleisanthes, but
the androceum is composed of from two to five stamens, and the five
ribs of the indusium expand around the fruit into five vertical
wings, or into a smaller number of those membranous expansions
which make the fruit resemble in form certain Uxbellifere.
1 Cnors., in Mem. Soc. Gen., xii.; Prodr., there are two sorts of flowers. In some the
429, n. 3.— Boerhaavia capitata PAv., mss. (ex
Crors.).
2 ScHTEDE ex SouLrz et CiraM., in Linnea,
v. (1830), 92.—Cuots., Prodr., 449, n. 14.
3 A. Gray, Brief Char., 4.
4 In this plant, as in most of the allied genera,
perianth is quite developed; in others it is
arrested sooner or later, and moreover the
gynæceum is fertilised in the bud, and becomes a
fertile fruit.
5 A. Gray, Brief Char., 4,
6 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
It is this which gives the generic name to these plants, of which
two species are found in New Mexico.
Oxybaphus' (figs. 11, 12) also only differs from the Marvel of Peru
Oxybaphus roseus.
Fia. 11.
Inflorescence,
in details of form and in the number of
stamens. The gamophyllus and quinquefid
involucre is one-flowered in half the species,
three-flowered in the other half” The peri-
anth has a short tube, and expands rapidly
into a campanulate limb, regular or slightly
irregular, folded and caducous. The androceum
is formed of three, more rarely four, stamens,’
often quite protruding on one side of the ex-
panded flower, like the style, which is termi-
nated by a stigmatiferous head (fig. 11). The
involucre persists and often becomes membranous and veined round
Oxybaphus viscosus.
Fig. 12.
Inflorescence.
the fruit (fig. 12), which is analogous to that
of Mirabilis. This genus is formed of fifteen
species,’ for the most part American; one of
them however is found in the hilly regions
of Eastern India. These are herbs whose
vegetative organs are analogous to those of
Mirabilis, and whose small flowers are united
into uniparous cymes. In Western America,
from Mexico to Chili, a plant is found, analo-
gous to Oxybaphus in aspect, and which is
named Allionia incarnata.’ Its flowers, three in
number, are placed in an involucre, formed of
three bracts, to which they are superposed.
They are tetramerous and generally tetran-
1 Lufrit., Monogr. ined. (ex Vaux, Enum.,
ii. 40).—J., in Ann. Mus., ii. 274.—Porr., Dict.,
Suppl, iv. 255.—ENDr., Gen. n. 2004.—
DucHATRE, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 3, ix. 282, t.
17.—PayeEr, Organog., 297, t. 62.—ScuNIzL.,
Inconogr., 104.—Cuors., Prodr,, 430.— Culyx-
hymenia ORTEG:, Dec., v. t. 1, 8, 11.—Turp.,
in Dict. Sc. Nat., Atl., iv. t, 22.—Calymenia
Norr., Gen., i. 25.— Wittmannia Turr., in
Cav. Ic., 3.—Palavia CAV.—Bruguiera Cay.
(ex CHoIs.).
? Sect. Allionopsis (CHots., Prodr., 432).
# According to H. Mout, the pollen is covered
with short spines in O. viscosus Lukr.; and
that of O. nyctagineus Sweet, is like that of
Mirabilis.
4L., Spec, 147 (Allionia)—Putrsu, Fl.
Amer. Bor, i. 97, (Allionia).—Sweer, H.
Brit., 567.—R. et Pav., Fl. Per. et Chil., i. 45,
t. 75 (Calyxhymenia).—Perrs., Enchirid., i. 36
(Calymenia).—Dxsr, Cat. Hort. Par. ed.
3, 390.—EpeGeEw., in Trans. Linn, Soc., xx. p. 1,
87.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., v. 205.— Bot. Mag. t.
434.—Watp., Ann., 1, 560; v. 721.
5 L. Gen. n. 117 (part.); Spee, 147.—J.,
Gen., 195; in Ann., Mus., i. 274.—GÆRIN.,
NYCTAGINACEÆ. 7
drous. The lower portion of their perianth, which persists around
the fruit, presents two lateral ribs, developing into hard laciniate
wings, and bending outwards so as almost to meet. They form thus
a sort of cell, exterior to that of the indusium, and in which two
series of vertical, parallel, glandular tubercles project, developed upon
the exterior surface of the anterior wall of the indusium.
Boerhaavia' is nearly related to Orybaphus, and is only essentially
distinguished therefrom by one single point, the bracts accompanying
the flowers varying in number from one to three, are small, often
caducous, and do not form a persistent involucre around the fruit
which they envelop. Moreover, the flowers, generally small and
inconspicuous, present in their different parts those numerous
variations of form and proportion which we have observed in
Mirabilis and in the neighbouring types. The perianth, more or
less contracted towards the middle, has a superior petaloid portion
infundibuliform or campanulate and caducous, and an inferior portion
which persists around the fruit, and is tubular, obconical, or clavi-
form. In B. yibbosa it is unsymmetrical and gibbous on one side.
This has given rise toa genus Senkenbergia.* In the others it is
regular. The stamens are of the same number as the divisions of
the corolla, or more generally less numerous. There are often only
three, as in Oxybaphus, or two, or even one only. They are united
below, and protrude more or less from the corolla. The style is more
or less obtuse at its stigmatiferous apex. The induviate fruit is
analogous to that of the other Myctaginacee. Certain Boerhaavias
have their flowers in spikes ;* others in umbels or verticils ; others,
again, in racemes or in capitula, simple or compound. All are
herbaceous or frutescent at the base, with opposite simple and
Fruct., iii. 182, t. 214.—Lamx., Dict. i. 85, n. 2;
Til, t. 58.—Lukr., Slirp., 63, t. 31.—H. B. K.
Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii. 214.—Enpu., Gen. n.
2005 (part.).—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., v. 208.—
Cuotrs., Prodr., 434, n. 5.—A. malacoides
Benru., Voy. Sulph., Bot., 44.—Wedelia
Lert., I, 180 (nee Jacg.).
1 L., Hort. Cliff.,17; Gen. ed. 1, n. 22—
ADANS., Fam. des Pl, ii. 265.—J., Gen., 91;
in Ann. Mus., ii. 208, t. 127.—Porr., Dict., v.
52; Suppl., iv.319; JU/., t. 4—ENDL.,, Gen. n.
2000.—Cuots., Prodr., 449, n. 15.—Dantia
Lipp., mss. (ex DEL, Fl. Ægypt. ii. 2 nec
Dop.-Tu.).— Antanisophyllum VaiuL., in Act.
Par. (1792), 190.—Senkenbergia SCHAUER, in
Linnea, xix. (1847), 711.—Tinantia Marv. et
Gat., in Bull Acad. Brux., xi. n. 4, 30,—Cnors.,
Prodr., 457, n. 16.—Lindenia Marr. et Zucc.
loc. cit., 17 (nec Hoox.).
2 Pav., in Herb. (ex A. Gray, Brief Char...,
9, n. 6).—Lindenia gypsophiloides Mart. et
Gau.—Tinantia gypsophiloides Marv. et Zucc.
—Senkenbergia annulata SOHAUER, loc. cit.
3 À name which A. GRAY applied to a section
of the genus Boerhaavia.
* Notably Senkenbergia and B. spicata CHors.,
Prodr. (456, n. 21).
8 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
petiolate leaves. Some twenty-five species' of them are enumerated,
abounding principally in America, but this genus is found in all the
warm regions of the globe.
Abronia has the inflorescence of Nyctaginia, with an involucre
generally of five leaves, and some differences in the perianth and the
fruit. The first is hypocrateriform, with a tube swollen at the base,
and a limb spreading more or less obliquely, and separated into
lobes, equal or slightly unequal The androceum is formed of five
unequal stamens, included, and adhering to the perianth by their
filaments. The style is claviform or taper-
ing towards its stigmatiferous apex. The fruit
(fig. 13) is narrow and elongated. The
basilar portion of the perianth, which persists
round it, dilates as in Selinocarpus, into yet
more fully developed membranous and veined
wings. The embryo has generally only one
cotyledon, the interior aborting. The ddronias
ey a are creeping herbs, natives of the tempe-
Fruit, rate parts of North America. Half a dozen
have been described, which are probably only
varieties of one and the same species.‘ Their leaves are opposite,
long-petiolate and unequal; the pedunculate inflorescence is ter-
minal, although seemingly lateral or axillary.
Pisonia’ (figs. 14-17) has regular polygamous flowers. In certain
species of them, which are hermaphrodite, is found a perianth forming
Abronia cycloptera.
1L., Spee. 4.—W., Spec., 1, 19; Phyt.,i.n. Mém. Pétersb.,x.; Descr. Pl. Nov.-Calif., 281.—
3,—Vaut, Enum., i. 287.—Lour., Fl. Cochinch., Brntu., Voy. Sulph., Bot., 43.—Torr., in Frem.
20.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii. 216.— first Rep., 96; in Emor. Rep., 149; in Slansb.
Forsr., Prodr., n. 5.—Laa. et Ropr., in Ann. Expl. Rep., 395.—A. Gray, Brief Char,.., 5.
Cienc. Matr. (1801), 256.—Ricw., in Act. Soc. 5 Prum., Icon. (ed BuRM.), t. 227; Amer,
Hist. Nat. Par., i, 105.—R. Br., Prodr., 422. 7, t. 11 (nec Rovrs.).—L., Gen, n. 897.—
—C, Gay, Fl. Chil., v. 209.—A. Gray, Brief ADANS., Fam. des PL, ii. 265.—J., Gen., 91; in
Char,.., 7.—WatLP., Ann. i. 559; ili, 298; v. Ann. Mus., ii. 275.—GæRIN., Fruct., i. t. 76—
722. Porr., Dict., v. 346; Suppl, iv. 419.—LAMK.,
2 J., Gen., 448.—GÆRTIN., Fruct., iii. 181,t. ZUL, t. 861.—Enpu., Gen., n. 2012.—CHors.,
214.—-Lamx., Dict., viii. 85; JU, t. 105— Prodr., 440.—Torrubia VELLOZ., Fl. Flum., iii.
Expt., Gen., n. 2002.—Cuors., Prodr., 435, n. t. 150.—Bessera VELLOZ., op, cit., iv. t. 2.—
6.—Tricratus Lugsr., Diss., e. ie.—Cycloptera Pallavia Vezxoz., op. cit., iv. t. 12.— Columella
Nurt., mss.—Apaloptera Nurr., mss, (ex A. VeELLOzZ., op. cit. iv. t. 17.—Tragularia Kan,
Gray). (ex Roxs., Fl. Ind., ii. 345).—Calpidia Dur.-
% In this case the exterior ones are the most u., Hist. Pl. Il. Afr, Austr., 23, t. 8 (incl. :
developed. Cephalotomandra Karst. et 'Trr., Neea R, et
* Hoox., in Bot. Mag., 2879; Exot. Fl,, t. Pav., Vieillardia Ap. Br. et GR.).
193, 194; F1. Bor.-Amer., ii, 125.—Escu., in
NYCTAGINACEZ. 9
acylinder more or less dilated above, where it divides into five valvate
lobes. More internally are five stamens, alternating with the divisions
of the perianth, exserted, united at the base, with introrse anthers,
and a gynæceum resembling that of MZ/radilis. The fruit, surrounded
by the inferior portion of the
perianth which persists, is indu- Pisonia discolor.
rated dry and monospermous ; and
the seed which it contains en-
closes under its very thin coats a
straight embryo with inferior
radicle and a not very voluminous
albumen. In the male flowers the
gynæceum remains inconsiderable i
© é E Fia. 14. Fie, 15.
or sterile, or occasionally dis- Flower (+). ue to
appears. In the female flowers of flower.
the stamens are either less nume-
rous or much shorter, and sometimes even wholly absent, included,
with sterile anthers, or antherless. But the species, to the number
of thirty, included in the genus Pisonia, are subject to an indefinite
number of variations. The perianth is
variable in form, according to the Pisonia aculeata,
species and sex. In the female flowers
it is often cylindrical or clavate. In the
male it is frequently shorter ovoid, ob-
ovoid or campanulate. The divisions,
sometimes not very deep, are either
slightly reduplicate, or oftener indupli-
Fig. 16, Fie. 17.
cate in the bud. The androceum is wd tates Porn ee See vey
generally the seat of deduplications, indusium (>). of fruit.
which, instead of five stamens, make as
many as six, seven, eight, or still more, from twelve to thirty, or even,
in Cephalotomandra and Vieillardia from thirty to forty. The ovary
has always the same organization, but the stigmatiferous extremity
1 ©. fragrans Karst. et Trt, F1. gran., 23 serted. The greater part of the Pisonias more-
(ex WaLp., Ann, Vv. 721). The perianth is over, have the fruit induviate.
urceolate-subeampanulate in the male flowers, 2 Ap. Br. et Gr., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr.,
The stamens are included in these, while in the viii. 375; in Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 5, 338. The
female flowers they are sterile, and slightly ex- calyx is subcampanulite.
10 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
of the style is very variable in form, sometimes linear, papillose on
one side or swollen and club-shaped, or with an irregular head, or
separated into papillose branches, as in JM/iradilis, or even divided
into long penicillate rays. The stamens are much exserted in the
greater part of the Pisonias proper, but in certain species, or in the
unisexual flowers, they protrude very little from the perianth,’ and
the genus Veea in everything else similar to the other Pisonias, is
distinguished only by its stamens, which should be constantly
included ; this, however, is not quite absolute. The greatest varia-
tions may be observed in the fruit and in the seed; first as to the
indusium formed round the pericarp by the hardened portion of the
perianth. It is globular, ovoid, clavate, or much elongated into a
cone. The five prominent ribs which it bears are either naked and
little visible, or occupied by glands which cover it over with a
viscid secretion. These capitate and stipitate glands are prominent
at the surface (figs. 16, 17), and produce a very abundant glutinous
juice. The fruit fills all, or a variable portion, of this sac. The seed
which it encloses is occupied almost entirely by the embryo, which
is as long or longer than itself. In the latter case the cotyledons
are more or less corrugated in their length; or their apex is
folded back more or less upon the base,’ as in /irabilis and other
analogous genera. Moreover, the two cotyledons envelop each
other. The more they enlarge the more concave they become on
the posterior side. Their curved edges bend to meet inside ; besides
which they are involute once or even several times upon themselves.
The albumen, becoming proportionally less as the cotyledons encroach
upon its mass, occupies the concavity, and is sometimes reduced to
a thin tongue, which fills the depression of each half of the posterior
cotyledon. Sometimes it is not more than a thin strip or a
sort of mucous filament,* occasionally even disappearing completely.
With all these variations in flower and fruit the Pzsonias present
very constant characters in their organs of vegetation. They are
always trees or shrubs, inhabiting the warm regions of all parts of
1 Tt is in the species of the New World that in Berl. Akad. Abhandl. (1831), 219; (1832),
the stamens are described as included. ts ds
2 R. ct Pav., Prodr., 52, t. 9; Fl. Per. et 3 This is seen in certain seeds of Viel-
Chil., 90.—J., in Ann. Mus., ii. 275.—ENDL, lardia.
Gen., n. 2011. —Cuors., Prodr., 447. — 4 For example,-in Calpidia lanceolata Dur-
Nebra Nononu., mss.~— Mitscherlichia K., Tu., and in several others,
NYCTAGINACEÆ. 11
the globe! Their bark is spongy; their branches often thorny.
Their leaves are alternate or opposite, simple, entire, glabrous
and exstipulate. Their flowers are in simple or ramified racemes,
generally composed of cymes, sometimes umbelliferous or corymbi-
ferous, terminal, lateral, or inserted upon the wood of the stem
or branches. Each flower is accompanied at its base by small
bracts, generally two or three, more rarely from four to six, in
number.
In Colignonia’ the inferior part of the perianth forms an ovoidal
purse, enveloping the ovary with a narrow opening, beyond which
it dilates into a bell-shaped limb, with three or five valvate lobes.
The androceum is formed of five or six hypogynous stamens, more
or less exserted ; and the gynæceum, inserted quite at the bottom of
the flower, has a glabrous uniovular ovary surmounted by a style,
stigmatiferous and capitate papillose, or penicillate at the apex.
The fruit is an achene enveloped by the entirely persistent perianth.
Its inferior portion is dilated into a kind of sac, with three or four
vertical wings. The three or four species’ of this genus are her-
baceous or suffrutescent plants, with very small and very numerous
flowers, disposed in simple or ramified racemes of cymes, often
umbelliferous, sometimes accompanied by bracts or modified petaloid
leaves. They inhabit all western tropical America.
Boldoa has a tubular perianth, analogous to that of certain
Pisonias, and separated above into four valvate or induplicate teeth.
At the bottom is found a gynæceum, surmounted by along subulate
style, and three or four bypogynous exserted stamens. Three or
four species have been described, of which the best known is
Mexican.’ The others are from the neighbouring regions, herbaceous
1 L., Spec., 1511.—Sw., Prodr., 60; Fl.
3H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii. 216,
Ind. Oce., 643, 1960.—H. B. K., Nov, Gen. t.
128 (Abronia). — SPRENG., Syst., i. 536
et Spec., ii. 217.—R. Br, Prodr. Fl. Nov.-
Holl,, 422.—ENDtz., Prodr. Fl. Norfolk, 43.
—BL., Bijdr., 7135.—GUILLEM., Zeph. Tait. 39.
—Detess., Jc. Sel, iii. 51, t. 87.—Papp. et
Expz., Nov. Gen. et Spec., 45, t. 161, 162
(Neea)—Casar., Dec. Pl. Bras, viii. 69.—
Link, Kt. et Ort., Pl. Hort. Berol., 37, t.15.—
Link, Enum., i, 354. —BENTE., Pl. Hartweg.,n.
381.—NETTO, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 5, v. 80,
t. 7, 8.—WAtLP., Ann., i 561; iii. 2985 v. 722.
2 ENDL., Gen., n, 2001,—Cuorts., Predr., 439,
neal’.
(Tricratus)—BrEntu., Pl, Hartweg., 148, n.
628.
1 Cav., Cat. Hort. Matrit. (1803), t. 7
(nee J.).—Lag@asc., Diagn., 10.—Cuots., Prodr.,
438.—Salpianthus H. B., Pl. Æquin., i. (1805),
155.— Enpt., Gen., n. 2010.
5 SPRENG., Syst., i. 179.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Spec. ii, 218.—Porr., Dict., Suppl.
v. 23; Jll., Suppl., cent. 10, ic.—Marr. et GAL,
in Bull, Acad. Brux., x. n. 4, 16.—BENTH.,
Voy. Sulph., Bot., 155.
12 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
or suffrutescent, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and numerous
flowers disposed in large composite much ramified and terminal
racemes.’
The flowers of Bougainvillea’ (figs. 18-20) are tubular like those of
Boldoa and still longer. Their summit is dilated a little into a limb
Bougainvillea spectabilis.
Fie. 20.
Sexual organs.
Fia. 18.
Flower and its bract. Inflorescence.
with five teeth, valvate-induplicate in the bud. The androceum is
formed of seven or eight included stamens, with slender filaments
monadelphous at the base (fig. 20). Their gynæceum is that of the
Nyctaginacee generally, and their slender style is obtuse or swollen
into the shape of a club towards its stigmatiferous apex.’ But what
particularly distinguishes this genus, is that its flowers are surrounded
by three petaloid leaves (figs. 18, 19), which have the form and figure
of cauline leaves and only differ from them in colour and consistency.
In Bougainvillea proper, each of these larger bracts has in its axil a
flower which is connate with it in a variable portion of its mid-nerve ;
while in 7ricycla,' generally made a distinct genus, there is only one
1 Reichenbachia hirsuta might doubtless be
considered as a section of this genus. Reichen-
bachia hirsuta (SPRING., in Bull. Soc. Philom.
(1823), 54, t. 1.—ExDpxz., Gen.,n. 2009.—CHors.,
Prodr., 439, n. 10). It is a Columbian plant
which has the organs of vegetation and the
flowers of Boldoa, but its diandrous androceum
and the style are included.
2 Cuos., Prodr., 437.—Bugainvillea Com-
MERS., ex J., in Ann. Mus., ii. 275; Gen., 91.—
GweRIN., Fruct., iii. 206, t. 216—Lamx., JIL,
t. 249.—Enpz., Gen. n. 2008.—ScHNIZL.,
Iconog., n. 104.—DUuCHATRE, in Ann, Sc. Nat.,
sér, 3, ix. 281, t. 16, 17.—Cuots., Prodr., 437.—
Josepha VErxoz., El, Flum., iv. t. 16.
3 The thickened short funicle forms a kind of
obturator to the ovule,
4 Cay., Zc. Rar., vi. 79, t. 598; in Ann.
NYCTAGINACEÆ. 13
flower in the centre of three bracts. Bowgainvillea consists of shrubs,
often sarmentose and thorny,'with simple, alternate exstipulate leaves.
Half a dozen species* have been described, all natives of the warm
regions of South America.
B. px Jussrev’ established an order Ja/ape in which he placed
with Pisonia, Boerhaavia and Mirabilis all the Plumbaginee and
Amarantheæ then known. Apaxsox‘ reduced the family of the Jalaps
to the above three genera. He only retained besides the genus
Plumbago, of which A. L. pe Jusstev’ made a special order, distinct
from that of the MNyctaginacee, to which he added the genus
Bugainvillea of Commerson. Lindley‘ who first gave to this family
the name of Nyctaginacea, united therein, like EnpiicuEr,’ eleven of
the genera that we know at present, that is to say, besides those
already collected by A. L. pr Jussitu, Adronia, Oxybaphus, Alhonia,
Boldoa (Salpianthus), Reichenbachia, Colignonia, and Okenia.*
Cuorsy who, in 1849, drew up for Prodromus the description of the
Nyctaginacee, established the new genus Nyctaginia, to which four
years later A. Gray added Pentacrophys and Selinocarpus.” The
fourteen genera which we have retained, include about a hundred
and twenty species, of which nearly a hundred belong to the warm
regions of the New World, extending from Mexico and the Southern
United States to Chili and La Plata. There are in Australia
but three Pisonias and two Boerhaavias which are found in all the
warm countries on the Globe.
eight or ten Pisonias which are peculiar to them.
The warm regions of Oceania have
There is a rather
Cienc. Nat., v. 63, t. 40.—J., in Ann, Mus.,
ii. 275.—Enpt., Gen., n. 2007.—Cuols., Prodr.,
436.—Torreya SPRENG., N. Entd., ii. 121 (ex
Expx., nec ARN., nec RAFIN.)
1 The simple or 2, 3-forked spines at the
summit represent, as in Pisonia, axillary branches
or floriferous peduncles, and may bear here
and there leaves, coloured bracts, and even
flowers.
2 Porr., Dict., viii. 86; Suppl, v. 358 (Zri-
cycla).—W., Spec., ii. 348.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen, et Spec. i. 173, t. 49.—PERS., Enchirid.,
i. 418.— ? Bianco, Fl. Filipp., 307.—GARDN.
in Hook. Journ., i. 185.—NeEuw., Reis. Bras.,
i. 44, 91, 347; ii, 148.
3 Ord. Nat. (1759), in À. LZ, Juss. Gen.
Ixviii.
4 Fam. des Pl, ii. (1763), 263, fam. xxxvi.—
Nyctaginee J., in Ann. Mus., ii. 269.—Allio-
niacee Hor., Prim. Lin, Syst., 68.—Jalapinee
Batson, Aff. 324.
5 Gen. (1789), 90, Ord. 3.
5 Nat. Syst,, ed. 2, 213; Veg. Kingd. (1846),
506, Ord, 192.
7 Gen., 310, Ord. 104.
S Also Tricycla, Reichenbachia, Neca, ascribed
respectively by us to the genera Bougainvillea,
Boldoa, and Pisonia, with Ægilithes Bl., which
is a Serpicula.
9 Also Quamoclidion, ascribed here to Mira-
bilis.
10 Brief Char. of some new Gen, and Spec,
of Nyctagin., Princ. Coll. in Texas and N,
Mexico (in Amer. Journ. of Se., sér. 2, 1853.)
The Author also established in this paper, the
genus Acleianthus, which we join to Mirabilis
as the title of a section,
14 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
smaller number in Asia and Madagascar. The genera ddronia,
Okenia, Nyctaginia, Pentacrophys, Selinocarpus reduced to one, or a
small number of species, only inhabit the south-western regions of
North America. Bo/doa and Colignonia extend farther south, in the
west of South America. d//ionia occupies a long western zone from
Mexico to Chili. Oxybaphus is wholly American, except one Indian
species, which occupies the sides of the Himalayas. J/iradbilis is
solely American ; but J/. Jalapa has been introduced into all the
warm and temperate countries of the globe.’
The Nyctaginacee have been considered as allied at the same time
to the Polygonacea, Chenopodiaceae, Plumbaginacee, Phytolaccacee,
Cannabinacee, Valerianaceæ, Piperacee. Despite of external
resemblances, they are sharply distinguished from the first three
families, for in these the basilar placenta bears the ovule, around
which the wall of the ovary is formed by the union of two or several
carpellary leaves. The Cannabinacee have also more than one
carpellary leaf to the gynæceum and an axile placenta supporting a
single descending ovule in the fertile cell. The Valerianacee have
none of the essential characters of the Nyctaginacee ; for their ovary
is really inferior, the insertion of their perianth being what is called
epigynous.” The ovary of the Wycfaginacee on the contrary is quite
free and superior; but it is constructed absolutely like that of
Piperacee and Urticacee, that is to say, formed of one single
carpellary leaf inserted on the side of the axis which bears one single
ascending ovule. However, the ovule of the Nyctaginacee, always
reflexed and not orthotropous, distinguishes them clearly from the
Piperacee, which have neither their petaloid perianth nor their
embryo external to the albumen, but possess a double albumen.
The gynæceum of Myclaginacea is however also constructed like
that of the unicarpellary Phytolaccacee, that is to say, the vince.
These last have also a farinaceous albumen enveloped by the
embryo; and they are only distinguished by the organization of
their perianth, which has no inferior persistent thickened part, to
1S. Warson, in Unit. St. Geogr. Expl. of perianth, and its superior part to a corolla, is
fourt. par., Bot., 286, Hermidiwn, n. 8, t. 82. quite inadmissible. The affinity appealed to in
Flowers in capituliform racemes, with 5-7 Pisonia and Viburnum is only due to superficial
stamens, analogous to those of Mirabilis. appearances. ‘lhe unicarpellary Tymelaceæ are
? The idea which A. L. DE Jussieu had of only distinguished from the Nyctaginacee in the
comparing a calyx to the persistent part of the flower by the direction of the ovule.
NYOTAGINACE. 15
form a sort of supplementary sacciform pericarp around the fruit,
completely closed at the apex. This character is never wanting in
the Nyctaginacee, neither is the aforesaid organization of the
gynæceum and the constant direction of the single ovule. The
variable characters in this little group serving to distinguish the
genera are the mode of inflorescence, the shape and colour of the
bracts of the involucre,' the form of the perianth, the number of
stamens, and the shape of the indusium surrounding the fruit.
The vegetative organs present also several considerable differences
in this group. The Pisonias are trees or shrubs. The Bougainvilleas
are thorny or sarmentose shrubs, while, except Boldoa and Colignonia,
which may be frutescent, all the other Wycfaginacee are annual or
perennial herbs. The structure of the stems is frequently similar to
that of the Piperaceæ, inasmuch as their fibro-vascular system is
often double; one interior, and the other exterior. According to
Unenr,’ the latter is formed in J/radilis by fibro-vascular bundles, in-
dependent of each other and of the central system, and only here and
there connected together by lateral anastomoses. The interior, on
the contrary, is simple, and consists of a vascular zone whose fascicles
pass into the leaves. Ozybaphus, also studied in the same work,
presents an analogous structure, and has this character in common
with A/iradilis, that the wood is traversed by irregularly scattered
bundles of generative tissue. These observations have been taken
up by several authors,’ and particularly of late years by Regnault,'
who has proved that there is in Pisonia fragrans, inside the suberous
and herbaceous epidermic layers, a rudimentary liber-zone, formed
of scattered fibres, scantily dotted between which are cells rich in
crystals. Then comes a generative zone, surrounding, as elsewhere,
the wood and the pith; but both of these contain in their interior
1 In Prodromus the family has been divided ? Essay on the forms and growth of Dicoty-
from this character into three tribes: the ledonous stems,
Mirabilee, which have a calyciform involucre ; 3 Link, Jahresb. (1840).—Marr, Gelehrte
the Bougainvilleæ, in which it is formed of large Anzeig. (1842), 391.—Linpt., Introd. to Bot.,
coloured bracts, and the Boerhaaviee which i, 192; Penn. Cyclop., x. (Boerhaavia) ; Introd.,
have no involucre. This artificial division has 215, fig. (Pisonia) ; Veg. Kingd., 507.—HENFR.,
the inconvenience of separating from each other Microsc, Dict., art. Wood (Pisonia, Boer-
such types as Mirabilis, and others as Okenia, haavia).—SonLErD., Grundz., 251; in Wiegm.
Acleisanthes, Pentacrophys, whose organs ofvege- Arch. (1839), 223.—Biscu., Lehrb., ii, 64,—
tation and efflorescence are absolutely the same, CRUEGER, in Bot, Zeit. (1850), 164 (Pisonia),—
but which have some larger and others smaller Orav., Stem. in Dicot., 26.
bracts, but always inserted in the same way. 4 In Ann, Se, Nat., sér. 4, xiv. 144, t. 9.
16 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
special formations that give the plants of this family a particular
character. In the wood is found beside the medullary rays, formed
of a single row of cells, fibro-vascular bundles, representing in trans-
verse section concentric circles of islets. Each bundle comprises
externally cells; more internally fibres, and quite inside, vessels.
These same bundles are repeated in the pith, composed and arranged
in the same way—that is to say, disseminated as in a monocotyle-
donous stem.’ The general organization is the same in Oxybaphus
and Ifrabilis. But in the former, the bundles scattered through the
woody mass in Pisonia “ tend to, approach, and join each other. The
general woody mass in which they are plunged is already a little less
homogeneous, and the woody fibres less perfect.” And in dfrabilis
the bundles remain nearly the same; the fibres of the general woody
mass have quite the character of young fibres in process of formation
from the primitive elongated cell.’ In all three the pith is partly
filled with isolated fibro-vascular bundles. In several genera (J/ira-
bilis, Boerhaavia, Oxybaphus, Pentacrophys, §c.) the roots rapidly
take the conical form of a swollen tap-root, with fleshy concentric
layers in which the juices collect; it is often gorged with starch and
with certain active principles.
These principles give to the roots of several Nyctaginacee properties
sometimes tolerably powerful,’ which led the ancients to derive from
this family several evacuant drugs, such as Jalap. The production
of this was formerly ascribed to the common Marvel of Peru or
Mirabilis Jalapa' Li. (figs. 1-10), and to JZ. dichotoma L.* and longi-
fora Lf It is now known that they only yield a root of spurious
Jalap, the section polished blackish or greyish, marked with con-
centric striæ, “hard, compact, very heavy, with a faint nauseous
1 Disposition which introduces into the woody
mass the elementsof cortical layers. REGN. loc. cit.
2 Mirabilis, he says, is destitute of true liber,
3 GuiB, Drog. Simpl., ed. 6, ii. 444.—Enpt.,
Enchirid., 194 —Linvu., Fl. Med., 365; Veg.
Kingd., 507,—Rosrentu , Sym. Pl. Diaphor.,
226, 1111.
4 See p. 1-4.
5 Spec., 252 (nec GARER.).—PLENK, Off,
t. 139.—Cnois., Prodr., 428, n. 2.—Jalapa
officixarum Marvin, Cent., 1, t. 1.—Nyctago
dichotoma J, (vulg. Fleur de quatre heures).
5 Spec., 252.—PLENK, Off. t. 138.—CHors >
Prodr., n. 5.—Jalapa longiflora Mæœxcx.—
Alzoyati HERNAND., Mexic, 170, fig. 2.—
Nees D’Esrnprck (Pl, Medic., Suppl., t. 33),
believed that this species supplied the “7acine
de Mechoacan gris” or “radix Metalistæ” of the
apothecary, which is a powerful drastic. IZ,
suavolens (H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii.
213); and I. odorata of gardens [in Linnea
(1888), 75], regarded in Mexico as good re-
medies in diarrhoea and rheumatism, are ascribed
in Prodromus to this species.
NYCTACGINACEÆ. 17
odour and a sweetish taste, leaving a little acridity in the mouth.
It is said to be pretty strongly purgative. The Boerhaavias' also
often have purgative and emetic roots. In Guiana that of Boerhaavia
diffusa Li bears the common name of Ipecacuanha. 2. tuberosa
Lamx.,® bears in Peru that of Yerba de la purgacion. In Africa and
Central America B. erecta Li. ;* in India B. procumbens Roxs.,° serve
also as purgatives.
The root of the B. decumbens Vaux, is employed as an emetic in
Guiana. B. procumbens has been also prescribed as a febrifuge,
B. scandens in hemorrhoids, and Z. hirsuta W. in jaundice. Some
plants of this genus have edible roots and buds.’ It is also said that
the roots of the Pésonias have evacuant properties: in India P.
aculeata Li. ;3 in America P. novia Nerr.. This last is considered in
Brazil as a powerful irritant, contact with which produces itching
and even leprosy, it is asserted.” P. Capparosa Netv.," of Brazil is
used to prepare an infused drink in the province of Minas-Geraes,
and, above all, to dye cotton stuffs black.’ Some of the Pisonias of
Polynesia and Java have a wood strong enough to serve for building."
Several are cultivated in our hothouses for the beauty of their foliage.”
Cephalotomandra fragrans” has, like several other Pisonias, numerous
and fragrant flowers. Like J/iradilis, some of them are cultivated in
our gardens for their flowers, which blow at night, especially 47.
longiflora, which exhales a sweet and musty odour at evening. The
Abronias have been introduced into our parterres as ornamental
plants, especially 4. wmbellata The -Bougainvillee ornament our
greenhouses, not by their flowers, which are inconspicuous, but by
the brilliant colours of the three petaloid bracts protecting the
inflorescence.
! H. Bn., in Dict, Encycl. Se. Méd., x. 18. Tragularia horrida Kan.—Pallavia loran-
2? Spec., 4.—Cuots., Prodr., 452, n. 9. thoides H. B. K. (Fingrigo of Jamaica).
3 Til, i. 10.—Cuors., Prodr., 454, n. 16. 9 In Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 5, v. 80, t. 7.
4 Spec., 4 (nec Forsr.).—Cuot1s., Prodr., 10 Hence the vulgar names of Pao lepra, Pao
n. 1, Judea. It is still called Jodo molle.
> Var., it is said, of B. diffusa. N Toe, cit., 82, t. 8 (vulg. Capparosa do
5 Phyt., i, n. 3.—Cuots., Prodr., n. 5. campo).
7 The young shoots of RB. erecta are eaten. "The leaves of P. noxia serve the same
The tap-roots of B. mutabilis ere harvested as purpose.
Salsify in the South Sea Islands, Olus album
Rumen. (Herb. Amboin., i. 78), whose shoots
are eaten with meat at Amboyna, has been
named by SpanoGHE [in Linnea (1841), 342]
Pisonia alba.
8 Spec. 1511.—Cuots., Prodr., 440, n. 1.—
VOL. IV.
13 Especially P. sylvestris TEysM. et BInn.
(ex ROSENTH., op. cit, 1111).
4 In Peru the silversmiths use Chuleo, or
Colignonia parviflora ENDL., to clean silver vases.
15 See p. 9, note 1.
16 Lamx. Iil., t, 5 —Cuots., Prodr., 435, n. 1.
C
18 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
1. Mirabilis L.—Flowers regular hermaphrodite. Calyx petaloid
tubular or tubular-infundibuliform. Limb usually patulous, 5-
dentate, membranous-dilated between the teeth and induplicate con-
torted in the bud; tube slightly dilated at base and somewhat
constricted above dilatation ; upper part caducous. Stamens 5, un-
equal, even with or slightly longer than tube of perianth, alternating
with its teeth; filaments 1-delphous at base, sometimes connate in a
short thick fleshy disk-like tube, free above; anthers short 2-celled
laterally or subintrorsely rimose at margins. Ovary free above, sur-
rounded at base by a thin disk, 1-celled ; style slender recurved at
apex; summit globose divided into short simple or slightly ramose
capitellate stigmatiferous branches ; ovule 1, subbasilar suberect,
inserted in internal angle of the ovary, anatropous or subcampylo-
tropous ; micropyle anterior, inferior. Fruit (an achene or nearly a
caryopsis), clothed with hardened 5-agonal base of the calyx and
base of stamens; internal albumen of suberect-seed farinaceous ;
cotyledons of incurvo-involute peripheral embryo incumbent, unequal
(the interior smaller) ; radicle cylindro-conical inferior.—Herbs ; root
usually tuberous-conical, stem and branches articulate at nodes ;
leaves simple opposite exstipulate ; flowers crowded in cymes at ends
of twigs (sometimes 1-parous); involucre (sometimes calyciform)
formed of five large bracts connate at base imbricate or subvalvate,
sometimes 2 or 3-flowered (4c/eisanthes), or 1-flowered (Zumirabihs,
Acleisanthes), or 8—- -flowered (Qzamoclidion). Flowers articulate
at base beyond involucre (Zropical and Subtropical Western America).
See p. 1.
2? Nyctaginia Cuois. — Flowers nearly of Mirabilis; calyx
tubular dilated at apex, 5-plicate. Stamens 5, much exserted. Style
even with stamens, germen and fruit of d/iradilis.—A herb; leaves
opposite ; flowers terminal, falsely capitate, articulate, surrounded
by a polyphyllus imbricate involucre (Mexico). See p. 5.
NYCTAGINACE 4. 19
3. Okenia Scurep.—Flowers nearly of Mirabilis ; subinfundibuli-
form limb of perianth regular, 5-fid ; lobes emarginate. Stamens 15-
18. Fruit clothed with hardened suberous base of calyx, 10-
costate, closed at apex, finally entering the ground by elongation of
peduncle after anthesis. Other characters as in A/irabilis.—A pros-
trate herb; leaves’ glutinous ; flowers solitary terminal, axillary to
branches usually short ; peduncles much elongated after anthesis ;
bracts 3, in a short involucre, imbricate under articulate flower
(Mexico). See p. 5.
4. Pentacrophys A. Gray.—Flowers nearly of Ofenia; calyx
regular. Stamens 2. Germen of J/iradilis ; style slender, peltate
stigmatiferous at apex. Fruit clothed with cylindrical base of calyx,
5-costate, truncate at apex ; ribs thick suberous Jongitudinal, swell-
ing to large glands at apex. Other characters as in Miradilis—A
low herb, lignescent at root, many stemmed, and viscous-pubescent
scabrid; leaves opposite petiolate; flowers terminal or lateral to leaves;
bracts below articulate flower, 3 subulate (W. Mezico). See p. 5.
5. Selinocarpus A. Gray.—Flowers nearly of Okenia; calyx
subeyathiform or infundibuliform-tubular 5-agonal. Stamens 2-5
exserted. Germen, fruit and seed of Miradilis; style of Okenia.
Fruit clothed by accrescent base of calyx produced into 3-5 mem-
branous-scarious vertical wings.—Low herbs, sometimes suffru-
tescent, many-stemmed from tuberous or lignescent root; flowers
terminal or lateral to leaves, 2-nate or many glomerulate; bracts
below flower 1-3 minute (W. Mexico). See p. 5.
6. Oxybaphus Vaur.—Calyx very shortly tubular at base ; limb
4—5-merous, regular or oblique campanulate folded, deciduous.
Stamens 3, 4, connate at base. Germen of J/irabilis ; style granular-
capitate at apex. Fruit ovate costate, seed, embryo, albumen of
Mirabilis —Herbs ; leaves opposite ; flowers in cymes often 1-parous
and lateral; involucre gamophyllous, 5-fid, 1- or 3-flowered (Ad/io-
nopsis), sometimes 4, 5-flowered, often marcescent after anthesis
(Tropical and Subtropical America, Mountainous India). See p. 6.
7. Allionia L.--- Flowers nearly of Oxybaphus ; regular 4-merous.
c 2
20 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANT'S.
Stamens 4 included. Gynæceum of Oxybaphus. Fruit clothed by
hardened base of calyx ; wings 2, marginally dentate, spinulose after-
wards reflexed, so as to form an exterior cell, containing 2 series of
vertical capitate-glandular tubercles. Seed of Oxybaphus ; embryo
folded.—A herb; leaves opposite; flowers 3-nate, opposite lobes of
gamophyllous 3-fid involucre (Warm and Western America). See p. 6.
8. Boerhaavia L.—Calyx 2-partite to middle ; upper part infundi-
buliform or campanulate petaloid, apex 5-lobed, deciduous ; lower
part cylindrical or obconical, persisting round the fruit, indurated
(virescent or nigrescent), afterwards sometimes slightly gibbous,
(Senkenbergia). Stamens 1-5 connate at the base, often exserted.
Germen nearly of Mirabilis ; style erect, sometimes longitudinally sul-
cate at back ; apex thickened, stigmatiferous. Fruit and seed nearly
of Oxybaphus ; embryo usually conduplicate.—Herbs annual or peren-
nial, or frutescent at base; leaves opposite; flowers (small, insig-
nificant) in simple or ramified spikes, or generally in cymes; cymes
regular or 1-lateral, rarely solitary or with few flowers, or reduced to
1; bracts small, not coloured (47 warm regions of the Globe). See p.7.
9. Abronia J.—Calyx hypocrateriform ; tube narrow, more or less
inflated at base; limb open, sometimes oblique, 5-lobed deciduous.
Stamens 5, included, adnate to base of perianth. Germen and ovule of
Mirabilis ; style subelavate to stigmatiferous apex. Fruit clothed
with base of 5-agonal costate calyx, which is dilated into from 3-5
wings more or less membranous-venose. Seed of A/irabilis ; second
(interior) cotyledon of subcontorted or conduplicate embryo, abortive.
—Creeping herbs; leaves opposite, unequal long-petiolate ; flowers,
glomerules, falsely capitate with involucre; usually 5-phyllus, inserted
at the summit of the usually elongated peduncle (orth Temperate
America). See p. 8.
10. Pisonia PLum.—F lowers dicecious or polygamous ; calyx often
coloured, much varied in form, subovoid, campanulate, clavate, or
tubular (in the female flowers often longer and more tubular) ; teeth
4—6, oftener 5, usually short valvate, or induplicate valvate, more
rarely subreduplicate. Stamens 5-10, or more rarely 10-30-40 ;
filaments free at the base or slightly connate, usually unequal, either
NYCTAGINACEÆ. 21
exserted (Hypisonia), more rarely subexserted, or included or sub-
included (WVeea), in female flowers sterile, generally included ; anther
cells subovate, separate. Germen and ovule nearly of Mirabilis ;
style generally lateral (posterior), included or exserted ; apex laterally
stigmatiferous, thickened, subclavate, subeapitate, or more or less
penicillate-fimbriate or ramose. Fruit clothed with the hardened
cylindrical, obovoidal subclavate ovoidal or conoidal base of perianth,
slightly glabrous, or with 5 viscous or glandular-serrate or capitate-
glandular ribs. Seed suberect ; embryo erect; radicle inferior; coty-
ledons straight or incurved conduplicate at apex, straight at margin,
or incurved, or involute, generally unequal (interior smaller) ; albu-
men in the concavity of cotyledons very small or a little mucilaginous,
sometimes more or less fleshy.—Trees or shrubs glabrous or pilose ;
bark often spongy ; branches often (with axillary shoots or abortive
peduncles) aculeate ; leaves alternate or opposite, often entire ; flowers
cymose ; cymes solitary, terminal, sometimes capituliform, generally
in simple or ramified panicled racemes; bracts small, 1-3 or more
rarely 4—6 (A! warm regions of the Globe). See p. 8.
11. Colignonia Enpi.—Calyx subcampanulate, 2—5-fid, the base
persisting round the ovary, dilate-ovoid. Stamens 3-6 included.
Ovary and ovule nearly of Pisonia ; style slender; apex stigmati-
ferous, capitate, or penicillate-multifid. Fruit clothed with the base
of the calyx, growing into 3-5-agonal wings, crowned by the per-
sistent limb of the perianth.—Herbs or small shrubs ; leaves opposite,
flowers minute in close false umbels, solitary or frequently ramified-
compound; bracts small, sometimes coloured (South Warm and Western
America). See p. 11.
12. Boldoa Cav.—Calyx tubular; apex 4-dentate. Stamens 2-4
hypogynous, exserted or more rarely (eichenbachia) included. Germen
and ovule nearly of Pisonia ; style slender, erect ; apex pointed or
capitate stigmatiferous, exserted or included.—Herbs, undershrubs,
or small shrubs; leaves alternate; flowers in small cymes; cymes
arranged in simple or ramified racemes, or sometimes in corymbs ;
bracts very small (Western Warm America). See p. 11.
13. Bougainvillea Commurs.—Calyx long, tubular; limb short,
22 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
5-dentate, induplicate-valvate. Stamens 5-8, or rarely 9, 10, included.
Germen and ovule nearly of Pisonia ; style posteriorly excentric, late-
rally stigmatiferous, thickened, subclavate, or attenuated at apex.
Fruit clothed with the cylindrical tube of the perianth.—Small trees
or shrubs, often climbing, and armed with simple or at apex 2—3-fid
spines (shoots or abortive axillary peduncles); flowers solitary
(Tricycla) or 3-nate (Lubougainvillea), surrounded by involucre of three
bracts, leaves equal, bright coloured (Warm and Southern America).
See p. 12.
XXV. PHYTOLACCACEZÆ.
1. PHYTOLACCA SERIES.
Phytolacca' has regular flowers often hermaphrodite, with a
perianth sometimes petaloid formed of five leaves quincuncially
Phytolacea decandra.
Fie. 21.
Floriferons branch (2). Root (75):
imbricated, inserted upon a convex receptacle. More internally,
1, Insé. 299, t. 154.—L. Gen., n. 588.— Porr., Dict., v. 306; Suppl., iv. 406,—LaM.,
ADANS., Fam. des Pl., ii. 262.—J., Gen., 84.— II. t. 393.—GæRTN., Fruct., i. 377, t. 77.—
24 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
in the species easiest to study here, P. decandra (figs. 21-28),
there are, as indicated by the specific name, ten stamens, each
formed of a filament free or united for a very short distance with
the base of the neighbouring filaments, and a nearly oboval, bilo-
cular, introse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.’
Phytolacea decandra.
Fie. 22.
Flower (5).
Fig. 23. Fra. 24.
Fic. 26.
Seed (4).
Fra, 27.
Longitudinal section of seed.
Fig, 25.
Fruit (#).
These stamens are hypogynous, placed upon a single verticil and
corresponding by pairs to the intervals of the sepals (fig. 23). The
gynæceum is free and superior; in most of the flowers it is composed
of ten carpels, five being superposed to the sepals and five alternate.
They are united below, and free above to a distance which
varies not only with the age of the flower,’ but even in different
Ness, Fl. Germ., fase. viii. t. 2,—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5262.—PayeErR, Organog., 303, t. 63.—Moa.,
in DC., Prodr., xiii. sect. ii. 31, n. 13.—LEM. et
Donet., Tr. Gén., 455.—Phytolaca RAFIN., Fl,
Tell., n. 627.—Sarcoca RAFIN., loc. cit., n. 628.
— Pireunia Mog., Prodr., 29 (nec BERTER.).
* L.,, Spec., 631.—Ture., in Dict. Se. Nat.
atl., t. 20.—R&yv., in Bot. Méd, du xix° siècle,
ii. t. 5.— Bot. Mag. t. 931.—P. vulgaris.
Drrz, Elth., ii. 318, t. 239, f. 309. (Grape of
America, Canada, of the dyers, sweet Spinnage,
Méchoacan of Canada, Herbe à la laque, Great
Nightshade of India.)
? According to H. Moun (in Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 2, iii, 331), the pollen is ovoid or spherical ;
three grooves; in water globular, with three
narrow bands, P, abyssinia, P. scandens.
3 At first in almost their whole height, be-
cause they are raised by a common basilar por-
tion. Even in the green fruit, where they are
united to a great extent, ten deep grooves may
be distinguished which separate them one from
another, but these grooves disappear in almost
the whole length of the ripe fruit, which is
smooth on the surface (fig. 25).
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. 25
flowers on one and the same stem. Their number is rarely less, and
sometimes greater in the plants cultivated in gardens. Each is com-
posed of a unilocular ovary surmounted by an independent style,
whose extremity, a little attenuated and bent outwards, is charged
with stigmatic papille.
In the internal angle of each ovary, and close to its base is found
a placenta on which is inserted a single campylotropal ascending
ovule, with the micropyle directed downwards and outwards.! In
the fruit, accompanied at the base by the persistent perianth,’ and
which is entirely fleshy and pulpy, the carpels are little distinct
except quite close to the apex. Each encloses a single seed con-
taining under its thick coats a farinaceous albumen surrounded by
an almost annular fornicate embryo, with flattened cotyledons adher-
ing one to the other by their internal surface, and a conical
radicle directed downwards (fig. 27). P. decandra is a perennial
herb, found in most of the temperate regions of the globe. The
root is a thick taproot (fig. 28). The stems are hollow, with
alternate simple, petiolate, exstipulate leaves. Its flowers are arranged
in leaf-opposed racemes, each placed in the axil of a bract, and ac-
companied by two sterile lateral bractlets, elevated to a variable
height upon the pedicel.
In other species of the genus Phyfolacca, the number of stamens
is sometimes less than ten, because two, three or even five sepals
have only one stamen before them instead of a pair. In others this
number rises as high as fifteen, twenty, or twenty-five because inside
these five groups of alternisepalous stamens there are five others
alternate with them, each formed of one, two or three pieces.’? In
certain species composing the genus Pircunia, the carpels remain free
in their whole extent, or nearly so, even in the fruit, and their
consistence is less fleshy. Their number may rise to twelve or
fifteen, because some of them are reduplicate like the stamens.
Some species are frutescent, arborescent, sometimes climbing ;
and one of them, which is a moderately large tree, has dicecious
flowers."
1 Tt has two coats. 3 Payer, Organog., 304.
2 Green at first, it takes gradually a reddish 4 P. dioica L., Spec., 632, n. 4.—Pircunia
tint. dioica Mog., Prodr., 30, n. 5.
26 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Thus defined,’ the genus Phytolacca includes a dozen species’ in-
habiting the warm and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Oceania,
and America.
The flowers of Ærcilla are very analogous to those of certain
Phytolacce. Their receptacle is in the form of a little cup with
edges scarcely turned up, while the centre rises into a cone bearing
the gyneceum. The perianth inserted upon the margin is formed
of five unequal coloured sepals, arranged in the bud in quincuncial
prefloration. The stamens are inserted in the same way, each
formed of a free filament, and bilocular introse anther, dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts. Their number varies in 7. volubilis from
eight to eleven. Five of them alternating with the sepals consti-
tute an exterior verticil A second verticil is formed of three
stamens nearer the interior, superposed to sepals 3, 4, and 5, but
opposite to sepals 1, 2, and when there are from four to six pieces in
the inner verticil it is because two or three of its stamens are replaced
by a pair of these organs. The gynæceum is composed of five
carpels superposed to the sepals; each of them formed of a unilo-
cular ovary inserted on the raised part of the receptacle and
attenuated above into a style, the inner angle being traversed
by a longitudinal groove descending quite to the base of the ovary,
the thick reflexed lips of which are covered all over with stigmatic
papille. The number of carpels is not always five.’ In the in-
ternal angle of each ovary, quite close to the base is a placenta sup-
porting a single ascending anatropous ovule with the micropyle
571.—WaALtL., Cat., n. 6959 (Rivina).—HorrM.,
in Comm. Gett., xii. 27, t. 3.—Lnér., Stirp., i.
1 PHYTOLACCA :
1. Euphytolacca (MoQ.). Fruit single,
globose-depressed, costate. Herbs
with erect racemes.
2. Omalopsis (MoQ.). Fruit single,
not costate. Racemes pendent at
the summit,
3. Pircuniastrum (MoQ.). Fruit with
free carpels. Racemes erect or
pendent,
4. Pseudolacca (Mog.). Flowers
dicecious, carpels free except at
the base. Racemes pendent.
2 Kæmpr., Amen., 828 (Jamma Gobo)—
Mayen, Meth., Suppl., 107.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., ii. 183.—SPRENG., Syst., ii. 467,
n. 5 (Glinus).—Fonsx., Fl, Æg.-Arab., 58, n.
95 (Pharnaceum).—Swerr, Hort. Brit., ed. 3,
Sect. 4.
143, t. 69; 145, t. 70.—Rfim., in C. Gay F1.
Chil. v. 257 (Pireunia), 259.
3 A, Juss., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 1, xxv. 11,
t. 3.—Don, in Ldinb. New Phil. Journ., xiii.
237.—Moa., Prodr., 34.— Erceilia ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5263.— Bridgesia Hoox. et ARN., in Bot.
Mise., iii. 168, t. 102.— Galvezia BERTER., mss.
(ex Mog.).
+ Of which, perhaps with reason, a section
only might be made.
5 Exceptionally these stamens may be the only
ones which subsist.
5 One or several carpels may in fact be re-
placed by a pair; so much tendency is there to
deduplication in these plants.
PHY TOLACCACE.
bo
“I
looking downwards and outwards, the hilum being early swollen into
an annular cushion. The fruit accompanied at its base by the calyx
which remains membranous, is formed of several carpels, at first
slightly fleshy, afterwards dry, each enclosing a seed quite analogous
to that of Phylolacca. The Frcille are herbaceous, perennial
climbing plants. Their leaves are alternate, simple, exstipulate.’
The flowers are arranged in axillary spikes; and each placed in
the axil of a bract is accompanied by two sterile lateral bractlets.
This genus includes probably but one species, the Chilian and Peruvian
E. volubilis; often cultivated in our green houses.
Anisomeri& represents the irregular form of Phytolacca* and
Freilla; for the quinary calyx, and stamens from ten to thirty, are
more developed on the posterior than the anterior side of the
flower ; and the carpels, from three to six, become achenes more or
less vesiculate, the seed being nearly that of Phyfolacca. It consists
of frutescent or herbaceous plants natives of Chili, with taproots, erect
stems, entire leaves, and flowers arranged in racemes or terminal
spikes. Two species have been described.°
The Giseckias (figs. 29, 30) may be taken in this series as a type
of a distinct subseries. They have small hermaphrodite or poly-
gamous, pentamerous flowers.
Their five sepals, membranous
at the margin, are quincun-
cially imbricated in the bud.
They cover an androceum of
five stamens alternate to the
sepals ; or of ten stamens, of
which five are superposed ; or
even of fifteen stamens, some
among them being replaced by
a pair. All have a free fila-
Giseckia pharnaceoides.
Fie, 29.
Gynæceum ($).
Fra. 30.
Longitudinal section of
gyzæceum,
1 In their axil is seen a bud, above which is
developed an adventitious root, covered with hair
when young.
2 A, Juss., loc. cit.—Ré£m. in C. Gay Fl.
5 Papp. et Enpz, Non. Gen. et Spec.. 26,
t. 43-45.—Rém., in © Gay Fl. Chil. v.
254.
6 L, Mantiss., n. 1340—J, Gen., 315.—
Chil., v. 261.—E, spicata MoQ.—Suriana volu-
bilis Domp.— Galvezia spicata BERTER.
3 Don, in Edinb. New Phil. Journ., xiii.
(1832), 238.—Mog., Prodr., 25,
4 From which they can hardly be separated,
except as a subgenus,
Mog., Prodr., 26.—B. H., Gen., 859, n. 20.—
Giseckia Enpu., Gen, n. 5261.—Kelreutera
Morr., in Nov. Comm. Gett., iii. t. 2, fig. 1
(nee Laxm.),—WMiltus Lour., Fl. Cochinch., ed.
1 (1790), 302.—DC., Prodr., iii, 454 (Ficoidee).
28 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ment united at the base, for a very short distance with the neighbour-
ing filaments, and a bilocular introrse anther with an almost lateral
dehiscence. The gynæceum is composed of five free carpels super-
posed to the sepals, each formed of a unilocular ovary containing an
almost basilar ascending ovule with an inferior and exterior micro-
pyle, and surmounted in the internal angle by a short style stigma-
tiferous above and within.
The fruit is formed of five membranous achenes, the reniform seed
containing under its coats' an annular embryo surrounding a farina-
Limeum africanwn,
Fig. 35.
Pie, 32. ae 12
Fie. 32 Gynæceum (7).
Flower (§).
Fig. 33.
Fra. 31.
Flower without perianth. Floriferous branch, Fruit complete (5).
ceous albumen. The Giseckias are small herbs, often annuals,
with branches generally spreading bearing opposite leaves, or
1 The testa is black, finely granulated or almost smooth.
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. 29
arranged in exstipulate false verticils.'. The small flowers are
united in the axils of the leaves in cymes or glomerules, sometimes
capituliform. Four or five species’ are known inhabiting Asia or
tropical Africa.
Beside Giseckia is placed Limeum* (figs. 31-40). It has herma-
phrodite or polygamous flowers. The receptacle is slightly convex,
supporting a calyx‘ of five sepals, membrahous upon the mar-
gin, arranged in quincuncial prefloration in the bud. With them
alternate five, four or three petals? of variable size and shape,
which however sometimes quite disappear (figs. 32, 33). The
stamens vary in number from five to seven, eight or ten. In the
first case they are superposed to the sepals; otherwise two or more
of them are replaced by a pair.’
Limeum africanun.
Fra. 40.
Fra. 38. Fra. 39.
Fruit with the two shells separated. Seed (5). Longitudinal section of
seed.
Each is composed of a filament united to the neighbouring fila-
ments for a very short distance, and a bilocular, introrse anther,
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The gynæceum is formed of
two carpels, one flattened ovary being applied to the neighbouring
unilocular and uniovular ovary. The ovule is almost erect, supported
by a short funicle ; campylotropal, with the micropyle turned down-
wards and on one side. Two styles expanded and stigmatiferous
1 They are like the calyx, riddled with small
whitish cystolites.
2 Roxs., Pl, Corom., t. 183.—WIGnT, Icon.,
t. 1167, 1168.—Forsk., Fl. Æy.-Arab., 58, n.
95 (Pharnaceum).—Hocust.,in Kotsch. It. Nub.,
n. 2.—Rœuscn, Nomencl., 141 (Milius).
3 L., Gen. n. 463.—J., Gen, 314.—LAME.,
Dict., iii. 514; Suppl., iii. 435 ; IU., t. 275.—
GærTN., Fruct., i. 367, t. 76.—ENDL., Gen., n
5258.—Mog., Prodr., 20.—B. H., Gen., 859, n.
22.—Linscotia ADANS., Fam. des Pl., ii. 269.—
Dicarpea Prest, Symb., i, 37, t. 26.—Guadinia
J. Gay, in Bull. Féruss., xviii. 412.—Acantho-
carpea Ku, in Pet. Mossamb., Bot., 137, t. 24.
+ Here and there are tetramerous flowers.
° Thus, when there are seven stamens, it is
because the two stamens superposed to the outer
sepals are doubled.
30 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
at their apices, surmount the ovaries. The fruit, accompanied
at its base by the persistent calyx, is composed of two orbicular
compressed achenes, smooth or rugose, touching each other
within by a flat surface, but separating easily. Their thick solid
pericarp hollowed by vacuoles, thinner within where there are
apertures (figs. 37,38), encloses a vertical seed (figs. 39, 40);
its membranous coats covering an annular embryo with inferior
radicle, enveloping a farinaceous albumen. Limeum consists of
annual or perennial herbs of Asia and tropical Africa. The
leaves are alternate, narrow, simple, entire or ciliate, and exstipulate.
The flowers are arranged in axillary or subterminal cymes some-
times united in racemes of terminal cymes, when bracts replace
the ordinary leaves at the apex of the branches. Ten species have
been described! With the same vegetative organs and floral
organization, Semonvillea,? of which one Cape species is known, and
another of Western Tropical Africa, has been taken for the type of
a particular genus, because the edges of the achenes expand into
an orbicular wing, transforming them into samaras. We only make
it a section of the genus Limeum.
II. BARBEUIA SERIES.
Barbeuia’ (figs. 41-43) has regular, hermaphrodite, apetalous
flowers. Upon the slightly convex receptacle are inserted five
sepals, a little unequal as to size and thickness, and arranged in
quincuncial prefloration in the bud. More internally, upon the
slightly projecting ring of the receptacle are inserted an indefinite
number of stamens, each formed of a free filament and a bilocular,*
introrse, sagittate anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The
gynæceum is free and superior, formed of a bilocular’ ovary, sur-
1 FENZL, in Ann. Wien. Mus., i. 341.— Harv. Gen., n. 6843,—H. BN., in Adansonia, iii, 312
et SOND., FI, Cap., i. 152. t. 6.
2 J. Gay, in Bull. Féruss., xviii. 412.— ENDL, 4 Its cells are independent at their two ex-
Gen., n, 5259.—F Enz1, in Dec. Mus. Vindob., n. tremities.
48.—Moa., Prodr., xiii. p. 2, 19. —Hoox., Icon., 5 The separating partition of the cells de-
t. 587.—B. H., Gen., 859, n. 21. scending from the apex of the ovary to its base,
3 Dur.-Tu., Gen. Nov. Madag., 6.—EnpDt., does not here adhere to the ovary wall.
PHYTOLACCACEÆ.
31
mounted by a style almost immediately separated into two thick
elongated branches, furnished within and upon the reflexed edges
Barbeuia madagascariensis.
Fia, 41.
Fra. 43.
Flower (+). Gynæceum, open (5).
with stigmatic papillæ. In each of the ovary cells is a placenta,
basilar or sub-basilar, supporting a campylotropal ovule. The micro-
pyle is inferior and lateral, as in Zimeum, turned in such a way that
that of one cell being placed on the right side, that of the other on
the contrary is turned to the left. The fruit
is, according to Dureritr-THouars, capsular
and bilocular, each cell containing an arillate
seed. The only species known of this genus'
-is a slender climbing shrub of Madagascar,
with alternate entire petiolate leaves,’ articu-
lated at the base. The flowers are arranged
in short axillary racemes with compressed axis,
each of them having a rather long pedicel
which swells towards its upper part. It is
thus seen that with the vegetative organs of
Seguieria, &e., Barbeuia has the gynæceum
Barbeuia madagascariensis.
Fie. 42.
Diagram,
of Limeum, but with two ovary cells always united and close together.
' B. madagascariensis STEUD., Nom., 101,
2 They become black in desiccation, and have a disagreeable odour.
32 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
III. AGDESTIS SERIES.
The flowers of <Agdeslis' (fig. 44) are hermaphrodite, regular,
tetramerous, with a concave obconical receptacle in which the ovary
is contained, while four sepals are epigynically inserted upon the
margin; they are imbricate-decussate in the bud, reflexed after
anthesis. Within the calyx are found an indefinite number of
stamens, each formed of a slender filament, and a slightly introrse
anther, with two elongated cells attenuated and free towards their
two extremities. The inferior ovary has four cells superposed to the
sepals, and in each is seen towards the base an ascending ovule with
micropyle looking downwards and outwards. The ovary is sur-
mounted by a style conical at the base, then cylindrical, erect, sepa-
rated above into four curved branches, stigmatiferous within. The
fruit is hitherto unknown. The only species of this genus which
represents, as is seen, a Péytolacca with tetramerous flowers, and
an inferior ovary and carpels all united, is the 4. clematidea Mog.
AND Sess., a climbing shrub of Mexico which has the appearance of
certain other. sarmentose Phytolaccee such as Seguieria, and above
all Ledenbergia. This plant, consequently,
has not in its organs of vegetation any
of the ordinary characteristics of the climb-
ing Dilleniacee with which it was errone-
ously connected at a time when the orga-
nization of its flowers was very imperfectly
known. Its glabrous, slender branches
have alternate simple petiolate leaves and
flowers collected in the axils of the leaves or
at the summit of the branches, in more or
‘ia ees flower (4), less ramified racemose cymes. Each slender
pedicel, like several axes of the inflorescence,
bears under the flower two lateral bractlets.
Agdestis clematidea.
1 Mog. et Srss., Fl. Mex. Med. (ex DC. Syst, i. 543; Prodr., i. 103).—ENDL., Gen.
n. 4684.—B. H., Gen., 33.
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. 33
IV. RIVINA SERIES.
Rivina (figs. 45-50) has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
On
the convex receptacle is inserted a calyx with four sepals more or
less petaloid, of which one is anterior, one posterior, and two lateral;
they are imbricated in the bud in a variable manner.’
internally the androceum is found.
More
In certain species, such as
Rivina humilis.
Fra. 45.
Floriferous and fructiferous branch.
Fra. 48.
Longitudinal section of flower (4).
R. humilis, levis, orientalis, &c.,° it is formed only of four stamens
alternating with the sepals.
In other species eight may be
counted, as in &. octandra, and even from ten to twelve, as in
1 Prum., Gen., 47, t. 39,3.—GÆRTN., Fruct.
i, 375, t. 77, fig.5.—Lamx., Dict., vi. 213; IUL.,
t. 81.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5257.— PAYER, Or:
ganog., 301, t. 62.—Moa., Prodr., xiii. sect. ii.
10.—Solanoides T., in Act. Par. (1706), 87,
ic. 7.—Rivinia L., Gen., n. 162.—J., Gen., 84,
—Piercea Mi, Dict., vi. 310.—Rarin., F1.
VOL. IV.
Tell., n. 631.— Villamilla R. et Pav., mss. (ex
Moa.)
2 Sometimes the two lateral are hidden, and
sometimes the anterior covers the lateral, which
envelops the posterior.
3 Sect, Piercea (Mog., Prodr., 11).
D
34 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
R. peruviana. Each is composed of a filament free or scarcely
united at the base to the neighbouring filaments, and of a two-celled
introrse anther’ dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The gynæceum
is superior; it is formed of a one-celled ovary, surmounted by a style
eccentrically inserted towards the posterior edge of the ovary and
traversed in its whole length by a vertical groove, prolonged into
the interior of the stigmatiferous head of the style. In the ovary
cell there is a subbasilar placenta, supporting a single ascending
campylotropal ovule with the micropyle looking downwards and
from the anterior side of the flower.‘ To the ovary succeeds a fruit
which is accompanied at its base by the green perianth and the
reflexed staminal filaments surmounted by a vestige of the withered
style. The pericarp is thin and quite fleshy. It contains a sessile
seed, enclosing under its coats,’ furnished with a very small aril, an
Rivina humilis.
Fria. 49. Fia. 47.
Seed (8). Diagram, Longitudinal section of seed.
annular embryo, with unequal cotyledons enveloping each cther,?
and surrounding a central farinaceous® albumen. The Rivinas are
suffrutescent plants, natives of warm and temperate America ;’? seven
or eight species” are distinguished. Their stems are erect or rarely
1 These two species, which are distinguished
moreoyer by a short style, a penicillate stigma,
and climbing stems, form the section Vi/lamilla
(Moq,, Prodr., 10).
2 The pollen is “transparent, spherical, divided
by linear bands, like a pentagonal dodecahedron,
in the À. brasiliensis, humilis” (H. Mout., ir
Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 2, iii, 330).
3 There is only one anterior carpellary leaf,
4 Tt has two coats,
5 Those of À. humilis are: an epidermis with
long pointed papilla, or cellulose hairs, which
exist already upon the primine, simple or sepa-
rated towards their summit into two or three
branches; a testaceous, smooth, black brittle
envelope; a thin, whitish membrane applied
directly upon the embryo.
5 This is a slight whitish or fleshy thickening,
surrounding the umbilical region (which forms a
little depression at its centre), and becoming
slightly reniform in R. humilis, its concave edge
looking at the micropyle.
7 Folded twice upon themselves in most of the
species.
§ Granular in R. humilis.
9 & An in India or. indig.?” (Moa.)
W L,,, Spec., 177; Mantiss., 41.—MItt., Dict.,
v. 611 (Piercea).—Noce., in Uster. Ann., vi. 63.
ScHRAD., Gen. IU., 17, t. 5.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen, et Spec., ii, 183.— Bot. Mag., t. 1781.
PHYTOLACCACEZ. 35
climbing, with alternate, petiolate, simple, exstipulate leaves.” The
flowers are united in terminal racemes, which, in consequence of the
“usurpation ” of the axillary branches, appear lateral or leaf-opposed.
Each occupies the axil of a bract, and is accompanied by two lateral
bractlets raised sometimes as far as the calyx.
Beside Rivina are placed Mohlana and Ledenbergia, which have
the same gynæceum and an analogous fruit with a more or less
coriaceous pericarp. But the J/ohs/anas,? plants of both Worlds,
of which four species’ are known, have four stamens and an irre-
gular perianth, the anterior leaf being nearly free, while the
three others are united into a sort of posteriorlip.* Ledendergia,’ of
which a suffrutescent climbing American
species’ is the only representative, has
numerous stamens and a regular tetra-
merous calyx; but its lobes grow and
spread themselves round the fruit in a
large, rotate, tetraphyllous, dry and reti-
culate indusium.
Petiveria’ (figs. 51, 52) has also tetra-
merous apetalous and hermaphrodite
But the receptacle is concave,
and the sepals, imbricated and inserted
upon the edges, are placed two in front
and two behind. The stamens perigynous
like the sepals, alternate with them when
the same in number; but there may be also
from one to four besides, which are super-
posed. All are composed of a subulate fila-
Petiveria alliacea.
flowers.
Fra. 51.
Floriferous branch (2),
1 Or little developed.
2 Mart., Nov. Gen. et Spec. Bras., iii. 170.—
Envu., Gen., n. 5256.—MoQ., Prodr., xiii. sect.
ii. 15.—Helleria VELLOZ., Fl. Flum., i. t. 122.
—Mancoa Rarin., Fl. Tell, n. 632 (nec
WEDD.).
3 Ruiz et Pav., Fl. Per., i. 65, t. 102 (Rivina).
—Porr., Dict., vi. 215, n. 5 (Rivina).—Scaum.
et THONN., Beskr., 84, n. 1.—Hook., Je., t. 130
(Rivina).
* They have been divided into two sections,
according as their fruit is dry, or scarcely fleshy,
nerve-reticulated, marginate (Hilleria) ; or more
or less fleshy, without a plexus of nerves and
without border (Mohlanella).
5 Ku, in Herb. Karst. (ex Mog., Prodr., xiii.
sect. li. 14).
6 L. seguierioides K1.— Rivina seguierioides
Ku, Found in the Antilles and in neighbouring
regions of the mainland.
7 Prum., Gen., 50, t. 39.—L., Gen., n. 459;
in Act, Holm, (1744), 287, t. 7.—J., Gen., 84.—
GÆRTN., Fruct., i. 364, t. 75, fig. 2—LamMk.,
Dict., v. 223; Ill, t. 272, 1.—Enpu., Gen, n.
5250.—PayER, Organog., 302, t. 62.—Moq.,
Prodr., 8.
D 2
36 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ment, and an anther with two sublateral cells independent of each
other towards the two extremities, and dehiscing towards the edges
or a little outwards by two longitudinal clefts. The gynæceum is
inserted at the bottom of the receptacle, in the
concavity of which it is partly lodged; it is com-
posed of a unilocular ovary, the short eccentric
style having a tendency to become gynobasic, and
being crowned by a stigmatiferous penicillate apex.
In the interior is a single ovule, subbasilar, ereet
and amphitropous, with the micropyle turned
downwards and from the side of the back of the
earpel.' The fruit is an unsymmetrical achene, narrow and elongated,
accompanied at its base by the erect perianth and the persistent fila-
ments of the stamens, while on the side are found the remnants of the
style.” It is surmounted by from four to six prickles inserted in its
upper part, and which existed upon the ovary where they were ascen-
dent, while here they are, in hardening, reflexed upon the pericarp. The
seed is suberect, narrow, folded upon itself towards the middle of its
length in the same way as the embryo,* whose cotyledons have their
apex turned back towards the radicle, which is inferior. These
cotyledons are very unequal; that which touches the radicle being
longer and narrower and having reflexed edges, while the other, by
which it is enveloped, and whose edges are inflexed, is much thicker
andshorter. A little mass of albumen accompanies the embryo, placed
towards the edges and in the intervals of the two folded parts. The
Petiverias are undershrubs of tropical America. There are two or
three species‘ of them. All their parts have an alliaceous odour.
Their leaves are alternate, simple, entire, petiolate, accompanied by
two small lateral stipules. Their flowers are in terminal or axillary
racemes, but which seem at first to be spikes, so short and thick are
their pedicels ; each is placed in the axil of a bract, and bears at a
variable height two sterile bractlets.
Petiveria alliacea.
Fie. 52.
Flower (2).
1
1 It has two coats, and its endostome of the fruit, which is found where the remains of
forms a long opening which penetrates across the
exostome to the outside, and presents a narrow
aperture at its swollen apex.
2 Its form is comparable to that of a grain of
oats; it bears also on one side a longitudinal
mesial groove, finished aboye by a slope; but
this does not correspond to the organic apex
the style is seen,
3 Described wrongly by Moqurn (Prodr., xiii.
sect. ii, 4) as straight; it is folded upon itself more
tightly still than that of other plants of the same
group.
* Gom., Obs., (1803), 13.—Fiscn. et Mry.,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1835), 35:
PHYTOLACCACEZ. 37
Monococcus echinophorus' is an Australian plant, whose vegetative
organs, infloresence and floral organization form a type nearly allied
to Peliveria® It differs from the latter inasmuch as its flowers are
polygamous (and that often in the same inflorescence, where female
flowers are placed below and male ones at the summit, while some
hermaphrodite flowers are found between the two) ; the stamens also,
whose summits incline downwards, are often as many as ten or
twelve in number; the fruit, larger and shorter, has hooked prickles not
only towards the summit but upon the whole surface in great num-
bers ; finally its embryo, constructed moreover like that of Petiveria,
but with cotyledons less dissimilar, is accompanied by a much more
abundant albumen.
Sequieria floribunda.
Fia. 53. Fia. 54. Fira, 55.
Flower (4). Longitudinal section of flower. Gynæceum (5),
Seguieria’ (figs. 53-57) is analogous to the preceding genera in the
organization of the gynæceum, reduced also to a single carpel;
but the fruit and the seed present rather striking differences,
while the androceum is always composed of a large number of
stamens. The calyx is regular, composed of five, more rarely of six
sepals, imbricated in the bud. The stamens.are nearly hypogynous,
formed of a free filament and of an anther with two lateral cells,
often becoming slightly extrorse, or even introrse, dehiscing by
clefts near the edges. The free one-celled ovary only encloses one
subbasilar campylotropal ovule with micropyle looking downwards
and almost in front; it is surmounted by a flattened style, forming
1 Fragm. Phyt. Austral. i. 47.—Brnva., Fl, Fam. des Pl., ii. 443.—J., Gen., 440.—ENDL.,
Austral., v. 144. Gen., n. 5254—MoQ., Prodr., 6.—Sequiera
2 Of which it could scarcely constitute simply Porr., Dict., vii, 52; Suppl, v. 124.—SPRENG.,
a section. Syst., ii. 605.
3 LœæeL., Z¢.,191.—L., Gen., n. 676.—ADANS,
38 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
a species of unsymmetrical plate or tuft, whose border is stigmatiferous
to a variable extent and which persists, growing and hardening, to
the apex of the fruit, which is dry and indehiscent and becomes in
that way a samara. Its hollow part is covered with ribs or short
wings, very irregular, and containing an ascending seed enclosing a
large embryo. This has a short inferior
Seguieria floribunda. radicle and much developed foliaceous
cotyledons, many times folded and
crumpled. In the interval of their
folds, towards the centre, a very small
remnant of soft and viscous albumen is
seen. From Seguieria has been gene-
rically separated a Brazilian species
Gallesia Gorazema, because its flowers
are oftener in four than in five parts,
and because of slight differences in the
shape of the wing which surmounts its
Meni opens fruit, and in the rather more con-
siderable quantity of the albumen which
persists between the folds of the embryo; but we only consider it as
a section of the same genus. In joining this species to that of the
section Luseguieria which is found in Brazil, Guiana, and Columbia,’
a total is obtained of some ten* trees or shrubs, with alternate, entire,
glabrous and petiolate leaves, accompanied by two stipules, some-
times indurated or developed in hooks. The flowers are in racemes
or in much ramified compound spikes; each placed in the axil of a
bract, and accompanied by two lateral bractlets.
In Adenogramma' (figs. 58-62) the flowers are hermaphrodite and
analogous to those of the preceding genera, for they have also five
sepals, quincuncially imbricated, five stamens with introrse anthers
and filaments free, or united at the base for a very short distance,
1 Moag., Prodr., 8.—G. scorodendrum Casak., 3 Benra., in Trans, Linn. Soc., xviii. 234; in
Nov. Slirp. Bras. Dec., v. 43.—Enpu., Gen, Hook. Journ. (1847), 482 (Gallesia).
n. 52541 Cratæva Gorazema NELLOZ., Fl. 4 REIOHB., Icon. Æxot., ii. 3, t. 109.—
Fium., v. t. 4. FENZL, in Ann. Wien. Mus., ii. 254—
* Lourerro has described besides (#7. Co- Enpz., Gen., n. 5195.—B. H., Gen. 144, 156,
chinch., 341), under the name of S. asiaticus, à 858, n. 19.—Steudelia Prest, Symb., 1, 3,
doubtful species of this genus, whose fruit appears t. 2.
to be a bivalve (?) and surmounted by a multifid
wing with linear divisions (?).
PHYTOLACOACEÆ. 39
and a free gynæceum which appears to be formed of one carpellary
leaf! The one-celled ovary is surmounted by a slightly eccentric
style expanded at the apex into a little stigmatiferous head. The
Adenogramma galioides.
id SS
Fra. 58. Fria. 59. Fia. 60, Fria. 61. Fra. 62.
Flower (12). Longitudinal section Fruit (42). Seed (12). Longitudinal
of flower. section of seed,
placenta is subbasilar and bears a campylotropous ovule which is
inserted at the summit of a slender funicle. The fruit placed on a
conical dilatation at the apex of the pedicel, has the form of an
unsymmetrical cone, with a thick, dry, often rugose pericarp inde-
hiscent or opening lengthwise like a follicle. The seed, more or less
bent, contains under its coats a fleshy albumen partly surrounded by
an embryo fornicate or bent in the shape of a hook, the radicle being
superior. The Adenogrammas, natives of Southern Africa to the
number of half a dozen species are slender ramose herbs, whose
leaves are brought together in false verticils, simple and generally
narrow, with stipules little developed. In their axil, or at the
summit of the branches, are found the flowers, small and numerous,
arranged in cymes, often umbelliferous.
V.? THELYGONUM SERIES.
Thelygonun (figs. 63-65), which constitutes by itself this small
series, has monϾcious flowers. In the male flowers (fig. 63) a little
1 Because of the obliquity of the ovary and Dict., vii. 623; IU., t. 777.—Dxrt., in Ann.
the unilateral groove observed upon the fruit. Se. Nat., sér. 1, xix. 370, t. 13.—NeExEs, Gen.,
2 Korn. et Zeyu., Enum. Pl. Cap., 183.— ii. 69.—ENDL., Gen., n. 1888.—LEM. et DONE.,
Harv. et Sonp., FV. Cap., i. 151. Tr. Gén., 506.—Cynocrambe T., Inst,, Coroll.,
3 L., Gen., n. 1068.—J., Gen, 405.—Lamx., 52, t. 485.—Apans., Fam. des Pl, ii, 497.
40 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
convex receptacle bears two valvate sepals, anterior and posterior,
and an indefinite’ number of free stamens, each formed of a slender
filament, and an elongated linear versatile anther, inserted towards
the lower part of its back upon the apex of the filament, bilocular,
Thelygonum Cynocrambe.
Fia. 63. Fria. 64. Fra. 65.
Male flower (#). Female flower (4). Long. section of fruit (+).
introrse, dehiscing by two longitudinal sublateral clefts. In the
female flower there is a little gamophyllous perianth at first tubular,
with a superior tridentate orifice. The enormous development which
afterwards takes place in one side of the ovary, makes the perianth
by which it is surrounded present on this side a great gibbosity.
The gynæceum is superior and unicarpellary ; it is composed of a one-
celled ovary and a lateral gynobasic erect style, swollen into a club
towards its stigmatiferous apex. In the ovary cell, quite close to
the base, is seen a placenta, which supports an almost erect campy-
lotropous ovule with inferior micropyle. The fruit becomes a mono-
spermous drupe, with a thin sarcocarp; and the campylotropal seed
contains under its coats a curved embryo, with narrow incumbent
cotyledons, the cylindro-conical radicle with inferior apex being enve-
loped by a fleshy albumen more or less abundant. The only species of
this genus is 2! Cynocrambe a small annual oleraceous herb, which
grows in the Mediterranean region. Its leaves are simple and petiolate,
the enlarged base of the petiole expanding on each side into a sort
of membranous incised stipule. The inferior are opposite, and the
superior alternate. The flowers occupy their axils arranged in small
1 There are generally ten or a dozen, some- 2 L, Spec., 144.—DC., Fl. Fr., iii. 399.—
times more. Their number can even be as small GReEN. et Gopr., FV. de Fr, iii. 111.
as two or three.
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. 41
numbers! as unisexual glomerules, the female flowers being accom-
panied by small herbaceous bracts.
VI. GYROSTEMON SERIES.
The first species known of the genus Gyrostemon G. ramulosus’ (figs.
66-71), has dicecious regular, monoperianthous flowers. The convex
Gyrostemon ramulosus.
Fra. 67.
Fra. 70.
Longitudinal section of
female flower.
Fie. 68.
Longitudinal section of male
flower.
Fic. 66.
Male floriferous branch.
Fra. 71.
Female flower (+). Dehiscent fruit (4).
receptacle, in the shape of a surbased dome, is, in the male flowers
(figs. 66—68), quite covered with stamens, surrounded by a short
1 Often from one to three for the males; the n. 5264,—Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 282.—Moa.,
females are often ternate, the two lateral being
younger than the mesial,
2 Desr., in Mém. Mus., vi. 16, t. 6,7; viii.
115, t. 10.—Turp., in Dict. Se. Nat, All,
t. 280.—DC., Prodr., i. 516.—ENDL., Gen,
Prodr., 38.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 156, t. 5
(incl. : Codonocarpus A. CunN., Cyclotheca
Mog., Hymenotheca ¥, MUELL.).
# Dusr., loc. cit., t. 6, 7, 10, fig. a—Brnru.,
Fl. Austral., v. 147, n. 3.
42 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
gamosepalous calyx cut upon the margin into a variable number’ of
unequal teeth, primitively imbricated.? The stamens are arranged
in several concentric circles. They are free, each consisting of an
almost sessile erect anther of an angular form surmounted by an
obtuse prolongation of the connective. The two adnate lateral cells
open upon the side by two longitudinal clefts.’ In the female flower
(figs. 69, 70) the calyx is nearly the same, and surrounds the base of
a superior gynæceum formed of a verticil of from twenty to thirty
carpels surrounding a central axile‘ column. Each of them is com-
posed of a one-celled ovary, attenuated above into a narrow style’
stigmatiferous above and within. In the interior angle of the ovary
is a placenta supporting an ascending ovule, anatropous at first, then
pseudo-campylotropous,’ with the micropyle looking downwards and
outwards.’ The fruit is almost spherical, formed of a great number
of follicles which surround the central columella, from which they
are detached sooner or later. Each opens longitudinally according
to the mesial line of its dorsal lobe, to let a pseudo-campylotropal
seed escape, provided, like the ovule, with a fleshy aril occupy-
ing its lower extremity, and containing under its coats a for-
nicate peripheral embryo with conical inferior dorsal radicle, and
narrow accumbent cotyledons. The embryo surrounds a more or less
abundant farinaceous albumen.’ G. ramulosus is an erect ramified
glabrous shrub, with alternate leaves slightly fleshy, linear, sub-
cylindrical, subulate, articulate at the base, and accompanied by two
small lateral stipules. The flowers are axillary, solitary, peduncu-
late, accompunied by two lateral bractlets.
' There are generally from six to eight.
2 In the young bud the narrowest are interior
and partly covered by the larger.
3 In this plant, as in several others of the same
genus, the lines of dehiscence of the two neigh-
bouring anthers touch each other ; and when they
open, the masses of pollen which belong to the
two different anthers often stick to each other,
and are detached thus under the form of a
bilobate body.
4 Here the apex of this column is scarcely
prominent at the centre of the styles at the adult
age. When the young buds are examined, it is
seen that the receptacle has the form of a thick
cone, the summit surpassing all the young carpels
ranged in a circle round the base.
5 It is first incurved above except at its
extreme apex, pointed and slightly reflexed
(figs. 69, 70).
5 See, for the singular organization of this
ovule and the seed which succeeds it, Adansonia,
x. 157.
7 Its lower extremity bears already an arillate
swelling (fig. 70).
8 The arillate production occupies at the same
time the place of the micropyle and that of the
hilum ; it even extends in certain species to the
periphery of the funicle.
® In certain species it is rather fleshy and less
thick. The embryo is often coloured a pale
green,
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. 43
In other species of the same genus as G. Cyclotheca;' the
general organization is the same; but the stamens, from six to
- twelve in number, only form a single verticil, and leave free to the
centre of the flower a prolongation of the summit of the receptacle
in the form of a column. As to the carpels, less
numerous’ than in G. ramulosus, they open early Fee as qu
by their dorsal and ventral edges, and leave naked y—
a long central columella, at the apex of which
the styles persist, radiated like a star.’ The
vegetative organs are the same.
In G. pyramidalis' (fig. 72), considered as a
particular genus under the name of Codonocarpus,’
the vegetative organs are always the same, but
the fruit changes a little in form. Its base is
more attenuated into a sort of reversed cone, and
the numerous carpels which constitute it, after
being detached from the central columella, only
open lengthwise by their thinned and mem-
branous inner edge. The organization of the fruit
is the same as in G. allenualus and colinifolius,’
but the leaves, instead of being linear, are flat-
tened, membranous, lanceolate and obovate. The
flowers are axillary, as in G. ramulosus, but the
Fie. 72.
leaves whose axil they occupy are often replaced Longitudinal section of
4 ripe carpel (1°).
by bracts, so that the inflorescence may become a
raceme or a spike. The six known species of the genus Gyrostemon
are Australian and frutescent.®
Beside Gyrostemon are placed Zersonia and Didymotheca, which
1 BENTH., Fl. Austral., v. 146, n. 2.—G. 6 Hoox., Bot. Misc., i. 244, t. 53.—Codo-
ramulosus SCHLTL, in Linnea, xx. 632 (nec
Desr.).— Cyclotheca australasica MoQ., Prodr.,
38.— Didymotheca pleiococca F. Murty, Pl.
Vict., i. 198, t. Suppl. 9.
2 There are sometimes from four to six.
3 At the centre of which a little cone, the
apex of the columella, is prominent.
47. MuELz., in Linnea, xxv. 438.— Hymeno-
theca pyramidalis K. MUELL., Fragm., i, 202.
5 A. Cunn., ex Hook., Bot. Mise., i. 244.—
Enpu., Gen., n. 5265.—Mog., Prodr., 39.—
Bentn., Fl. Austral., v. 147.— Hymenotheca K.
Moett., Lragm., loc. cit.
nocarpus australis BENTH., Fl. Austral., v. 148,
n. 2.
7 DesF., in Mém. Mus., viii. 116, t. 10.—
Moa., Prodr., 89, n. 2.—G. pungens LINDL, in
Mitch. tree Exped., ii. 121.—G. accciæformis
F. Mvett., in Linnea, xxv. 439.— Codonocarpus
cotinifolius K. Muezz., Pl. Vict., i, 200.—
Bentu., Fl. austral., v. 148, n. 3.
8 Except perhaps G. subnudum (G. bra-
chystigma F. MuElx., ex BENTH., il, Austral.,
v. 146, n. 1;—Amperea? subnuda N&Es, in
Pl. Preiss., ii. 229), of which only the tops are
known,
4h NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ought perhaps to be distinguished only by the title of sections.
Tersonia’ has the diccious flowers of Gyrostemon, with less
numerous stamens arranged upon a single verticil. But the fruit
Didymotheca thesioides.
Fia. 74,
Female flower (19).
Fra, 76.
Dehiscent fruit (12).
Fia. 75. Fig. 73.
Longitudinal section of female Female floriferous Seed (12).
flower. branch.
instead of being formed of free carpels is constituted of some twenty
cells with thick walls,” united in a woody mass, and quite indehiscent.
One or two Australian’ Zersonias are known, the vegetative organs
being the same as those of the Cyclostemon ramulosus.
Didymotheca (figs. 73-77) represents a lessened type of Gyros-
femon, in which the flowers are dicecious and tetramerous. The
perianth is there represented by a small calyx with four deep
1 Moq., Prodr., 40.—Gyrandra Moq., (ol, 3 BENTH., Fl. Austral., v. 149.
nec WALL.), loc. cit. 4 Hook. F., in Hook, Journ., vi. (1847), 278.
2 Traversed at its exterior surfacs by pro- —Mog., Prodr., 36.
jecting wrinkles circular and horizontal.
PHYTOLACCACEZ. 45
lobes, of which the two lateral are narrower and longer than the
other two.’ More internally are found, in the male flowers, eight or
nine stamens reduced to subsessile anthers, erect, with two lateral
cells dehiscing by a longitudinal and marginal cleft. In the female
flowers there is but one free gynæceum ; the ovary has two lateral
uniovulate cells and is surmounted by a style with two thick fleshy
branches stigmatiferous within. The ovule is ascendant with
inferior and exterior micropyle. The fruit is dry, with two compressed
cells separating from the central columella and opening lengthwise
by their exterior edge to let an ascendant reniform arillate’ seed
escape, partly surrounded by a fornicate embryo with inferior radicle.
The Didymothecas, of which only one species is known,* are small
suffrutescent Australian and Tasmanian plants, with slender erect
branches, bearing alternate, simple, narrow, entire leaves,‘ accom-
panied by two small glandular stipules. They are succeeded by
bracts towards the summit of the branches, each presenting in its
axil a small flower with short pedicel. The bracts have also two
small glandular stipules’ at the base.
R. Brown’ established in 1818 a special family for Phyfolacca and
the neighbouring genera. Before this the greater part of the known
genera were connected with Chenopodacee. A. L. ve Jussieu! for
example, placed in his order of Arroches (Oraches), Phytolacca, Rivina,
Petiveria. Moreover he placed Giseckia and Limeum among the
Portulaccacee,* and left Seguieria in the Genera inserte sedis.2 Exv-
LICHER™” ranged in his order of Phytlolaccacee, Seguieria, Petiveria,
Mohlana, Rivina, Limeum, Giesekia, Phytolacca, Ercilla, also Semon-
villea, a section of Limeum and Microtea, which ought rather to be
1 These last are entire, or more or less un-
equally parted into two teeth or secondary
lobes.
2 The aril has for starting point a thickening
of the exostome, which is produced even before
anthesis. (See Adansonia, x. 161.)
3 D, thesioides Hoox, F., loc. cit. 279; Fl.
Tasm., i. 309, t. 93.—Moa., loc. cit.,87.— BENTH.,
Fil, Austral., v.145.— D. Drummondii Moa., loc.
cit, n.2.—D. veroniciformis F. MUELL., in
Linnea, xxv. 438.
* Spotted with small white specks which ap-
pear to be cystolites.
° Described as lateral bractlets by a great
number of authors, but identical with the bracts
of the leaves.
5 Obs. Herb. Congo, 35; Mise. Works (ed.
BENN.), i. 138 (Phytolacee).
7 Gen. (1789), 83, Ord. 6,
8 Op. cit., 314, Ord. 4.
9 Op. cit., 440.
10 Gen., 975, Ord. 208 (1840).
46 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
connected with the Sa/solacea. He enumerated besides, Gyrostemonce
in connexion with the P/ylolaccaceæ ; they were ranged after the
Euphorbiacee by Winpuny,’ who distinguished into two very
different orders the Pefiveriaceæ (Petiveria, Seguieria, Gallesia),
and the Phytolaccacee,* to which he joined the genus S/eynosperma,
recently established by Bentuam.* Moquin-Taxpon, who in
1849 formed the first complete monography of the group Phyto-
laccacee,’ divided it into eight tribes: Seguiertee, which are the
Petiveriacee of Lixnpuny; Rivinee, comprising, besides Rivina and
Mohlana, the genus Ledenbergia of Kiovszon ;° Microtee (with the
single genus J/icrotea); Limee, which comprises, besides Limeum
(and Semonvillea) the Anisomeria of Don ;’ the Giseckieæ, of which
Giseckia is the type, and by which it is connected with Phytolacca,
Pircuma and Freilla; the Stegnospermee (Stegnosperma); Gyros-
temonee, formed of different genera united by us to Gyroslemon
(Codonocarpus,* Cyclotheca), and of Didymotheca ; and Tersoniee,
represented by the single genus Zersonia. Since then we have
connected” with P/ytolaccacee, as the type of a special series, the
Barbeuia of Durntit-THovars," doubtfully attributed to Rosacee.”
The 4gdestis of Sesse AND MoçinNo has been indicated" as belonging
to the Phytolaccacee, where it forms a special series on account of
the form of its receptacle and its inferior ovary ; and the ancient
genus 7helygonum has appeared to us, not without some doubt, capable
of being connected as the title of a distinct series with the P/yto-
laccaceæ with unicarpellary gynæceum, like the Rivinacee. Thus we
find assembled in this small family eighteen genera grouped in six
series and comprising about seventy-five species. All those, eight
or nine in number, which constitute the Gyrostemon series are Austra-
lian. It has also the only known species of the genus J/onococeus. To
America belong exclusively all the Zrcillas, Anisomerias, Agdestidce,
1 Veg. Kingd. (1846), 282. 7 In Edinb. New Phil. Journ., xiii. (1832).
2 Nat. Syst., ed. 2, 212.—Veg. Kingd., 386, 8 A. Cunn., ex Hook., Bot. Misc., i. (1830).
Ord. 137.—Linx, Handb., i. (1829), 312.— 9 Hook. F., in Hook Journ., vi. (1847).
Petivereæ AG., Class. (1835), 221. 10 In Adansonia, iii. 312 (1863).
3 Nat. Syst, ed. 2, 210.—Veg. Kingd., 508, 1 Gen. Madag. (1863).
Ord. 193.—Rivinee AG., op. cit., 218. 12 By SPRENGEr. It has also been connected
4 Voy. Sulph., Bot., 17 (1844). with Bixaceæ and Tiliacee (DuP.-TH.) with
5 In DC. Prodr., xiii, p. ii. 2, Ord. 156. Euphorbiacee (MEIssN.).
6In Pl. Karst. exs. (1546), ex Mog., 13 B. H., Gen., 33 (1862).
Prodr., 14.
PHYTOLACCACE. 47
{
Ledenbergias, Petiverias, and Seguierias,! representing at most a total
of twenty species.” 7he/ygonumis limited to the Mediterranean region;
Barbeuia to Madagascar ; Adenogramma to Southern Africa ; Giseckia
and Limeum to Asia and to tropical Africa. Mohlana and the
Rivinas are common to the two Worlds, but abounding particularly in
the New. As to the Phytolaccas there is not a warm country of the
world where they are not represented from Mexico to Chili and from
China to Australia. But P. octandra seems only to have been
introduced into this last country, as has also P. decandra into the
Mediterranean region ; this latter is considered a native of America.
All the Phytolaccacee have characters in common; alternate,
simple leaves ;* uniovular carpels ; ascendant ovules, with inferior,
exterior micropyle; a non-rectilinear embryo, fornicate, uncinate,
circinate, involute, or folded a variable number of times upon itself.
Other characters are found among them very generally, with a very
small number of exceptions. These are indefinite inflorescence,’ the in-
dependence of the carpels,’ the apetalous character of the flowers,’ and
the presence of an albumen’ within the embryo. Other more variable
characters are, the form of the receptacle® (and consequently the mode
of insertion), the number of the carpels, and the union or separation of
the sexes in the same flower. Upon them are founded the following
series, arranged by us, and easy to distinguish from each other :—
I. Puyrouaccr®.—T wo or several carpels, quite free, or to a great
extent (at least at a certain age), inserted on a convex receptacle.
Stamens hypogynous. (5 genera.)
1 Loureiro (F1. Cochinch., 341) has described,
it is true, a S. asiatica (Moq., Prodr., 7, n. 10) ;.
but nothing is less certain than the genus of this
plant (see p. 38, note 2).
2 Those of the genera Anisomeria and Peti-
veria seem to have been multiplied without
measure.
3 In general they are fetid and become black
by desiccation.
4 There are only cymes in Giseckia, Limeum,
Agdestis and Adenogramma.
5 Which is only wanting in Agdestis and
Barbeuia.
5 The organs described as petals in cer-
tain species of Zimewm, may have quite another
signification.
7 Even in Seguieria, whose embryo occupies
by its numerous folds almost all the interior of
the seed, there are often traces of a mucous al-
bumen between the folds.
8 Convex in most of the genera, quite concave
in Agdestis, slightly hollow in most of the species
of the genera Seguieria and Petiveria which
show the commencement of a perigynous arrange-
ment.
48 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
II. Barpevir®.—Two superior carpels united in one ovary with
two cells. Hypogynous stamens. (1 genus.)
III. Acpesrinez.—Four inferior carpels placed in a concave
receptacle, and united among themselves. Epigynous stamens. (1
genus.)
IV. Rivinra.—One single free carpel. Hypogynous or peri-
gynous stamens. (7 genera.)
V. Turiyconra.—One single free carpel, surrounded by a gamo-
phyllous calyx. Moncecious unisexual flowers. (1 genus.)
VI. GYRoSTEMONEÆ.—Two or several superior carpels inserted
within upon a central columella, free upon the sides, or rarely
united. Flowers unisexual-dicecious. (3 genera.)
By the unicarpellary types, such as the Rivinee, the Phytolaccacee
nearly approach the Myctaginacee. They are apetalous, they have
the single carpellary leaf, a subbasilar but posterior placenta, and a
seed with farinaceous albumen and peripheral embryo ; but they are
distinguished by the absence of the perianth peculiar to the Wycfa-
ginacee, whose petaloid limb resembles a corolla, and whose indurated
base plays round the fruit the part of an almost closed accessory
pericarp. The unicarpellary Phyfolaccacee have been compared to
the Salsolacee, Polygonaceæ, Sc., but in these the placentation is
basilar, and the number of carpellary leaves is more than one.’ They
have also been compared, through the medium of Limeum and Giseckia,
to the Portulaceæ, Mollugine, and Mesembrianthemee, which are dis-
tinguished also by their pluricarpellary gynæceum and their mode of
placentation.? At the other extremity of the family, Phytolacca and
Gyrostemon, with their gynæceum representing a verticil with
numerous carpels, intimately connected, as established by several
modern authors,’ the Phytolaccacee to the Malvacee, which are dis-
tinguished, moreover, by the organization of their perianth, often
double, by their androceum, by their fruit, by their seed, and by
their embryo.
By their histologic organization the Phytolaccaceg equally resemble
1 The Salsolaceæ cannot be absolutely dis- and Mesembriantheum. LINDLEY connects Peti-
tinguished by the indefinite number of their veraceæ and Sapindaceæ.
stamens. 3 See Enpu., Gen. 978.—MoQ., Prodr., 3.
2 By its inferior ovary Agdestis resembles —M. J. G. AGarpu (Theor. Syst., 367), find the
Tetragonia and certain species of Portulacea analogy less.
PHYTOLACCACEZ. 49
several families with which they are connected by their flowers and
fruit. Like the Marvels of Peru, the herbaceous Phytolaccacee often
have a tap-root filled with fecul and resinous substances. As to their
stems they present also in their thickness numerous concentric circles
of fibro-vascular fascicles, whose presence has induced several authors’
to cite these stems as an example of the formation of several layers
of wood in one and the same period of vegetation. The concentric
layers, more or less regular, are. separated by circular ones of paren-
chymatous’ tissue. Here also the bundles are distributed more
internally than the wood proper, and consequently the pith is
riddled’ by them. When the bundles, which alternate with the
medullary rays in a given layer, alternate at the same time with
those of a neighbouring zone, as in P. esculenta, icosandra, &e.,‘ the
fibro-vascular bundles of one zone seem to continue the medullary
rays of the more interior and of the more exterior zone. This
arrangement is observed also in some other genera of Phyfolaccacee.
The uses’ of these plants are not numerous. The most useful
are, without doubt, the P/ytolaccas, especially P. decandra’ (figs. 21-
28), which is an evacuant drug. Its root (fig. 28) has been employed
as a substitute for the purgative Convolvulacee under the name of
Méchoacan du Canada. Its leaves are acrid, and its fruit is an
active purgative before attaining maturity. It is said that even the
flesh of pigeons which feed on it becomes laxative; and it is doubt-
less quite right that the use of these fruits in colouring food and
beverages should be proscribed. The same properties are found in
Anisomeria drastic of Chili, whose root is slightly bitter when
masticated, but rich in a resinous substance producing powerful
evacuant effects. These plants have also an irritant action when
1 Cr. Marr., in Rev. Hort. (1855), 122.—
Oxiv., Stem in Dicot., 28.
2 Also M. Nm@ett (Beitr. z. Wiss. Bot., i. 14)
cites them as examples of Dicotyledones which
5 See p. 24, note 1 (Pocan, Garget, Cocum
of the United States).
7 Mechoacanna spuria s. canadensis.”
BraELow (Med, Bot., i. t. 3) cites this plant as
have limited rings of cambium in the épenchyme.
3 Trevir., in Bot. Zeit. (1856), 833.
4 Rean., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xiv.
139.
5 Enpt., Ænchirid, 509. — Linrz., Veg.
Kingd., 508; Fl. Med. 351.— Rosenru.,
Syn. Pl. Diaphor., 702.
VOL. IV.
acting like Ipecacuanha, as Antirheumatical, but
at the same time as acrid, and narcotie, &e.
8 Moq., Prodr., 25, n. 2.—Phytolacca dras-
tica Parr. et Enpu., Nov. Gen. et Spec., 26,
t. 43, 44.—Pireunia suffruticosa Bert. The
same properties exist in À. littoralis, which is
perhaps only a variety of it.
E
50 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
employed topically. Hence perhaps the effects obtained in the
treatment of itch and intestinal worms with P. decandra. The root
and the fruit of P. abyssinica’ are considered a powerful tenifuge in
the native country of this species. The Petiverias are equally acrid
andirritant. The leaves of P. alliacea’ (figs. 51, 52) are employed in
tropical America as depurative sudorifics ; fumigations are made of
it in the treatment of paralysis. In the Antilles the root is applied
to decayed teeth; it has the reputation of being a powerful abortive.
The root of Pipi, attributed to P. {etrandra of Brazil, is used in the
preparation of baths and lotions for the treatment of paralysis
attributed to cold and weakness of muscular contractility. The
strong alliaceous odour of these plants is found in Segwera, which
in Brazil enters also into the composition of baths administered in
cases of dropsy and of rheumatic and hemorrhoidal affections. A
decoction of the leaves and young branches is used topically in the
treatment of affections of the urinary channels.
The Phytolaccacee have several industrial uses. The berries of
the Avinas furnish a rich red dye. The colouring matter of the
fruit of Phytolacca dioica can be used in the same way. It is said
that these berries are employed in the South of Europe to colour
wines, especially those of Oporto, and some other drinks. Their
juice is used to colour sweetmeats, papers, and several silk, woollen,
and cotton stuffs. The Indian women use it with safety in painting
their faces. The leaves enter into the composition of a rose lake,
and of red ink. TZhelygonum Cynocrambe (figs. 63-65) is rich in
alkaline salts, as the Glass-worts and the Chenopods (Goosefoot
family). The wood of Seguiera contains much potassium, and the
cinders for this reason are used in America in the clarification of
sugar and in the manufacture of soap. The flexible branches of
1 Horrm., in Comm. Gett., xii. 28, t, 2.— — Gui, Drog. Simpl. éd. 6, ii. 445.— P,
P. dodecandra Lnér., Stirp., i. 148, t. 69.— octandra L., Spec., n. 2 (vulg. Guiné, Raiz de
Pircunia abyssinica Mog., Prodr., 30, n. 4.— Guiné, Herbe aux poules de Guinée, Pipi).
Fourn., Tenifuges employed in Abyssinia 3 Gom., Obs. Med. Bot. Pl. Bras. (1803), 13.
(1861), 60 (vulg. Scheblé). It has been thonght —Moa.,Prodr.,10,n.4,—? P. hexaglochin Fiscu.
that this plant may be the arborescent Sénevé et M EY., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1835), 35.
spoken of in Scripture [see Frost, in Journ, Se. 4S, floribunda, commonly named the Cipo
Inst. Roy. (1825), 69], which, according to some d’Alho, is principally employed, (BENTH., in
others, is a Salvadora. Trans. Linn. Soc., xviii. 235, n. 4, t. 19;—Moa.,
2 L., Spec., 486, n. 1.—Moa. Prodr.,9,n.1. Prodr., 7, n. 6;—RosENTH. op. cit., 702),
or
=
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. :
Rivina octandra’ are used in St. Domingo to hoop casks. Those
of Seguiera (?) asiatica® are used also as bands in Cochin China.
Several species of this group are oleraceous and alimentary. In
Mexico the leaves of Zhelygonum are eaten as Spinach, as are also
those of Phytolacca octandra ; those of P. esculenta,’ as Asparagus in
the United States, and in the Himalayas the shoots of P. decandra
and acinosa are used in the same way. P. decandra and several
beautiful species of the section Pircunia,’ such as P. dioica, stricta,
are cultivated.as ornamental plants. rc//a volubilis serves to grace
the walls of our greenhouses, and several Aivinas are ornamental by
their coloured leaves and scarlet berries.
1 L., Spec., 177, n. 1.—Moeg., Prodr., 11, n. 2 See p. 38, note 2; 47, uote 1.
2.—R. dodecandra Jaca.—R. scandens Mixx. 3 V. Hourrer, Fi. des Serr., iv. (1848), 3986
—R. Mutisii W.—R. Ehrenbergiana Kt.—R. —Mog., Prodr., 460.
Moritziana Ku. (vulg. Liane à barils, in the 4 Vulg. Bel. ombra, Bel sombra.
Antilles ; Guacomaya, in Columbia).
52 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
I. PHYTOLACCEA.
1. Phytolacca T.—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely
diæcious (Pseudolacca) calyx 5-partite; lobes herbaceous or
petaloid, in fruit subaccrescent, persistent erect or reflexed.
Stamens rarely 5, alternisepalous, oftener 10 alternating by pairs
with the sepals, or 15-30; interior 5-20 oppositisepalous; fila-
ments subulate; anthers introrse 2-locular longitudinally rimose.
Carpels 4, 5, verticillate, or 10, of which 5 are alternisepalous, more
rarely 8-15, free (Pircunia) or more or less connate at the
base. Styles same in number, recurved at the apex, stigmatiferous
within ; ovules 1 in each ovary, subbasilar ascendant campylotropous ;
micropyle inferior and exterior. Fruit in carpels 4—10 (or rarely more)
fleshy or baccate, constant, either quite free (Pircuniastrum), ox at
the base (Pseudolacca), or thence nearly to the apex connate into a
depressed globose berry, costate (Huphytolacca) or ecostate (Omalopsis).
Seed solitary in each cell, suberect, campylotropous sublenticular,
glabrous ; testa crustaceous ; embryo annular peripheral, radicle de-
scending ; cotyledons narrow incumbent; albumen central, copious
farimaceous.—Herbs, undershrubs or rarely shrubs, sometimes climb-
ing. Roots napiform or fusiform ; leaves alternate entire petiolate ;
flowers in terminal racemes oppositifolius or lateral; sometimes
erect (Luphytolacca, Pircuniastrum), sometimes pendulous (Pseu-
dolacca) or at apex nutant ; bracts 1-flowered ; bractlets 2, inserted at
a greater or less height on the pedicel (47 the Tropical and Sub-
tropical regions of the Globe). See p. 23. |
2? Ercilla A. Juss.—owers nearly of Piytolacca ; calyx mem-
branous, finally patent. Stamens 5-10 ; carpels free, torus stipi-
form finally subbaccate. Other characters of Phytolacca. Glabrous
shrubs; stem volubilis; leaves alternate entire; flowers in
racemes; bractlets 2, inserted at the summit of the pedicel
(Peru, Chili). See p. 26.
PHYTOLACCACEÆX. 53
3? Anisomeria Don.—Flowers nearly of Phytolacca (or Frcilla)
irregular; calyx subcoriaceous-herbaceous, lobes 5, unequal (3
superior larger). Stamens 10-39 subsecund more developed on the
posterior side of the flower, inserted on fleshy dise. Carpels 2-6
free (or more rarely 1) inflated-reniform indehiscent. Seed
suberect ; testa membranous; embryo peripheral uncinate hippo-
crepiform.—Shrubs or herbs; root usually napiform; stems erect ;
leaves alternate simple ; flowers in terminal racemes (Ci). See p. 27.
4, Giseckia L.—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, apeta-
lous; sepals 5, membranous at margin, imbricated. Stamens 5,
alternate, or 10-15; filaments free or connate at base; anthers
oblong 2-locular introrse dehiscing by sublateral clefts. Carpels 5 (or
more rarely 3), oppositisepalous, free; ovary unilocular; style short
decurrent with the carpels at inner angle, apex and interior sulcate
stigmatiferous; ovule 1, subbasilar, ascending; micropyle ex-
terior and inferior. Fruit-carpels often 5, free, membranous
venose, papillose, indehiscent. Seed ascendant subreniform ; testa
crustaceous granular; aril very small; embryo annular, encircling
farinaceous albumen.—Diffuse herbs, usually annual; branches pro-
strate ; leaves opposite or in narrow pseudo-verticils, filled with cysto-
lites, exstipulate ; flowers small in axillary cymes or glomerules (Asta
and Tropical Africa). See p. 27.
5. Limeum L.—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely polyga-
mous usually 5-merous ; sepals herbaceous, membranous at margin ;
præfloration imbricate. Petals (?) 5 of variable form, or 4, 3,
more rarely 0 ; stamens 5, oppositisepalous, or 6-10 ; filaments dilated
at base into a slightly connate cupule ; anthers introrse, 2-locular
longitudinally rimose. Carpels 2; germen compressed 1-locular, 1-
ovulate ; styles 2, dilated stigmatiferous at apex ; ovules suberect
campylotropous ; micropyle lateral inferior; funicle short erect.
Fruit 2-coccous, parting into orbicular cocci dorsally compressed,
sometimes apiculate at centre, smooth or rugose, sometimes the
margins dilated into reticulate wings (Semonvillea), interior
flat, sometimes membranous fenestrate. Seed suberect vertical ; testa
membranous; embryo annular, encircling a farinaceous albumen ;
radicle inferior.—Annual or perennial herbs; branches slender ;
54 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
leaves alternate, fleshy, narrow, entire, ciliate, exstipulate ; flowers
in axillary cymes, 3-bracteate ; sometimes in terminal racemose cymes
(Tropical and West. Asia, Tropical and South Africa). See p. 29.
Il. BARBEUIEZÆ.
6. Barbeuia Dur.-Tn.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular; recep-
tacle slightly convex. Sepals 5, imbricated. Stamens , hypo-
gynous. Filaments free, inserted on annulus of receptacle; anthers
2-locular, introrse, longitudinally 2-rimose. Germen superior,
2-locular ; styles 2-partite ; lobes erect, thick, interior stigmatiferous ;
one ovule in each cell, subbasilar amphitropous ; micropyle inferior
lateral. Fruit, “capsular 2-lobed, 2-locular ; cells 1-spermous; seeds
semi-arillate.’”’—Sarmentose glabrous shrubs; leaves alternate, entire
petiolate, articulate at base. Flowers in short, rigidly compressed
axillary racemes; pedicels alternate, apices swollen (Madagascar). See
p. 30.
Ill. AGDESTIDEZÆ.
7. Agdestis Moc. anp Srss.—F lowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous ;
receptacle obconical, concave. Sepals 4, inserted on the margin of re-
ceptacle ; præfloration alternate imbricate. Stamens o (of Barbeuia),
epigynous. Germen adnate to interior of receptacle 4-locular; cells
opposite sepals; one ovule in each cell, subbasilar, ascending;
micropyle exterior inferior ; style erect in column, apex 4-fid; lobes
reflexed, stigmatiferous within. Fruit...2—A climbing shrub; leaves
alternate, petiolate, cordate; flowers axillary, or arranged in terminal
ramified racemose cymes ; pedicels 2-bracteolate (Mexico). See p. 32.
IV. RIVINEÆ.
8. Rivina PLrum.—Flowers regular, hermaphrodite ; receptacle
conical, depressed. Sepals 4, imbricated, subpetaloid, finally vires-
cent, persisting. Stamens either 4, alternisepalous, or 8—12 (4—8 in-
terior) ; filaments free or connate at base, persistent ; anthers introrse,
2-rimose. Germen 1-locular ; style eccentric, slender or insignificant,
ox
x
PHYTOLACCACEÆX.
apex capitate stigmatiferous, 1, 2-lobed ; ovule 1, subbasilar ascending
campylotropous ; micropyle inferior anterior. Fruit baccate, some-
times finally exsuccous ; seed suberect; testa glabrous or scabrous ;
embryo annular peripheral, encircling central farinaceous albumen ;
cotyledons unequal, exterior larger, involving smaller.—Undershrubs;
stem erect, sometimes climbing; leaves alternate petiolate, simple,
entire, or crenulate ; stipules 0 or very minute; flowers in terminal
racemes finally lateral, or sub-leaf-opposed; bracts alternate, 1 -flowered;
bractlets 2, laterally inserted towards the apex of the pedicel
(Warm or Temperate America, India ?). See p. 33.
9. Mohlana Marr.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx irregular 4-fd,
anterior lobe almost free at the base; the other, on the contrary, as
if in one, unequal 3-lobed (middle lobe largest) connate, imbricate.
Stamens 5 (of Zivina), alternating with lobes of the calyx. Germen
and ovule of Rivina; style sublateral short ; apex truncate, subcapi-
tate stigmatiferous. Fruit surrounded by erect calyx, either subfleshy
immarginate (Mohlanella), or subcoriaceous exsuccous longitudinally
reticulate-nerved at margin (/illeria). Seed of Rivina.—Under-
shrubs or herbs; leaves alternate petiolate ; stipules minute ; flowers
in simple terminal or leaf-opposed racemes; pedicels 1-bracteate, at
the apex 2-bracteolate (Warm America, Tropical Western Africa, Mada-
gascar). See p. 35.
10. Ledenbergia K1.—F lowers hermaphrodite regular; sepals
4, imbricate. Stamens 10-12, of which the 4 exterior alternate with
sepals; filaments filiform; anthers oblong. Ovary and ovule of
Rivina; style thick, curved; apex capitellate papillose-penicillate.
Fruit encircled by the greatly accrescent rotate expanded membrano-
nerved sepals, subcoriaceous nerved, indehiscent. Seed nearly of
Rivina.—V olubile undershrubs ; leaves alternate, petiolate ; stipules
very small; flowers in axillary racemes, solitary or 2-nate pendulous ;
pedicel 1-bracteate, with 2 bractlets very small inserted at apex (Ce-
tral America). See p. 35.
11. Petiveria Pium.—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous ; recep-
tacle obconical, concave. Sepals 4, of which the 2 anterior rise from
the edge of receptacle, imbricate, afterwards open, finally erecto-ad-
pressed to fruit. Stamens either 4, alternisepalous, or 5—8, interior
56 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ones 1-4, opposite ; filaments subulate perigynous ; anthers 2-locular;
cells linear, lateral or subextrorse, base and apex free, rimose at margin.
Ovary free, inserted at bottom of receptacle, 1-celled; style short,
lateral, base decurrent in ovary (subgynobasic), apex stigmatiferous
penicillate; ovule subbasilar amphitropous. Achenes unequally
carinate, afterwards at apex emarginate-sub-2-lobed and with style
laterally mucronulate, lobes produced in bristles 2, 3, rigid, finally
adpressed reflexed. Seed linear, suberect, generally amphitropous ;
albumen scanty, laterally produced between cotyledons; radicle of
embryo inferior, cotyledons foliaceous, dissimilar, unequally replicato-
convolute.—Undershrubs ; odour alliaceous ; leaves alternate, entire,
petiolate; stipules small, herbaceous. Flowers in terminal axillary
racemes, l-bracteate ; pedicels short, rather thick, bearing 2 bractlets
inserted at a greater or less height (Zropical America). See p. 35.
12? Monococcus F. Murzz.—Klowers polygamous, 4- or more
rarely 5-merous (nearly of Petiveria). Stamens 10-12, free ; anthers
acute at apex, reflexed at summit of filaments, finally erect extrorse.
Ovary unequally ovate ; lateral penicillate style and ovule of Peti-
veria. Unsymmetrical achene, with style laterally mucronate, covered
with prickles on all sides. Seed suberect, much amphitropous ;
embryo (shorter) of Pefiveria; albumen farinaceous, copious. —An
undershrub; leaves, inflorescence, and bracts of Petiveria; flowers
inferior female; superior male; a few hermaphrodite interposed
(Australia). See p. 37.
13. Seguieria Lærz.— Flowers regular, apetalous, 5- or more
rarely 4-merous (Gallesia) ; sepals more or less petaloid, imbricated,
fructification reflexed. Stamens ©, subhypogynous ; anther cells 2,
base and apex free, lateral or finally slightly extrorse or introrse,
marginally rimose. Ovary free; ovule subbasilar, amphitropous ;
style eccentrically crested or winged, apex straight or incurved ; one
margin sulcate, stigmatiferous to a greater or less height. Fruit
samaroidal, outwardly undulate-nerved or slightly winged, crowned by
style accrescent in a large hatchet or shield-shaped veined wing. Seed
vertical; testa membranous ; embryo peripheral, radicle inferior ;
cotyledons wide, foliaceous, more or less convolute-corrugate ;
albumen scanty between the central folds of cotyledons.—
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. 57
Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves alternate petiolate; stipules
minute, tuberculiform or glanduliform, sometimes developed into
indurated recurved prickles ; flowers in compound much ramified
racemes terminal or axillary; bracts 1-flowered ; bractlets 2, lateral
(Zropical America). See p. 37.
14. Adenogramma Rericus.—F lowers hermaphrodite, apetalous ;
sepals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5; filaments free or connate at
base in short cupule; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Ovary oblique,
conical, l-celled; style slender, apex capitellate stigmatiferous ;
ovule 1, campylotropous, inserted at the summit of a slender sub-
basilar erect funicle. Fruit dry, obliquely conical ; pericarp smooth
or granulate, usually coriaceous, blackish, indehiscent or longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Seed straight or curved; testa membranous ;
embryo arched or uncinate, encircling a fleshy albumen.—Dif-
fuse herbs; branches slender sub-2-chotomous ; leaves in false
verticils simple, usually narrow; stipules small or very small ;
flowers small in umbelliferous axillary and terminal cymes (South
Africa). See p. 38.
V.? THELYGONEZÆ.
15. Thelygonum L.—Flowers monecious. Male calyx 2-phyllous,
valvate; leaves finally revolute. Stamens ©, inserted on short
receptacle; filaments capillary, finally cernuous; anthers linear,
2-celled, introrse, 2-rimose, versatile. Female calyx at the apex
finally eccentric, tubular; apex 3-dentate ; base laterally increased
and gibbous. Ovary eccentric, subglobose; ovule 1, subbasilar,
campylotropous; style lateral, subbasilar (gynobasic), erect in tube
of perianth, apex clavate, stigmatiferous. Fruit drupaceous ; meso-
carp thin; seeds suberect, hippocrepiform; embryo uncinate,
encircled within and without by a fleshy albumen ; radicle cylindro-
conical, inferior; cotyledons narrow, incumbent—An annual sub-
succulent herb ; leaves alternate ; inferior ones opposite, simple and
penninerved; petiole dilated at the base into a stipuliform in-
cised sheath ; flowers in axillary glomerules; males ebracteate 1-0 ;
females often 3-nates, or ©, pluribracteolate (J/editerranean region).
See p. 39.
58 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
VI. GYROSTEMONEX.
16. Gyrostemon Desr— Flowers diæcious. Male calyx small,
unequal 4-8-dentate ; teeth imbricate, finally not contiguous.
Stamens 6-w , 1- or © -verticillate; anthers subsessile, cuneiform, all
inserted on the convex receptacle or round processus of central
column, 2-celled, lateral 2-rimose; connective produced beyond,
cells, short and obtuse. Female calyx as in male flower. Carpels
4—x , verticillate round more or less long conical receptacle. Germens
l-ovulate, produced in styles more or less incurved or reflexed at apex,
inwardly stigmatiferous; ovule subbasilar, ascending; micropyle
extrorse, inferior. Fruit subglobose or obconical (Codonocarpus), in
follicles 4-c , constant, finally separating from columella (of variable
form, furnished with 4— persistent apices of style), and among
themselves, dehiscing either dorsally and longitudinally (Gyrostemon)
or by ventral clefts (Codonocarpus). Seed ovate, pseudo-campylo-
tropous, hippocrepiform, alternately ascending more or less
from the internal angle of the carpels; testa transverse rugose,
arillate at micropyle and hilum ; embryo hippocrepiform ; cotyledons
narrow, incumbent; radicle inferior, extrorse ; albumen thin, or more
or less copiously farmaceous.—Ramified shrubs (or herbs?) glabrous ;
leaves alternate sessile articulate ; stipules small, lateral ; limb linear-
subulate, or membranous-subcarneous ; flowers reduced to leaves
sometimes (Codonocarpus) to bracts, axillary, solitary, pedunculate
(Australia). See p. 41.
17? Tersonia Mog —Flowers nearly of Gyrostemon; males
8—o -androus ; stamens round the base of processus of central recep-
tacle l-seriate. Carpels oo (15-30) in the fruit depresso-globose,
ligneous, transverse, rugose, connate, indehiscent; seeds and other
characters of Gyrostemon.—Shrubs ; leaves linear; flowers axillary,
subsessile (Australia). See p. 43.
18. Didymotheca Hook. r.—Flowers dicecious, 4-merous. Calyx
short ; 2 lateral lobes longer and narrower. Stamens 8, 9; anthers
subsessile, erect, obpyramidal ; cells 2, lateral marginally rimose.
Germen free; carpels 2, lateral 2-dymous, compressed; style 2,
PHYTOLACCACEÆ. 59
elongated, thick, divergent, internally stigmatiferous ; ovule solitary
in each cell, ascending, incompletely anatropous ; micropyle exterior
inferior, thick. Fruit 2-dymous, 2-capsular, furnished at base with
dry calyx; carpels crowned with more or less persisting column
of central style, separating, dorsally and longitudinally dehiscent.
Seeds rugose-striate, base furnished with thick aril; embryo arcuate
peripheral encircling a subcarneous albumen; radicle inferior.—
Erect, much ramified undershrubs; branches close, slender; leaves
alternate, simple, narrow; stipules very small, glanduliform ; flowers
solitary, with very short pedicels, in axils of upper leaves of branch,
or of 2-stipulate bracts (Australia, Tasmania). See p. 43.
XXVI. MALVACEA.
I. STERCULIA SERIES.
Sterculia (figs. 78-87) is immediately distinguished in this group
by its independent carpels—a character not having here all the
importance that would at first appear, but which however has
Sterculia carthagenensis.
Fia. 78.
Floriferous branch (1).
caused most botanists to make it the type of a particular family.
Tt has regular apetalous polygamous flowers. In those which are
1 L., Gen., n. 1086.—Apans., Fam. des Pl, Suppl. v. 246: ZU., t. 736.—Turp., in Dict.
ii. 357.—J., Gen., 278.—Lamk., Dict., vii. 428; Se. Nat., Atl., t. 142, 143.—CAv., Diss., v. 284.
MALVACE ZA. 61
hermaphrodite we may observe a gamosepalous calyx, often coloured,
of variable form,’ more or less deeply cut into five’ divisions,
Sterculia Balanghas.
Fre. 79.
Fie. 84.
Female flower,
long. sect. of sexual organs.
valvate and of very diverse forms.
Fra. 80.
Fie. 83.
Female flower,
sexual organs (*).
WE
Fie, 81.
Sexual organs of male flower (#)-
A
Fie. 82,
Male flower,
long. sect, of sexual organs,
From the bottom of this
perianth, smooth or thickened into a glandular disk, rises a column
—DC., Prodr., i. 481.—ENDz. et SCHOTT,
Meletem. (1832), 32-34.—R. Br., in Benn. Pl.
Jav. Rar., 226.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5320 (part.).—
B. H., Gen., 217, n. 1.—SCHNIZL., Lconogr.,
t. 210.—LEM. et DONE., Tr. Gén., 344.—Hoox.
and Mast., Fl. of B. Ind., 354.—H. Bx.
in Adansonia, x. 161 (incl. : Astrodendron
Dennst., Balanghas BURM., Brachychiton
Scuorr, Carpopyllum MiQ., Cavalam RUMPH.,
Cavallium Scuort, Chichea Presi, Clompanus
Rumeu., Delabechea Lixvu., Erythropsis LInvt.,
Firmiana Marsiet., Hildegardia Scuorr, Ivira
Auvst., Mateatia VELLOZ., Pecilodermis SCHOTT,
Pterocymbium R, Br., Pterygota Scuorr, Sca-
phium Scuorr, Southwellia Sarisz., Theo-
doria Nucx., Trichosiphon Scnorr, Triphaca
Lovr).
1 Obovoid, campanulate, obconical or subin-
fundibuliform, sometimes hemispherical at the
base, with five divisions, forming in its upper
part a hemispherical, conical, or pyramidal cap.
2 Rarely four or six.
3 When they are narrow, pointed, a little
reduplicate, sometimes it happens that they
separate from each other below. At the same
time that their edges are reflexed, without
quitting each other, at the much tapering sum-
mits. They form thus a sort of conical cage,
across which the interior of the flower may be
seen,
62 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
varying much in thickness and length’ in the different species, or
even in the same species, according to the sex, and which bears in
its upper part ten anthers or more, extrorse, two-celled, dehiscing
by two longitudinal clefts and arranged without any apparent order
at maturity.” Above these anthers is found the gyneceum, formed
of five carpels superposed to the divisions of the perianth. The
ovaries are independent of each other, one-celled with a parietal
placenta situated in the internal angle. But the styles and their
stigmatiferous apex of variable form adhere to each other for a
certain distance to separate at a certain age.* Each placenta bears
sometimes two ascending anatropous ovules with micropyle exterior
and inferior, or more generally two ranks of ovules, more or less
ascending,’ or subhorizontal. Certain flowers are male (figs. 79-83)
or female (figs. 84, 85) according as the carpels or the stamens are
arrested sooner or later in their evolution. The fruit (fig. 85) is
formed of five patulous follicles, radiating in a verticil of variable
consistence opening at a more or less advanced period, mono- or
polyspermous ; and the organization of the seeds which they enclose
presents very great differences according to the species. It is by
the aid of these characters that Sferculia has been grouped into fifty
sections or subgenera,’ which are found in all the warm regions of
the globe.
Most generally the seed is suborthotropous, or at least very
incompletely anatropous ; so that the embryo has the summit of the
cotyledons turned towards the hilum, while it is consequently oblique
or transverse to the plane of the umbilicus. It is moreover sur-
rounded by a fleshy albumen which adheres more or less to the
dorsal side of the cotyledons,’ and to the seminal coats.’ This is
1 When this column is slender and very long,
it is often bent in the bud (figs, 80-82).
? A generic value has been given to this
want of regularity in the arrangement of the
androceum at maturity. But earlier the stamens
have a particular order of arrangement, as we
have described (in Adansonia, x. 162). The
pollen, ovoidal, with three folds, when in water,
becomes spherical, with three papillose hands
(H. Mout., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 334).
3 We may suppose, then, that there is but
one capitate style, the ovaries remaining free.
4 In this case the micropyle looks downwards
and outwards. The coat is double.
5 See SCHoTT, Meletem., loc. cit, The greater
part of the sections have been considered as dis-
tinct genera in this work.
5 The embryo occupies by its cotyledons all
the extent of the seminal cavity (and often even
more), which obliges it to bend in a transverse
section the albumen, and appears separated into
two parts, which resemble thick cotyledons.
7 As many as four layers may here be dis-
tinguished; a fleshy mucilaginous epidermis, a
thin membrane surrounding the albumen, and
between them a plate often double, thick coloured,
and generally testaceous within,
MALVACEÆ. 63
what occurs in Æwsterculia,' a species of the tropical regions of Asia,
Africa, and America. In Firmiania, of which three or four species
belong to the old Continent, the seed is the same, with an embryo
more or less oblique (figs. 86, 87); but the carpels are open and
patulous even before maturity, so that they look like leaves, upon
the edges of which a small
number of seeds are in-
serted (fig. 85). The same
phenomenon is produced
in Scaphium,’ consisting
of Indian and Javanese
species whose seeds, often
solitary on each patulous
carpel, occupy the more
or less concave lower part.
But the seed is com-
pletely anatropous ; so
that the embryo turns
its radicle to the side of
the hilum. It has the
same direction in the
Brachychitons Australian species, whose organization is like that of
Lusterculia, but in which the seeds are adherent to the bottom of the
endocarp. Finally in S. a/ata,’ an Indian species of which the genus
Pterygota’ has been made, the flowers and fruit are those of Lusterculia ;
but the anatropous seeds are surmounted by a narrow wing giving
Sterculia (Firmiana) platanifolia.
le
Tre. 86,
Seed (5).
Fie. 85.
Fruit (4).
Longitudinal section
of seed.
1 Scuorr et Enprz., Meletem., 32.—Clom-
panus Rumru., Herb, Amboin., iii. t. 107.—
Cavalam RuMPH., op. cit., i. t. 49.— Balanghas
Burm., Fl. Zeyl., 84.—Astrodendron DENNST.,
4 Scuorr, loc. cit., 34.—R. Br., loc. cit.,
234.— Pœcilodermis Scuorr, Loc, cit, 33.—
Trichosiphon Scnorr, loc. cit., 34.— Delabechea
Laxpz., in Mitch. Trop. Austral., 155. The
Hort, Malab., iv. 62.—Theodoria NEC., Elem.,
n. 1048.—Triphaca Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 708.
—TIvira AUBL., Guian., ii, 694, t. 279.—South-
wellia Sauiss., Par. Lond., t. 69.—Chichea
Prest, Rel. Henk., ii. 140.—Mateatia VELLOZ.,
Fil. Fiwm., ix. t. 95.
2 Marsiet,, ex SCHOTT, Melet., 33.—R. Br.
in Ben. Pl. Jav. Rar. 235.—Erythropsis
Linvt., in Bot, Reg., sub n. 1236.—? Carpo-
phullum M1q., Fl. Ind,-Bat., Suppl. i. 401.
3 Scuort, loc. cit., 33.— Pterocymbium R. BR.,
loc. cit., 219, t. 45. The number of stamens may
decline to eight or ten,
Hildegardia (Scott, Melet., 33), genus pro-
posed for the S. populifolia Wax. (Pl. As.
Rar., i. t. 3), because the carpels are said to be
winged (while they become only more or less
thin above towards the edges), may be connected
with this section, if, as we are assured, the seeds
are anatropous; if not, they can be connected
with Æuslerculia.
5 Roxs., Pl. Coromand., iii. 84, t. 287.
5 Scnorr et ENDL., Melet., 32.—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5321.
64 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
them the appearance ofa samara. Thus defined' the genus Sferculia
is composed of trees,’ often stately, with alternate petiolate leaves
accompanied by lateral stipules, simple, lobed, or digitate. The
flowers are disposed in racemes, often axillary, with a simple or
more frequently a ramified axis, and bearing small cymes, the ter-
minal flowers being frequently female, the others male, and all
having generally an articulate pedicel.
Tarrieti has flowers nearly similar to those of Sferculia. Their
anthers placed upon a short stem are similarly arranged. But each
of their three or five carpels only encloses in its ovary a single
ascending anatropous ovule, with inferior and exterior micropyle ;
and the fruits are dry, indehiscent and surmounted by an elongated
wing. Two or three species of this genus are enumerated. One is
an Australian tree‘ with digitate trifoliate leaves covered with
squamose hairs. The others are Javanese,’ glabrous with 3—5-foliate
leaves. All have numerous small polygamous flowers arranged in
much ramified racemes of cymes, axillary or lateral.
The two genera Cola and /eritiera are very nearly connected with
Sterculia, and perhaps cannot be generically separated from it.
They both have seeds destitute of albumen. In Co/a’ the anthers’
remain regularly arranged in a circle towards the apex of the general
column instead of being displaced to different heights as in Sferculia.
Half a dozen species* of Co/a are known, all natives of tropical
. Eusterculia.
. Firmiana.
fig. 1—Enpt., Gen., n. 5638.—B. H., Gen.
218, n. 2.—Argyrodendron F. MUELL., Fragm.,
. Scaphium. AA FER WE
. Brachychiton. 4 7. Argyrodendron Brntu., Fl, Austral.,
Pterygota. i, 230.—Watp., Ann., vii, 421.— Argyrodendron
1 STERCULIA {
sect. &.
Oe whe
2 Cav., Diss., t. 141-145.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen, et Spec., v. 299.—A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras.,
t. 46.—Roxs., Pl. Corom., t. 24, 25.—WALYr.,
Pl, As. Rar., i. t. 3, 59; ii. t. 127; iii, t. 262.—
Wicur, ZU., t. 30; Teon., t. 181, 364, 487.—
Guitt. et Prrr., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 79, t. 16.
—A. GRAY, in Amer. Expl. Exped., i. 185, t. 13
(Firmiana).—Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. EYE
Suppl, i. 399.—Hanyv., Thes. Ccp., t. 3.—
ANDERS., in Journ. Linn, Soe., v. Suppl., t. 2.—
F. Murzx., Pl. Vict., t. Suppl. 5.—M1q., F1.
Ind.-Bat., i. 172.—Brntu., Fl, Austral., i. 225.
—Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 215.—
H. Byn., in Adansonia, x. 179.—Bot. Reg.,
t. 1256, 1853.— Watp., Rep., v. 97, 103; Ann.
ii, 159, 160; vii. 419.
3 Bu. Bijdr., 227; in Rumphia, iii, t. 172,
trifoliolatum ¥. MUELL., loc. cit.
5 Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 179; Suppl.
i. 401.
6 Baux, Pin., 507.—Scuorr et ENpt.,
Melet., 33.—R. Br., in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar,
236.—HB. H., Gen, 218, n. 3.—Courtenia
R. Br., loc. cit—Bichy LUNAN, Jam., i, 86.
— ? Culhamia Forsk., Fl. Æq.-Arab., 96 (ex
Enpu., Gen., 994, f.).—Lunanea DC., Prodr.,
ii. 92.—Edwardia Rarry., Spect., i. 158.—
Siphoniopsis Karsv., Pl. Columb., 139, t. 69.
7 With parallel or superposed cells.
8 Guintrm, et Prrer., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 81,
t. 15 (Sterculia).—Masr., in Oliv, Fl, Trop.
Afr., i, 220.—H. Bn., in Adansonia, x, 165.—
Wazr., Rep., v. 106; Ann., vii. 421.
MALVACEÆ. 65
Africa : their vegetative organs are those of Sferculia. It is the same
with Heritiera' (figs. 88-94) whose leaves are undivided. The
Heritiera littoralis.
Via. 89.
Fia. 90.
Male flower (4).
Fra. 88.
Floriferous branch (4).
Fie. 91. Fre. 92. Fre, 93. Fre, 94.
Male flower, without | Female flower (2). Longitudinal section of female Female flower, with-
perianth ($). flower. out perianth (+).
1 Arr, Hort, Kew., ed. 1, iii, 546—DC., Sutherlandia Guet,, Syst., 1027 (nec, R. Br.).
Prodr., i, 484.—Scuorr et Enpu., Melet., 32. —Samandura L, Fl. Zeyl., 433.—Atunus
—Expz., Gen, n. 5119.—B. H., Gen., 219, Rumepn., Herb. Amboin., iii. t, 63 (ex ENDL,
n. 4.—H. By., in Adansonia, x. 164.—Bala- loc. cit.).
nopteris GÆRTN., Fruct., ii, 94, t. 98, 99.—
Vol. IV. F
66 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
anthers, few in number,' also form a ring upon the common support.
The carpels are uni- or rarely bi-ovulate,’ and their indehiscent fruit
is a woody, suberous achene longitudinally carinated upon the back.
Two species of //erttiera’ are admitted, inhabiting the warm regions
of Asia and Australia, and most of the Oriental islands off the coast
of tropical Africa.
Tetradia Horsfieldii, a tree but little known, a native of Java, has
simple leaves, and polygamous flowers very similar to those of /Zer7-
liera. The androceum is formed of a variable’ number of stamens
circularly united on the top of a central column, and the gynæceum
is said to be formed of four multiovulate carpels; but the perianth
consists of three or four leaves, free or nearly so, and valvate.
The
flowers are axillary subsessile, or united in short racemes.’
IJ. HELICTERES SERIES.
Helicteres® (figs. 95, 96) has hermaphrodite flowers. On the convex
receptacle is seen first a gamosepalous calyx, with five more or less
1 There are often only five or six, but some-
times a larger number; whatever may be the
number, the cells are parallel, as in the anthers
of Cola, and the lines of dehiscence vertical.
2 The ovules are ascendant with micropyle
turned downwards and outwards,
3 Ham. in Sym. Emb. Ava., t. 28.— WIGHT
et ARN., Prodr., i. 63.—Watp., Rep., v. 106;
Ann., iv. 821; vii. 421.
4 It is only with hesitation that we can place
here a plant of Angola, which is quite unknown
to us and which the authors of The Flora of
Tropical Africa (i. 219): Octolobus spectabilis,
We Lw., Sert. Angol., 17, t. 6 (ex Trans. Linn.
Soc., xxvii.), have not been able to see, It
appears allied at the same time to Sterculiacee
and to Anonaceæ, which however, it does not
resemble in its seed, Its characteristics are,
according to BENTHAM & J. Hooker, who
(Gen. 982, n. 2 a) place it near Tarrielia :—
“Flores 1-sexuales. Calycis campanulati tubus
subeylindraceus; lobi 8, coriacei, marginibus
late membranaceis induplicatis corrugatis. Pe-
tula O0. Staminum columna brevis cylindrica,
stipiti elongato conico tomentoso imposita ; an-
thers perplurimæ, in discum orbicularem ver-
tice depressum connate. Ovarii carpella perplu-
rima, ®-seriata, in capitulum globosum gyno-
phoro brevi impositum conferta, verticillo stami-
nodiorum cincta, libera, anguste ovoidea, dense
tomentosa, 1-locularia; stylus 0, stigmate sessili
ovula ©, 2-seriata, Carpella matura
distincta, stipitata, turgide obovoidea
gibba, rostro recurvo terminata, sub-2-sperma.
Semina subglobosa, sessilia; hilo orbiculato;
testa membranacea ; albumine 0. Embryo sub-
globosus, cotyledonibns crassissimis, radicula
brevissima, plumula pilosa, — Arbor patentim
comosa, ramulis robustis. Folia alterna, longe
petiolata ; petiolo apice incrassato ; obovato-lan-
ceolata, obtuse acuminata, coriacea, glaberrima.
Stipulæ geminæ laterales erectæ acutissime.
Flores magni, in ramulis sessiles, solitarii fulvo-
villosi.”
5R. Br., in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar., 233.—
B. H., Gen., 219, n. 5.—Watp., Rep., v. 103.
5 The androceum has been described since
R. BROWN, as formed of four stamens. Upon
‘two flowers, which we have examined, we have
certainly seen fourteen or sixteen anther-cells,
linear and vertical.
7 «Gen. Sterculie et Cole affin., fruct. adhue
ignot. incert.” (B. H., loc. cit.)
3, Gen, mn. 1025.—J., (Gen, 278:—
GÆRTN., Fruct., i. 308, t. 64.—Lamx., Dict.,
iii. 86; Suppl, iii. 19; ZZ., t. 735.—DC.,
Prodr., i, 475.—Scnorr et Enpt., Melet., 31.
—ÆNDz, Gen. n. 5316.—B, H., Gen., 220,
D. 10.—H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 284
(incl. : Alicteres NECK., Isora SCHOTT, Metho-
rium Scuorr, Orthothecium Scuorr, Oudeman-
sia M1Q.).—Hoox. & Masr., F7. of B. Ind., 365.
2-lobo ;
8-12,
MALVACEÆ. 67
deep divisions, valvate and sometimes unequal. Higher up are inserted
five free petals, contorted with elongated claws, naked or provided
on each side with a kind of auriculate appendage, and forming a
corolla analogous to that of the Mallows. Above, the receptacle is
prolonged, as in Sferculia, into a long column, at the summit of
which the gynæceum is found, and immediately below it the andro-
ceum, whose composition is variable. It comprehends either ten
stamens superposed, five to the divisions of the calyx, and five to
the petals, each provided with a two-celled extrorse anther with
longitudinal dehiscence, and five sterile tongues (staminodes ?) and
five fertile stamens ; or five groups of two or three fertile stamens,
each alternating with these tongues. The gynæceum is com-
posed of five alternipetalous carpels, whose one-celled ovary tapers
into a style, with more or less thickened and stigmatiferous apex.
In the mature flower it frequently happens
that the styles for a variable distance, and
the ovaries in the upper part of their interior
angle, adhere more or less closely to each
other ; but the carpels separate ‘again one
from another at maturity. They are then
dry, polyspermous, dehiscing by the length
of their internal angle, and the seeds con-
tain under their coats a not very abundant
albumen, surrounding an embryo with
foliaceous cotyledons folded and convolved
round the radicle which is near the hilum.
Species of Helicteres are found in all the
warm parts of the globe, particularly of the
New World. Among the thirty species! or ee Paes
so which compose the genus, nearly half of pyuit, or
them have carpels remaining straight. A
section has been made of them, ealled Orthocarpea.” The others
Helicteres Isora.
1H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 303.— +t. 2061.—Watp., Rep., i. 332; ii. 794; Ann.,
A. S. H., Pl. Us. Brasil., t. 64; Fl. Bras. i. 105; ii. 159; iv. 319; vii. 422.
Mer., i. 271, t. 54.—Mortc., Pl. Nouv. Amér., 2 DC., Prodr., 476 (sect. ii.).—Alicteris
t. 63.—Wient, Leon. t. 180.—A. Ricn., Fl. Nucx., Elem., n. 1801.—Orthothecium SCHOTT
Cub., t. 18, 19.—Tuw., Enun. Pl. Zeyl., 28.— et Enpu., Melet., 31.—Methorium SCHOTT et
Mio, Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 169.—BENTH, Envt., loc. cit., 29, t. 5—ENDL., Gen., n. 5315.
Fl. Austral., i. 232.—GRises., Fl. Brit. W.- —Oudemansia Miq., Pl. Jungh., i. 296; F1.
Ind., 89.—Bot. Reg., t. 903.— Rot. Mag, Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 169.
F2
68 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
have the mass of carpels spirally twisted (fig. 96), whence the name
Spirocarpæa They are trees or shrubs, generally covered in
all parts by stellate or ramose hairs. The leaves are alternate,
and the axillary flowers are solitary or disposed in small cymes ;
the pedicels are often furnished with two stipuliform bracts.
By the side of this genus are placed the five following :—
Kleinhovia, of which we only know one Asiatic* species, has the
same androceum as /He/licteres, supported by a long column, at the
apex of which the gynæceum is planted; but this has an ovary
with five pluriovulate cells, and the fruit is a membranous vesiculate
loculicidal capsule.
Pterospermum (fig. 97) has a much shorter stem, supporting the
gynæceum and androceum; the former has also a quinquelocular
ovary. As to the stamens, they have elon-
gated monadelphous, or unequally polyadel-
phous filaments, and cells also elongated. A
dozen species of this genus are known,’
being trees or shrubs of tropical Asia, with
leaves frequently unsymmetrical, and axil-
lary flowers solitary or few. The fruit is a
loculicidal coriaceous or woody capsule, with
winged seeds,
In Zriolæna; of which the type of a par-
ticular tribe? has been made, the common
support of the androceum and gynæceum is much shorter, some-
Pierospermum suberosum.
Fre. 97.
Longitudinal section of flower.
1 DC., Prodr., 475 (sect. i.).—Isora SCHOTT
et ENDL., loc. cit., 31.
2 L., Gen, n. 1024.—GÆRTN.,, Fruct., ii.
261, t. 137.—LamK., Dict., iii. 367; Iil., t. 734.
5 L., Spec., 939 (Pentapetes).—Cav., Diss.,
iii, t. 43, 44.—Roxs., Cat. Hort. Cale., 50.—
DC., in Mém. Mus., x. 111, t. 9.—Wreuxt,
Icon, t. 489, 631.—Hook., Icon. t. 125.—
—DC., Prodr., i. 488.— ENDL., Gen., n. 5335.— Tuw., ÆEnum. Pl. Zeyl., 30—BENTH, Fl.
B. H., Gen., 219, n. 9. Hongk. 38.—Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., Suppl,
8 K. Hospita L., Spec., 1365.—RumPH., i. 403.—Bot. Mag., t. 629, 1526.—Watp.,
Herb. Amboin., iii. t. 113.—Cav., Diss., t. 146. Ann., ii. 168; vii. 422.
—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vy. 313.—
Roxs., Fl. Ind., iii. 140.—Wieut et ARN.,
Prodr., i. 64.—GARCKE, in Bonplandia, v. 258,
—WALP.,, Ann,, vii. 422.
4 Scures., Gen., 461.—DC., Prodr., i. 500.
—Enpz., Gen. n. 5352.—B. H., Gen., 220,
n. 11.—H. BN. in Payer Fam. Nat., 285.—
Velaga ADANS., Fam. des Pl, ii, 389.—GÆRTN.,
Fruct., n. 245, t. 183.—Pterolena DC., Prodr.
sect. ii.).—Sezegleewia Turcz., in Bull. Mose.
(1858), i. 233.
6 DC., in Mém. Mus., x. 102, t. 5; Prodr.,
i. 501.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5354.—B. H., Gen...
220, n. 12.—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat., 287:
— Wallichia DC., in Mém, Mus., x. 104, t. 6.—
Microlena Watu., Cat., n. 1173.— ENpr., Gen.,
n. 5355.—Jackia SPRENG., Syst., iii, 85.—
Schillera REICHB., Consp., 204.
7 Eriolenee ARn., Prodr., i.
Gen,, 1003.—B. H., Gen., 220.
70.—ENDL.,
MALVACEA. 69
times almost wholly absent; and the stamens, nearly the same in
form as those of Pferospermum, are echeloned upon the exterior of
the common tube formed by the non-free portion of the filaments.
The ovary is divided into from four to twelve pluriovulate cells, and
the fruit is a woody, loculicidal, polyspermous capsule, with winged
seeds. The six or seven known species' are Indian trees, with
axillary flowers, solitary or grouped in cymes.
In the two genera Ungeria and Reevesia the general organization
is very analogous to that of A/einhovia and Pterospermum, but the
anthers are inserted, as in Sferculia, directly under the gynæceum,
borne at the summit of the general column. In Xeevesia’ each of the
ovary cells contains two ascending ovules, with inferior and exterior
micropyle; and the capsular, woody, loculicidal fruit contains as
many as ten winged, albuminous seeds. It consists of trees of
tropical and subtropical Asia, with flowers arranged in terminal
racemose cymes: a couple of species of them are enumerated.* In
Ungeria,* of which there is but one species,’ a native of Norfolk
Island ; the fruit is a woody capsule, with five prominent angles,
like thick narrow longitudinal wings ; and the non-winged seeds are
solitary in each cell, this being uniovulate in the flower.
III. DOMBEYA SERIES.
The flowers of Dombeya (figs. 98-101) are regular, hermaphrodite,
and generally pentamerous. Their calyx is valvate,’ and their corolla
formed of contorted,’ often unsymmetrical’ petals. The androceum is
1 Waut., Pl. As. Rar., i.t. 64.— Wau, Icon.,
t. 882 (Microchlena)—Waxp., Rep. i. 351.
2 Linz, in Quart. Jowrn. (1827), iii. 109;
in Bot. Reg, t. 1236.—Scuorr et Enpt.,
Melet., 31.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5318.—B. H.
Gen., 219, n. 7.
3 Hook. in Bot. Mag., t. 4199.—Watp.,
Rep., i. 334,
4 Scuorr et Enpu., Melet., 27, t. 4.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5317.—B. H., Gen., 219, n. 8.
5 U. floribunda Scuorr et ENDL., loc. cit.
6 Cav., Diss., iii. 121, t. 38-41.—J., Gen,
277.—GæÆRTN., Fruct., ii. 259, t. 137.—LANMK.,
Ill, t. 137.—DC., Prodr., i. 498.—SPACH,
Suit. à Buffon, iii. 447.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5346.
—P. H., Gen., 221, 983, n. 15.—H. BN,., in
Payer Fam. Nat., 288.—Assonia CAv., Diss.,
120, t. 42.—DC., Prodr., i. 498.—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5345.— Vahlia Daun, Obs., 40 (nee THUNB.).
—Kenigia CoMMERS., mss,—Xeropetalum DEL.,
Cent. PI. Caill., 84.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5347.—
Astrapæa Linvu., Collect., t. 14; Bot. Reg.,
t. 691.--EnpL., Gen., n. 5349.—H. BN., in
Adansonia, ii. 173.—Hilsenbergia Bos., in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér. 2, xviii. 189.
7 The sepals, glabrous, or bearing stellate
hairs outside, are often reflexed at anthesis.
8 Often persistent and becoming round the
fruit, dry and stiff as parchment.
9 Such is their number in D. decanthera Cav.,
Diss., iii. 126, t. 40, fig. 2;—(Melhania decan-
thera DC., Prodr., i. 499, n. 1), which appears
70 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
composed of five bundles of fertile stamens superposed to the sepals
and five staminodes in the form of oppositipetalous petaloid tongues.
All these elements are generally united below for a variable distance
into a monadelphous urceolate tube. The bundles of fertile stamens
are occasionally formed of two, but more frequently of three, or four,
rarely of five, or a greater number of unequal branches,’ each bearing
a two-celled extrorse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The
Dombeya angulata,
FI@. 100,
Longitudinal section of flower (2).
Fra. 98.
Inflorescence.
Fie. 99.
Flower.
gynæceum is free, formed of an ovary with five alternipetalous cells,
and more rarely of a smaller number of cells, surmounted by a style
more or less deeply divided into a similar number of branches stigma-
tiferous above and within. In the internal angle of each cell is found a
placenta supporting two collateral or almost super-
posed and ascending ovules (fig. 100), with micropyle
looking downwards and outwards. The fruit isa locu-
licidal capsule, formed of from two to five mono- or
di-spermous cells ; and the seeds contain under their
Dombeya (Assonia)
populnea.
coats a fleshy albumen enveloping an embryo more
or less folded upon itself, with inferior radicle, and
large foliaceous bipartite cotyledons. Dombeya con-
sists of shrubs or bushes of the warmest regions of
Fia. 101,
Fruit (2).
moreover, inseparable from this genus, whose
perianth it has, The two stamens of each pair
gonal. In D. cannabina (Hoor., in Bot. Mag.,
t. 3619), the type of the genus Hilsenbergia, the
are unequal, and have almost cordiform anthers.
The ovary is two-celled, with one or two ovules
in each cell, :
1 In Astrapæa there are often five fertile
stamens, the most exterior being the shortest,
The tube which they form is cylindrical or penta-
tube of the androceum is very long and very
narrow. The pollen of Dombeyz is, according to H.
Mout (in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 334), formed
of spherical grains covered with short spines,
with three equatorial papillæ surrounded by a
narrow halo,
MALVACEÆ. 71
insular and continental Africa, abounding particularly in the
islands on the eastern’ coast. The leaves are alternate, provided
with stipules, and often cordate and palminerved. The flowers are
in axillary or terminal cymes, pedunculate, often ramified, often also
resembling umbels or capitula, and surrounded by several bracts
like an involucre. ach pedicel is provided with two or three uni-
lateral bractlets of very variable dimensions, free or connate, and
often caducous. The genus includes about twenty-five species,’ of
which several described as distinct are very variable in form.
The genera collected in this series
of Dombeya proper are very nearly
related. They are, first, Trochetia
(fig. 102), which have often multi-
ovulate ovary cells, or which, when
they have only two ovules in each
cell, have below each of them an
obturator, or rather the cells are
divided into uniovulate demi-cells
by a false partition; the calyx
is coriaceous, the style formed of
five thick radiating branches; the
flowers generally few in number or
even solitary, accompanied by very small bractlets, or without bractlets.
The Asterias are species of Dombeya without petaloid staminodes, and
with twenty fertile stamens. Æwizia, likewise, has no staminodes, but it
has an ovary with ten biovulate cells and styles almost free. Penta-
petes has pluriovulate ovary cells, a simple style, petaloid staminodes,
and from ten to fifteen fertile stamens. Cheirolena has most of the
characters of Pentapetes, but its fertile stamens are detached a little
below the exterior surface of the androceum tube, and the three
bractlets which accompany the flower are digitate. Finally, A/e/hania
consists of Dombeyas having not more than ten monadelphous sta-
mens, five sterile and petaloid, superposed to the petals, and five
fertile, and alternate.
Trochetia Erythroxylon.
Fie, 102.
Flower.
1 Some species collected in India have perhaps
been introduced here ?
2 Watt., Pl. As. Rar., iii. t. 235.—ENDL,
Iconogr., t. 118 (Xeropetalum).—Pu., in Fl.
des Serr., vi. 225, t. 605.—Hanrv, et SOND.
Fl. Cap., i. 220; Suppl, 590.—Haxy., Thes,
Cup, t. 89, 137, 138.—Masr., in Oliv, Fl.
Trop. Afr., i. 226.—Bot, Mag., t. 2503 (As-
trapæa), 2905, 4544, 4568, 4578, 5487.—W ALP.,
Rep, i. 349; ii. 797; Ann., ü. 167; iv. 325;
vil, 423.
72 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
IV. CHIRANTHODENDRON SERIES.
Chiranthodendron (figs. 103-105) has regular hermaphrodite
apetalous flowers. Upon the depressed receptacle is inserted a
campanulate, coloured, thick, coriaceous perianth, whose divisions are
united toward the base, and in the bud are ranged in quincuncial
præfloration. At the foot of each is found a nectariferous dimple.
More internally the receptacle bears the gynæceum, and around it
enveloping it like a sheath the androceum is found, formed of five
monadelphous stamens alternating with the divisions of the calyx.
Chiranthodendron platanoides.
Fre, 103. Fira. 108.
Flower. Longitudinal section of flower.
The filaments in the lower part form a long tube, conical on a level
with the ovary which it envelops, then cylindrical a little higher up,
and traversed by the style in its upper part. The summits of the
1 H., ex LARREATEGUI, Deser, Bot. du Chi- i. 480.—Scnorr et Enpu., Melet., 34,—Turp.,
ranthodendron,.. (trad. LESCALL., 1805), icon.— in Dict. Se. Nat., Atl., t. 139.—ENDL., Gen.,
Cheirostemon H. B., Pl. Æquin., i. 81, t. 24— n. 5307.—PAYER, Organog., 45.—B, H. Gen.,
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 302.—Titrs., 212, n. 52, 983, n. 12 a.—H. By., in Payer
in Act. Petrop., v. 321, t. 9—DC., Prodr., Fam. Nat., 287.
MALVACEÆ. 73
filaments become free, and terminate by a basifixed connective
pointed and fornicate at the apex ; this surmounts the two cells of the
anther which are appressed in their whole length on the external
surface of a connective concave outwardly,’ each opening by an
extrorse longitudinal cleft. The staminal formation placed symme-
trically round the gynæceum when young, subsequently grows out
in such a way that the summit of the column formed by the filaments
becomes oblique and the five anthers turn quite on one side, where
they look like five fingers of a hand. The ovary is superior ; it is
surmounted by a single style with a stigmatiferous apex tapering
into a point, fornicate on the same side as the anthers, and projecting
beyond the upper opening of the staminal tube In the ovary are
five cells superposed to the divisions of the
calyx with a multiovulate placenta in the
internal angle of each. The ovules are
arranged in two vertical series and are in-
completely campylotropous.* The fruit is a
loculicidal capsule with five valves, it
encloses numerous seeds whose thick and
crustaceous coats cover an axial embryo sur-
rounded by a fleshy or almost corneous
albumen. On the smooth glabrous exterior
surface is developed a thick fleshy arillate
projection, which grows from the coat between the base of the hilum
and the region of the chalaza.
This genus for a long time only included a single species, C.
platanoides, a beautiful Mexican tree, with alternate cordate, 5—7-
lobed leaves covered like almost all the other parts of the plant with
a stellate down, and having almost oppositifolious flowers whose
peduncles bear at variable heights two or three alternate bracts.
But for some years a second species of the genus, C. californicum, has
Chiranthodendron platanoides.
Fra.£104,
Diagram,
1 The transverse section of the connective re-
presents a V, with the horizontal section of an
anther cell at the summit of each of its
branches ; the anthers have been supposed to be
one-celled.
2 Whence the vulgar name of Arbol de
manilas.
3 The convexity of the curve formed by the
style, and by the staminal filameuts formed into
a tube looks towards the posterior side of the
flower when it is mature and full blown.
4 They have two coats.
5 Cheirostemon platanoides H. B., loc. cit —
Hoox., in Bot. Mag., t. 5135.—Belg. Hortic.,
x. t. 8—Watp., Rep., iv. 319; Ann., vii. 418.
—Macpalxochitl HERNAND., Mex., 382.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
been described under the name of Fremontia.’ It may be considered
as the type of a special section because of its habit, and the more
membranous and drier consistency of its calyx, and on account of its
stamens, which preserve almost to the end their verticillate arrange-
ment, and whose cells become much more fornicate and curved within;?
and also because of its short subglobose capsule.
V. HERMANNIA SERIES.
The flower of Hermannia’ (figs. 106-115) is regular and hermaphro-
dite. The convex receptacle bears a gamosepalous calyx with five
not very deep divisions, valvate in the bud, then five alternate free
petals with hollow claws like gutters, and the limb contorted in
the bud. More internally are inserted five oppositipetalous stamens
with filaments free or connate at the base, flattened, petaloid, often
valvate reduplicate, and anthers narrower than the filaments, extrorse
dehiscing from the top downwards to a variable distance by two
longitudinal clefts.‘ The superior gynæceum is composed of a sessile
stipitate ovary with five cells alternating with the stamens sur-
mounted, by as many styles which unite by their edges to form a long
conical hollow stigmatiferous apex. In the interior angle of each cell are
inserted a certain number of anatropous, horizontal or oblique ovules.
The fruit is a loculicidal capsule’ (fig. 111), whose seeds,’ indefinite in
number, enclose under their coats a fleshy albumen more or less com-
pletely enveloped by the fornicate embryo (fig. 114). The Hermannias
proper are about twenty-four in number. They are herbaceous
suffrutescent, or frutescent plants, glabrous or more often covered
1 Torr. in Smiths. Contr., vi. 5, t. 2 (Pl.
Fremont.).—B. H., Gen., 212, n. 53, 982,
n. 12 a.— Bot. Mag., t. 5135.—WALP., Ann.
iv. 319; vii. 418.
2 The wall of the anthers bears transversal
parallel wrinkles. The tube formed by the base
of the filaments is short and rather large.
3 L., Gen. n. 828.—J., Gen., 289; in Mém.
Mus., v. 242.—Lamx., Dict., iii. 177; Suppl.
iii. 41; ZU., t. 570.—Tump., in Dict. Se. Nat.,
Atl., t. 144.—DC., Prodr., i. 493.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5340.—PayEr, Organog., 44, t. 9.—
H. Bw., in Adansonia, iii. 176; ix. 338; in
Payer Fam. Nat., 289.—B. H., Gen, 223,
n, 20.—Tricanthera EWRENB., in Linnea, iv.
401.—PL., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, iii, 292,—
Burynema END, G'en., Suppl., ii. 292.
4 Described as pores when they are at the apex,
and very short. In all the Hermanniee which
have been studied (Hermannia, Waltheria, Melo-
chia), the pollen is ovoidal or spherical, with
three (rarely four) short folds, with umbilici
(H. Mout., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, ili, 334).
5 With apex muticous, or prolonged into five
points. :
6 They often have the rudiment of an aril
(sce Adansonia, ix. 338),
MALVACEÆ. 75
with hairs, frequently stellate. The leaves are alternate, dentate, or
incised, accompanied by two large foliaceous stipules. Very rarely
Hermannia denudata.
Fra. 107.
Flower (3).
Fra. 109.
Longitudinal section of flower.
Fie. 108. Fre. 106. Fie, 110,
Diagram, Floriferous branch. Flower without the perianth,
they are small or wholly absent. The flowers are in simple or
compound cymes, sometimes resembling terminal or more often
Hermannia denudata.
Fie. 112, Fie, 111. Fra. 113.
Seed (à). Fruit (4). Longitudinal sect. of seed,
76 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lateral and apparently axillary’ racemes. Almost all the species are
natives of South Africa; some however are met with in tropical Africa,
in Madagascar, in Arabia, and three or four even in Mexico and Texas.”
In a great number of the Hermannias of South Africa the
staminal filaments instead of enlarging in
their upper part, present towards the middle
of their height a dilatation which is some-
times covered with papillæ. It is upon this
character that the genus ahernia (figs. 114,
115) has been founded, which is preserved
by the greater number of authors. We only
make it a section in the genus Hermannia,
including in that alone thirty frutescent
Hermannia (Mahernia) incisa.
Fic.114. Fra. 115. :
3 3 qu or suffrutescent* species.
Flower (2). Flower, without ‘ i
perianth, In Melochia’ (fig. 116) the general organi-
zation of the flower is the same as in Her-
mannia, but with two great differences: the carpels are superposed
to the stamens instead of being alternate with them; and each of
them instead of an indefinite number of ovules, only contains two,
ascending, with exterior and inferior’ micropyle. The styles more-
over are free, at least to a certain distance; the staminodes of
variable form may be interposed to the fertile stamens, with
which they unite below; and the embryo is straight instead of
being more or less curved. The calyx is sometimes membranous
and vesicular round the fruit. It is for this reason that a special
genus has been made under the name of Physodium,’ containing two
1 They are often raised on the branches toa
level with a leaf, by the side of which they
become free. ‘This arrangement is most ap-
parent in Melochia, The flowers are, therefore,
not really axillary.
2 Cav., Diss., vi. 327, t. 177-182.—Jacq.,
Hort. Schenbdr., t. 117, 129, 213, 215, 291,
292,—Wenpvt., Sert. Hanov., t. 4, 5, 10.—
Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii, 466.—A. Gray,
Gen. Il, t. 185.—Hoox., Icon, t. 597.—
Harv. et Sonp., Fl, Cap., i. 180.—ANDR., Bot.
Repos., t. 164.—GARCKE, in Bot. Zeit. (1864),
17.— Bot. Mag. t. 299, 304, 307.—WaLr.
Ann., iii. 882; vii. 424.
8 L., Mantiss.,n.1255.—DC., Prodr., 1, 496.
—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 472.—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5341.—B. H., Gen., 228, n. 21—H. Bn., in
Adansonia, iii. 176.
4 Cav., Diss., vi. t. 176, f. 1,2; t. 177, f. 3;
t. 178, f. 1; t. 181, f. 2; t.200, ?. 1, 2.—Jacg.,
Hort. Schenbr., t. 54, 201.—ANDR., Bot. Repos.,
t. 85.—Harv. et SOND., Fl. Cap., i. 207.— Bot.
Reg., t. 224.— Bot. Mag., t. 277, 353.— Watp.,
Ann., vii. 426.
5 L., Gen., n. 829,—J., Gen., 274.—GZÆRIN.,
Fruct., 5. 153, t. 118.—Lamx., Dict., iv. 81;
Suppl. iii. 653; JU. t. 571.—DC., Prod...
490,—ARN., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, ii. 235.—
Enpt., Gen., n. 5337.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
iii, 177; ix. 344; in Payer Fam. Nat., 289.—
B. H., Gen., 223, n. 23.
6 They have a double tegument,
7 Prest, in Rel, Henk., ii. 150, t. 72.—
Enpz., Gen. n, 5339.—B. H., Gen, 223, n.
22.
MALVACEÆ. 77
or three Mexican Melochias whose flowers however are much larger.
The cells of the capsular fruit have in all the #e/ochias a loculicidal
dehiscence; but in those which are distinguished under the name
of Riedlea' they are also separated from each other sooner or later.
Among the Dombeyas too, where the ovary is generally quinquelo-
cular there are some species with dicarpellary gynæceum ; there has
also been observed in Australia and described under the name of
Dicarpidium monoicum,? a Melochia, having in its capsule only two
bivalvate cells, which separate from each other at maturity. The
genus Melochia contains fifty species’ inhabiting
all the warm regions of the globe. They are Melochia pyramidata.
herbaceous, or frutescent plants more rarely ar- =
porescent, with alternate, narrow or cordate leaves
generally dentate like a saw, glabrous, or more often
covered with simple or stellate hairs. The flowers are
terminal, or axillary, and arranged in glomerules or
cymes which become a large compound terminal in-
florescence when the upper leaves are replaced by
bracts. These panicles are sometimes very much
ramified in certain Asiatic and Oceanian Melochias which may have
winged seeds, and of which the genus isenia'is made. Waltheria’ con-
sists of Aelochias, whose gynæceum has only one carpel, and whose
ovary, containing two ascending ovules, is surmounted by an eccen-
tric style with stigmatiferous dilated or fimbriate penicillate apex ;
some fifteen species’ may be reckoned, which are natives of all the
varm regions of the globe.
Fie. 116.
Diagram,
1 VENT., Choix de Pl., t. 37.—Riedleia DC.,
Prodr., i. 490.— Enpu., Gen., n. 5338.—
Mougeotia H. B. K., Nov. Gen. ef Spec., v.
326, t. 483, 484.—Polychlana G. Don, Gen.
Syst., i. 488.—? Altheria Dup.-Tu., Nov. Gen.
BENTH., F1. Austral., i, 234.—Wuieut, con.
t. 509.— A. Gray, in Amer, Expl. Exp., Bot., i.
191 (Visenia)—Watpr., Rep, i. 341, 351
(Visenia); ii. 796; v. 112, 115 (Visenia) ;
Ann., i. 108; ii. 166; iv. 324; vii. 427, 428
Madag., 19.—Lochemia ARN., in Ann. Se. Nat.,
sér. 2, xi. 172.—-Physocodon Turcz., in Bull,
Mose, (1858), i, 212.—Anamorpha KARsT. et
Tr., in Linnea, xviii. 443.
2 8. MuEzx., in Hook. Journ., ix. 302.—
B. H., Gen., 224, n. 24.—Brntu., Fl. Austral,,
i. 235.—WaAtp., Ann., vii. 428.
3 Cay., Diss., t. 172-175.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen, et Spec., v. 322, t. 326, 482 (Mougeotia),
t. 403, 483 a, 484.—A.S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i.
156, t. 31, 32.—-Bu., Bijdr., 88 (Visenia).—
A. Gray, Gen. Il., t. 134.— GRISEB., Fl. Brit,
W.-Ind., 93.—Tuw., Enum, Pl. Zeyl., 30.—
(Anamorpha, Physocodon).
4 Hourt., Syst., vi. 287, t. 46, fig. 3—ENDL.,
G'en., 0, 53856.—H. BN., in Adansonia, iii. 180.—
Aleurodendron REINW., in Syll. Fl. Ratish., ii 12
— Glossospermum W atu., Cat.,n. 1153 (ex END.)
5 L., Gen., n. 827.—J., Gen., 289.—Porr.,
Dict., viii. 323 ; Suppl., v. 412; ZU., t. 570.—
DC., Prodr., i. 492.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii.
461.—EnDt., Gen., n. 5336.—B. H., Gen., 224,
983, n. 25.—Lophanthus Forst., Char. Gen.,
27, t. 14.—Astropus SPRENG., N. Entd., iii. 64
(ex ENDtI.).
6 Cav., Diss., t. 170, 171.—H. B. K., Nov.
78 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
VI. BYTTNERIA SERIES (CHOCOLATE FAMILY).
The Byttneriads' (figs. 117-12
flowers, with a convex receptacle.
2) have regular hermaphrodite
Their calyx is gamosepalous
Buettneria gracilipes.
FIG. 117.
Flower ($).
Fia. 118.
Diagram.
Iie, 119.
Fie, 120.
Sexne nore 13
Sexual organs (12).
Gen. et Spec., v. 382.—Detxss., Ic. Sel., iii. t.
24,.—A.S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 36; Fl. Bras.
Mer., i. 149, t. 30.—Gnrisen., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind.,
94.—Harv. et SOND., FV. Cap., i. 180.—THWw.,
Enum, Pl. Zeyl., 30.—BENTH., Ll. Hongk., 88 ;
Fl, Austral., i. 235.—MasT., in Oliv, Fl. Trop.
Afr, i. 234.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x, 173.—
Watpr., Rep., i. 340; ii. 796; Anm., i. 108 ; iv.
323; vii. 429.
1 Buettneria Larn,, Il, 313.—L., Gen.
n. 268.—ADANS., Fam. des PL, ii. 304.—J. Gen.,
277.—Lamx., Dicl., i. 522; Suppl. i. 752; Z7L.,
t. 140.—DC, Prodr., i. 486 (part.)—Turr., in
Dict, Se. Nat., Ati., t. 140.—ENDz., Gen., n.
5331.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 4S9.—H. Bx.,
in Adansonia, iii. 167; ix. 336, t. 6, figs. 7-33 ;
in Payer Fam. Nat., 290.—B. H., Gen., 225,
n. 32.—LEM. et DONE., 77. Gén., 343.— Chatea
Jacq. Enum., 17 (ex Envu.).—Heterophyllum
Bos., mss.— Telfaivia NEWM., mss. (ex Hook.,
Bot, Mise., i. 291, t. 61, nec Hoox.).— Penta-
ceros G. F. Mny., Prim, Fl. Essequeb., 136.
MALVACEÆ. 70
with five deep divisions, valvate or reduplicate in the bud. The
petals are the same in number and alternate. They are composed of
a slender claw surmounted by an elongated and valvate induplicate
limb. Between these two parts is found a more or less cucullate
dilatation with a biauriculate base, the concavity turned inwards and
hiding a fertile stamen, while the edges of the hood adhere to a
glandular surface which takes the place of an extrorse cell on each
side of the sterile stamens. The androceum is formed of ten
monadelphous pieces of which five are sterile, thick, tapering or
truncated at the summit, glandular without towards the edges. They
correspond to the divisions of the calyx ;
while the five fertile stamens superposed to the
petals, are formed of a small filament detached
below outside the common circumference of the
androceum, and of an anther, articulate at the
base with two lateral or extrorse cells, separated
by a connective generally pretty large, and
each dehiscing by a longitudinal cleft.' The
Buettneria grandifolia.
. ° 5 Fra. 121.
gynæceum is free, superior, and formed of a Fruit.
sessile ovary with five oppositipetalous cells,
surmounted by a style, whose stigmatiferous apex is divided into five
branches, or five lobes, sometimes very short. In the internal
angle of each cell is found a placenta, supporting two collateral or
almost superposed, descending, incompletely anatropous ovules with
the micropyle turned upwards and outwards. The fruit is a
spherical capsule or nearly so, covered with prickles (fig. 121), whose
cells detached from the axis afterwards open longitudinally by their
interior edge. The seeds, which are often solitary in each cell, en-
close under their thick coats a very voluminous embryo with conical
inferior radicle surmounted by a cylindrical tigella, occupying
the axis of the seed. Round this tigella the cotyledons are hori-
zontally rolled, being reflexed upon it, surbased, formed of two very
long lateral lobes which are triangular, similar to wings and become
spirally convoluted upon each other. There are some fifty Buet/nerias
1 M. H. Mout (in Ann. Se. Nat., sév. 2, iii. ? AUBL., Guian., t. 96.—Cav., Diss., v. 290,
324) described the pollen grain as “a triangular +. 148-150.—Jaca., Hort. Schenbr., t, 46.—
prism, upon each lateral surface of which is an H. B. K., Nov. Gen. ef Spec., v. 314, t. 481 a,
oval papilla placed longitudinally; in water, 481 b—A. 8. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 138, t.
spherical with three papillæ (B. heterophylla).” 27-29.—Pout., Pl. Bras., ii. t. 145-154.—
80 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
which inhabit almost all the tropical regions of the globe.
They are
frutescent, suffrutescent or sometimes climbing plants often bearing
prickles.
The leaves are alternate, accompanied by lateral stipules ;
and the flowers in cymes sometimes umbelliferous, terminal or
lateral and subaxillary,' sessile or pedunculate.
Beside the Byttneriads are placed three genera which are very
Bueltneria salicifolia. 3
alternate with
Flower (4).
nearly related to them, having also five fertile anthers
five staminodes.
which has the back of the petals naked or glanduli-
ferous, anthers generally three-celled and fruit muri-
cate; Rulingia (fig. 123) and Commersonia, whose
petals have a large and concave base and a ligulate
and sometimes short summit. The former have simple
staminodes, and a smooth or echinate capsule ; the
These are Ayenia,
latter have staminodes, generally tripartite, and a
capsular fruit covered with soft and flexible hairs.
All the
preceding genera may be united into the subtribe of Auduettnerie
having very close affinities with the Lasiopetalee.
subseries of Zheobromee are found genera in
which there are in the interval of the staminodes,
not one, but two or several fertile stamens.
The Cocoa trees (Fr., Cacaoyers’), (figs. 124-129),
have regular hermaphrodite flowers.
small convex receptacle are inserted five valvate
sepals, and five alternate petals, whose limb is
contorted in prefloration.
Rulingia pannosa.
Fie, 123.
Dehiscent fruit (2).
In the second
On their
Each of them pre-
sents a basilar portion, dilated into the shape
of a spoon, which covers the fertile stamens, a contracted por-
tion surmounting the first, and quite at the top a limb elon-
gated in the form of a little band, flattened, obtuse at the summit
Roxs., Pl. Coromand., i. t. 29.—Wiaut, Icon.,
t., 488.—Bentu., Fl. Hongk., 38.—TR. et PL.
in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 331.—GniseEB., FI.
Brit. W.-Ind., 92.—H. By., in Adansonia, x.
177.—Watp., Rep., i. 338; ii. 796; v. 111;
Ann., i. 107; ii. 166; iv. 322; vii. 432.
1 Often continued along the branches where
they form prominent ribs in their adherent por-
tion; they are detached on a level with a leaf or
nearly so, but laterally. (See Adansonia, iii, 169.)
2 Theobroma L., Gen., n. 100.—J., Gen., 276.
—DC., Prodr., i. 484.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5333.
—H. Bn., in Adansonia, ii. 170; ix. 338, t. 5,
figs. 1-6; in Payer Fam. Nat., 291; in Dict.
Encycl. Se. Méd., xi. 364.—B. H., Gen., 225,
n. 28.—Cacao T., Inst., 660, t. 444.—ADANS.,
Fam. des PL, ii. 344.—LamMxK., Dict., i. 533;
Suppl. ii. 7; 201, t. 635.—GÆRIN., Fruct., ii.
190, t. 122.
MALVACH A. 81
and reflexed in anthesis. The stamens are monadelphous ; they form
at their base an urceolus, which surrounds the ovary and bears on
its upper part five sterile staminodes superposed to the sepals, and
longer than the ovary above which they terminate in a point, in
addition to five pairs of oppositipetalous fertile stamens. For each
Theobroma Cacao.
Fie. 124.
Fruit-bearing branch (+),
Fra. 128, Fie, 126. Fig. 129.
Seed. Diagram. Longitudinal sect, of seed.
pair there is a common erect filament and four cells arranged in a
cross, two superior and two inferior, each dehiscing outwardly by
two longitudinal clefts. Two of these cells represent an anther,’
but sometimes there are six cells, that is to say three anthers to
1 The superior and inferior cells of the same in water ovoid or spherical, with three papil-
side belong to the same anther laterally pro- lose bands, (H. Mout, in Ana. Sc. Nat. sér.
jected. The pollen is ovoid, with three folds, and 2, iii. 334.)
VOL. IV. G
82 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
each bundle.’ The gynæceum is superior, formed like that of the
Byttneriads of an ovary, with five oppositipetalous cells, sur-
mounted by a style, with five stigmatiferous branches. But in the
interior angle of each cell there is a placenta bearing an indefinite
number of anatropous ovules, arranged in two transverse vertical
series, with their raphes turned towards each other. The fruit is a
kind of berry* with a slightly fleshy wall, and which in the most
useful species of the common Cacao tree‘ has almost the shape of a
cucumber.
Its exterior surface is rugose, mammillate, and traversed
by ten equidistant longitudinal projections.
The mesocarp is
Theobroma Cacao.
Fie. 125.
Flower (£).
Fie. 127.
Longitudinal section of flower.
variable in colour’ slightly fleshy, and indefinitely dried at ma-
turity. The endocarp continues at first like a soft pulp’ in which
4
1 In this case the third anther is superior and
mesial.
2? They have three coats.
3 It is described by most authors as a drupe
with a woody and plurilocular stone. “ Fructus
drupaceus, patumine lignoso 5-loculari? (B.
H., Gen.) But when it is ripe and still fresh, it
is fleshy to the surface of the seeds. There is
then a thin irregularly interrupted zone, which
at a certain distance outside the internal surface
of the endocarp is noticeable by its slightly woody
consistency ; but this appearance is due to fibro-
vascular fascicles tolerably near each other, and
the zone has not the characters of a real stone,
4 T, Cacao L., Spee., 1100.—DC., Prodr., n,
1.— Cacao sativa LAMx., Til, t. 653.—C. minus
G#RTN., t. 122.—C. Theobroma Tuss., Fl. Ant.,
t. 13.
5 Varying from pale yellow to bright red or
violet-purple, and very variable also as to its
more or less elongated form, and the greater or
less distinctness of the linear projections or of the
longitudinal grooves and of the inequalities of the
surface. Whence the possibility of distinguish-
ing several varieties and races, whose qualities
are slightly different, as happens in most of the
cultivated fruit trees.
6 Its origin is still unknown, and can only be
certainly determined by the study of its develop-
ment. It must not be admitted at first-sight
that in its fleshy consistency it is analogous to
the hairs which envelope the seeds of Ærioden-
MALVACEZ. 83
are niches for the numerous seeds. These (figs. 128, 129), which
constitute the serviceable part of the Cacao tree, are irregularly
ovoid and enclose under their coats a large embryo with short
conical radicle hidden between the cotyledons which are thick,
fleshy, corrugated and folded upon themselves, and between whose
folds the albumen is scarcely represented by some mucous ru-
diments sometimes even wholly absent. Besides the common
species the genus includes four or five others, all natives of tropical
America! These are trees or shrubs, with simple alternate petiolate
leaves, accompanied by two small lateral caducous stipules. Their
flowers are solitary, or arranged in racemose cymes growing in the
axil of the existing leaves, or more frequently upon the wood of the
trunk, and of the old branches, and in the axils of fallen? leaves.
Under the generic name of Herrania three or four Cacaos have
been distinguished, whose petals, occasionally very long, are linear
and involute-circinate in the bud, and whose leaves are compound-
digitate, so that this genus scarcely deserves to be preserved.
Beside it, on account of having multiovulate cells and fertile stamens,
not solitary, the six following genera are placed in this subseries :—
Guazuma, which generally has petals with linear bifid limb, two or
three fertile stamens in each bundle, a muricate fruit, and seeds with
fleshy albumen; Scaphopetalum, which has obovate-cucullate petals,
without apiculate leaf, and ternate anthers, sessile upon the urceolus of
the androceum, in the interval of the staminodes ; Leptonychia, which
has short and concave petals, and fertile stamens grouped in pairs,
accompanied outside by one or several sterile stamens; Aéroma, which
has petals analogous to those of Theobroma, with superposed bundles,
each formed of from two to four fertile stamens, and a membra-
nous capsular fruit; finally, M/azwellia, which greatly resembles
the Lasiopetalee by its very small glanduliform petals, but
which has double fertile oppositipetalous stamens, an ovary with
incomplete cells, and a woody indehiscent fruit with longitudinal
wings.
H. B., Pl. Æquin., i. 104, t. 30.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., v. 315.—A.S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer.
i, 147.—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 91.—TR.
dron and which are, it is said, the cells of the
endocarp stretched and dried. The pulp is also
transversed here and there by slightly consistent
longitudinal fascicles, seemingly dependent onthe et Pu, in Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 3386.—
pericarp and the destroyed partitions. Watp., Rep., 1, 339; Ann., vii. 430.
! Aust, Guian., ii. 683, t. 275 (Cacao).— 2 See Adansonia, ix. 343, 345.
G2
84 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Glossostemon Brugieri, a Persian shrub, with large palminerved
leaves covered with stellate hairs, represents alone a special sub-
series, because its stamens, thirty-five in number, are arranged in
five alternipetalous bundles, each formed of six stamens, with extrorse
anthers, and surmounted by a petaloid tongue. Its fruit is an
elongated capsule, bristling with prickles, and polyspermous. Its
glabrous seeds enclose under their thick coats an embryo analogous
to that of the greater part of the Buettneriads.
VII. LASIOPETALUM SERIES.
This series was at first formed of the single genus Lasopetalum,'
from which it derives its name. Since then it has been divided into
Thomasia corylifolia,
Fie. 130.
Floriferous branch,
Fia. 131. Fie, 133. Fra. 132.
Bud (8). Loug. sect. of flower ($). Expanded flower ($).
1 Sm., in Trans. Linn. Soc., iv. 216.—J. Gay, H, BN., in Adansonia, ii. 178 ; ix. 341.—B. H.,
in Mém. Mus., vii. 445, t. 18, 19.—DC., Prodr., Gen., 228, 984, n. 40.—Corethrostyles ENDL.,
i. 489.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii.495.—Enpt., Nov. Stirp. Mus. Vindob. Dec. n. 1; Gen. n.
Gen., n. 5325.—PAYER, Organog., 41, t.9.— 5326.
MALV ACE. 85
a tolerably large number of secondary genera, having its general
organization, and only distinguished from it by very unimportant
characters. Their flowers are hermaphrodite and pentamerous, with
a very much developed, coloured valvate-reduplicate calyx, provided
with five projecting angles or five wings, short in the bud. The
petals are little visible, much smaller than the sepals and squamose ;
or they are altogether wanting in certain species. Five fertile
stamens, slightly monadelphous, are superposed to them, each pro-
vided with a short filament and a two-celled anther.’ They alternate
with very short staminodes, which are often entirely wanting. The
gynæceum is composed of five oppositipetalous carpels, or more
rarely of three carpels, the two lateral ones being wanting; and the
ovary contains two collateral ascending ovules, with exterior and
inferior micropyle and two vertical series of ovules. The style has
a stigmatiferous apex, entire or scarcely lobed. The fruit is dry,
capsular, and loculicidal; and the seeds, often arillate enclose
under their coats a straight embryo surrounded by a fleshy albu-
men. ZLasiopetalum consists of Australian shrubs, covered with
stellate hairs, with alternate, rarely opposite, entire, dentate sinuous,
or rarely lobed leaves, accompanied by very small glanduliform
stipules, scarcely visible, or very large and foliaceous. The flowers
are grouped in terminal, leaf-opposed or lateral, simple, or compound
false-racemes formed of cymes, often uniparous. Hach flower is accom-
panied by a bract, or by two lateral bractlets, the union of which
sometimes resembles a calyx. ‘Twenty species’ of this genera are
described.
In Lasiopetalum, and the two allied genera, Guichenotia and Lysio-
petalum, forming with them the subseries (Zwlasiopetaleæ), the anthers
open by very short clefts or pores. In Zhomasiee (Thomasia, figs.
1 The anthers often have grooves of extrorse
dehiscence; but their apex turns back upon the in-
ternal face of the anther for a short distance, and
it is this which makes the dehiscence. The short
clefts’ have been often described as pores (see
as to the peculiarities of the anthers of Lasiope-
talee, Adansonia, ii. 179 ; ix. 342). The pollen is
the same as that of TAeobroma, Guazuma, &e.
(H. Mout., in Ann. Se, Nat, sér. 2, iii. 334).
2 The exostome thickens early into a caruncle.
Besides which, the raphe also presents an arillate
elongated thickening in certain Lastopetalee.
3 RUDGE, in Trans. Linn. Soc., x. 297, t. 12.
—VENTEN., Jard. Malmais., t. 59.—SmM., in
Andr. Bot. Repos., t. 208.—Srnup., in Pl.
Preiss., i. 235,—STEETZ., in Pl. Preiss., ii, 339.
—Hook., Journ. Bot., ii. 414.—Turcz,, in Bull.
Mose, (1852), ii. 145.—Hoox. ¥., Fl. Tusm., i.
51.—F. Muett., Pl. Vict.,i, 36 (Corethrostylis),
143, t. 3; Fragm., ii. 5—Bentu., Fl. Austral.,
1. 257.— Bot. Reg. (1844), t. 47 (Corethrostylis).
— Bot. Mag., t. 1766, 3908.—Watpr., Rep. i.
336; v. 110; Ann., ii. 164; iv. 321; vii. 437.
86 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
130-133, Hannafordia, Guichenotia) the lines of dehiscence occupy
the length of the anther. In the subseries Seringiee (Seringia and
Keraudrenia), the mode of dehiscence is the same, but the carpels
instead of being united for a variable distance by their internal edge,
are distinct and isolated, at least in the ripe fruit. Keraudrenia has
a calyx which becomes developed and coloured after anthesis; this
never occurs in Seringia, whose embryo, moreover, is straight.
Almost all the species of this genus are Australian.
VIII MALLOW SERIES (Fr., Les Mauves).
The Mallows' (figs. 134-140) have regular, pentamerous her-
maphrodite flowers. Their convex receptacle bears from below
upwards an epicalyx, a calyx, a corolla, numerous stamens, and an
Malva sylvestris.
Floriferous branch (4).
1 Malwa T., Inst., 94, t. 23, 24,—L., Gen., n. —Payer, De lu Fam. des Malvae, (thés. Par.
841.—Apans., Fam. des Pl., ii. 400.—J., Gen., 1852), 9, 18; Organog., 29, t. 8.—A. Gray,
272.—GæRTN., Fruct., ii. 245, t. 136.—Lamr., Gen. Iil., t., 116.—B. H., Gen., 201, n. 6.—H.
Dict., iii. 739 ; Suppl., iii. 610; Z7/., t.582—- BN., in Payer Fam. Nat., 282 (incl.: Anthema
DCS Prodr., i. 431 (part.).—Spacu, Suit à Meprx., Callirhoe Nurr., Nuttallia BART.,
Buffon, iii. 345.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5271.— Malvastrum DC., Malvella JAUB, et Spacu,
Ducuaree, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 3, iv. 148, 149, Nototriche Tuncz., Phyllanthophora A, GRAY).
MALV ACE. 87
indefinite number of carpels.
The calyx is gamosepalous and quin-
quefid, and its lobes are arranged in the bud in valvate præfloration,
often a little reduplicate.
themselves and with the lower part of the androceum.
The petals at their base are united among
They fall
in a single piece as gamopetalous corollas do, and they are contorted
in præfloration.
The stamens are indefinite in number’ and mona-
Malva sylvestris.
Fra. 135.
Longitudinal ‘section of flower (
).
ate
Fria. 138.
Fruit (+).
Fie. 137. Fia. 140, Fie. 139.
Flower, without Long. sect. of Carpel (#).
the perianth (2). carpel,
Fie. 136,
Diagram.
delphous. Their filaments form a tube surrounding the gynæceum,
and which in its upper part as far as the apex, is divided into as
many small tongues as there are anthers. These are reniform, one-
celled,’ extrorse, dehiscing by a longitudinal cleft. The ovary is
superior. Its cells are verticillate all round the upper part of the
floral receptacle; and they are surmounted by a style more or less
? According to PAYER (Organog., 32), the an-
droceum is formed of ten series of stamens often
superposed in pairs to the petals, each series
being capable of deduplication since the pieces
of each of them deduplicate, the evolution of
the stamens being carried on from within out-
wardly (or from above downwards) in each series.
* The rudiment of the partition which is ob-
served in their interior represents, not the sepa-
ration of the two cells, but the projection more
or less complete, which is produced earlier be-
tween the two parts of the same cell, and is
afterwards more or less completely reabsorbed.
3 The pollen is formed of spherical and spiked
grains. It is also remarkable for its round pores
irregularly scattered, and 2 punctuate external
membrane. The pores and the spikes are nu-
merous and small in size in most species of Malva,
Althea, Sida, Lavatera, Napeaand Gossypium.
29
(H. Mout, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 2, iii, 334.)
88 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
gynobasic, divided into as many slender thread-like branches as
there are cells in the ovary. Within, on each branch of the style,
there is a longitudinal groove more or less decided, with lips fur-
nished with stigmatic papillæ. There is in each cell, towards the
base of the internal angle a placenta supporting a single anatropous
ascending ovule, with the micropyle looking- downwards and out-
wards.’ The fruit, accompanied by the persistent calyx, is dry, formed
of a verticil of achenes which, at maturity, separate from each
other, and are detached from the common receptacle. Each of
them encloses an ascending seed, containing under its coats an
embryo with inferior radicle, and cotyledons contortuplicate,
crumpled, more or less folded upon themselves, and enveloping
the radicle to a greater or less extent. The albumen is totally
wanting at maturity, or is only represented by small mucilaginous
masses interposed to the folds of the embryo (fig. 140). The Mallows
are herbaceous or suflrutescent plants, slightly glabrous and covered
with hairs. They have alternate, petiolate leaves, accompanied by two
lateral, generally large, foliaceous stipules. The limb is ordinarily
digitate-nerved, dentate, angular, lobed or dissected. The flowers?
are solitary, or usually united in cymes in the axils of the leaves
with pedicels sometimes short or even almost wanting. When the
leaves towards the summit of the branches are replaced by bracts,
the cymes situated in the axil of these are arranged in more
or less elongated racemes. Immediately under each flower are
found three free foliaceous bracts, which form the involucel or the
subcalyx. Fifteen or sixteen species’ of Mallows proper are known ;
they inhabit Europe, the temperate regions of Asia, North Africa,
and some of them have penetrated into all parts of the world. —
Under the name of Callirhoc, six or seven’ Mallows of North
There are two coats in most Malvaceae.
Pink, white or purple.
Cay., Diss., ii. v. icon—Reicus., Ze. Fi.
Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 177.—Bot.
Reg., t. 1806.— Bot. Mag., t. 1998, 2179, 2298,
3698, 4681.—Watp., Rep., i. 292; Ann, i. 99;
1
2
3
Germ., v. t. 166-172.—GREN. et Gopr., Fl. de
Fr, i, 238.—Wieunt Icon, t. 950.—Jaca.,
Hort. Schœnbr., t. 139; Ic. Rar., t. 139; Hort.
Vindob., t. 35, 141, 156.—Torr. et Gray, F1.
N.-Amer., i. 225.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
v. 274,—A. 8S. H., Fl. Bras, Mer., i, 213.—A.
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 66.—Grisez., Fl. Brit.
W-Ind., 72 (Malvastrum).—Tr. et Pu. in Ann,
Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 153.—HaRv. et Sonn. F7.
Cap., i. 159.—BeEntTH., Fl. Austral., i. 186.—
ii. 139; iv. 297 (part.); vii. 386.
4 Num. in Journ. Acad. Philad., ii. 181.—
A. Gray, Gen. Jil., t. 117, 118.—H. B., Gen.,
201, n. 7.—Nuttallia Bart., Fl. N.-Amer., ii.
74, t. 62 (nee DC,, nec Torr., nec DicKs.).
5 Hoox., ÆExot. Fl., t. 171, 172; in Bot.
Mag., t. 3287 (Nuttallia)— Bot. Reg., t. 1938
(Nuttallia)—Watp., Ann, ii, 149; iv. 298
(Malwa) ; vii. 388.
MALVACEÆ. 89
America have been distinguished, which have carpels tapering at
the apex into a sort of short hollow beak, whose cavity 1s sepa-
rated by an interior processus horizontally directed. If to this
Althea officinalis.
Fie. 141.
Floriferous braneh (+).
character were always added the dehiscence of the carpels into two
valves and the reduction of the bracts of the involucel to two or one,
or if they were even totally absent, this genus Callirhoe might be
kept distinct; but their inconstancy makes it seem preferable to us to
make it only a section of the genus Malva.
90 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
It is also of sixty’ American and African Mallows that the genus
Malvastrum? has been made. In some types of a section Phyllan-
thophora, there is no epicalyx, and the carpels
open, or are provided with two dorsal prickles ;
but in the other species of J/alvastrum these cha-
= racters disappear, and to distinguish them from
the Mallows to which they* have been joined as a
section, there only remains the form of the
branches of the style, truncate or capitate at the
apex. It is impossible for us to consider the
characters above as sufficient to distinguish a
genus, and therefore we admit four sections in
the genus J/a/va,’ such as we have just defined it.
Beside the Mallows are ranged three genera
in a subseries of umalvee, which differ but
little from them. ‘These are, first,-the Marsh
Mallows (Guimauves) (fig. 141), having the same
flowers and all the same characters of vege-
tation, but whose involucre is formed of from
six to nine leaves, united below into a gamo-
phyllous envelope ; then #Sidalcea and Napea,
which have no involucre, the former remarkable
by its androceum, with double column, the
Fre. 14. outer one being pentadelphous, while the inner
Floriferous branch. — stamens form a distinct bundle composed of an
indefinite number of pieces; the latter is
characterized by its dicecious flowers.
Sida, having the general characters of the Mallows, forms the
head of a distinct subseries, Sideæ, because the ovule is descending,
with the micropyle looking inwards, instead of being ascending,
Plagianthus divaricatus.
1 JACQ., Hort, Vindob., t. 156; Ic. Rar, t. 3 A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp. Bot., i. 151.
139.—DC., Prodr., i. 430.—Hoox., Ic., t. 385 —Malvastrum Wevp., Chlor. Andin., ii, 277,
(Sida); in Bot. Mag., t. 3698.—Harv, et SOND., t. 80 (nec A. GRay).
Fl. Cap., i. 159.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 295, t. 7. 4 Wepp. loc. cit,
—Watp., Rep., i. 292; ii. 788; v. 88; Ann. i. 1. Eumalva.
99; ii, 151. 5 Matva J 2. Callirhoe (Nurt).
2 DC., Prodr., i. 480.—A. Gray, Pl. Fendler., sect. 4. 3. Malvastrum (DC.).
21 (1848); Gen. Til., t. 121, 122.—B. H., Gen. 4. Phyllanthophora (A.GRAY).
202, 982, n. 10 (incl. Malvella JAUB. et SPACH,
Til. Pl. Or., v. (1853), 47, t. 444.—See p. 140,
note 4),
MALVACEÆ. 91
with the micropyle looking outwards. This character has here,
however, as elsewhere, a merely artificial’ value. To this subseries
belong the allied genera Bastardia, Anoda, Cristaria, and the slightly
exceptional genera Hoheria and Plagianthus: the former (fig. 143)
remarkable for its carpels, surmounted by a dorsal and vertical wing ;
the latter (fig. 142) is noticeable by its flowers, often reduced, which
may have only one carpel to the gynæceum, and only one ovule in
each carpel, and whose flowers are sometimes polygamous, but which
in the most perfect species has a piuricarpellary gynæceum ; it is,
however, quite inseparable from Sida.
Abutilon (fig. 144) has given its name to a third subseries, in
which, although all the organization is that of the Mallows,
each carpel encloses more
than one ovule, often two,
ascending, with inferior and
exterior micropyle, some-
times a larger number;
some ascending, others hori-
zontal or descending. Beside
. Abutilon striatum.
Hoheria populnea.
it is ranged in this small
group the five nearly allied
genera: Wissadula, Sphe-
Tie. 143.
. j, THD Fia, 144.
Portion of the fruit? (3), “@/eea, Modiola, Howitta,
Flower.
and Aydia, which only differ
from it by the number or absence of the bractlets of the epicalyx, or
by the presence in the carpels of a more or less complete false trans-
verse partition.
IX. MALOPE SERIES.
Malope® (figs. 145-148) has regular hermaphrodite flowers with
convex receptacle very analogous in exterior to that of the Mallows.
The calyx is gamosepalous with five lobes valvate reduplicate in the
1 As demonstrated by the example of Malvella 3 Malope L.,n. 841.—J., Gen., 272.— LAM x.,
(see p. $0, note 2), the ovule of which is some- Dict., iii. 689; Suppl, iii, 582; ZU., t. 583.—
times ascending and sometimes descending. [See DC., Prodr., i. 429.—Spacn, Suit. a Buffon, iii,
also on this subject the Thèse of Payer (15, not.), 344.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5267.— PAYER, Organog.,
where the value of the direction of the ovuleis 40, t.8.—B. H., Gen., 200, n. 1.—H. By., in
equally contested. ] Payer Fam. Nat., 283.
? Fig. de Raoun, Ch. de Pl. N.-Zél., t. 26.
92 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
bud. The corolla is formed of five twisted petals united at their
base with that of the tube of the androceum which is in a single
piece, dilated at the base, traversed in its length by the styles,
divided above into an indefinite number of filaments and sur-
Malope trifida.
Fra, 147. Fie, 146, Fra. 148,
Gynæceum (5). Young expanded flower. Fruit (3).
mounted by a one-celled extrose anther, dehiscing by a longitudinal
cleft. The gynæceum is composed of a great number of carpels
whose independent ovaries are arranged in vertical’ series upon the
1 More or less distinct according to the age, and arranged, according to PAYER, upon five promi-
nent angles of the receptacle superposed to the sepals. (See A. Dickson, in Adansonia, iv. 207.)
MALVACEÆ. 93
cone of the receptacle, and surmounted by gynobasic styles united
into a hollow column divided in its upper portion into a great num-
ber of reflexed filiform branches, stigmatiferous along their internal
edge. Each ovary encloses an ascending ovule with micropyle
looking downwards and outwards. The fruit (fig. 148) accompanied
at its base by the persistent calyx and epicalyx is formed of a great
number of achenes, grouped upon the receptacle, from which they
separate at maturity. Each encloses an ascending seed, with
embryo analogous to that of the Mallows. Malope consists of
annual herbs of the Mediterranean region, glabrous, or covered
with hairs, with alternate, entire, or trifid leaves whose petiole is
provided at the base with two lateral stipules.
The flowers are axillary and borne by a peduncle on which is in-
serted quite against the calyx three free cordate
bracts forming an involucel or epicalyx.! Three
species are known. With Malope this section in-
cludes two very analogous genera with styles stig-
matiferous at the apex. These are: Avtacbelia (fig.
149) of which we only know as yet one European
species having a epicalyx of more than five
bracts united below, and carpels first arranged
like those of Malope, but partly aborting after
anthesis ; a small number of them enclose a fer-
tile seed and open longitudinally by their dorsal
edge to let it escape; and Pa/ava, consisting of
South American plants, with flowers totally
destitute of involucre, the divisions of the style
Kitaibelia vitifolia.
: Ê : = Fia@. 149.
thickened in their upper part, the carpels in- Fruit (19).
dehiscent at maturity and detached from the
receptacle and flowers axillary solitary and pedunculate.
1 According to Payer (loc, cit. 29), “it has 2 Cav., Diss., ii. t. 27, figs. 1, 2—Rercue.,
three lobes, of which one is posterior, and re- Jc. FV. Germ., v. t. 165.—Botss., Diagn., ii.
presents the bract, while the two others are 100.—GREN. et Gopr., Fl. de Fy., i. 287,—
anterior, and represent the two stipules.” Watp., Rep., i. 290; v. 88; Ann., vii. 382.
94 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
X. URENA SERIES.
Urena' (fig. 150) has flowers constructed nearly like those of the
Mallows ; they have the same corolla, androceum, seed and embryo.
Their calyx is gamosepalous and valvate. The tube of the androceum
is truncate or quinquedentate® at its apex. The
gynæceum is composed of five carpels super-
posed to the petals.* The ovaries free among
themselves are only attached to
the columella by their inner
edge. Hach of them encloses
an ovule inserted towards the
base of its inner angle, ascend-
ing, with exterior‘ micropyle.
But these five carpels are sur-
mounted by a style with ten
branches, of which five are
superposed to the ovaries, and five alternate. At maturity the
monospermous, glochidiate, indehiscent carpels separate from the
Four or five Urenas are known growing in tropical Asia
They are herbs or sbrubs with alternate stipulate leaves
generally angular or lobed. ‘The flowers are sessile or pedunculate,
axillary or arranged in terminal spikes. They are enveloped by a
quinquefid involucre, with lobes alternating with those of the calyx.
This series may be divided into three subseries : ÆZuwreneæ (Urena),
where the ovary cells are oppositipetalous ; Pavoniee (Pavonia [fig.
151], Afalachra, Gethea), where they are generally alternate, and
Urena lobata.
Pavonia hastata.
Fie. 150.
Diagram.
Fig. 151,
Fruit.
columella.
and Africa.
It was formerly believed
reduced to a style.
pair of
that each ovary corresponded to a
styles.
6 Cav., Diss., vi. t. 183-185.—Corz., Hort.
Ripul., t. 26.—SoHRANk, Hort. Monac., t. 79.—
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 277.—A. S.H.,
Pl. Us. Bras., t.56; Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 219.—
1 L., Gen. n. 844.—Anpans., Fam. des Pl,
ii. 400.—J., Gen., 272.—GÆRTN., Fruct., i.
252, t. 185.—Porr., Dict., viii. 252; Suppl.
v. 404.—Lamx., JU, t. 583.—DC., Prodr., i.
441,—ENDL., Gen., n. 5274,—PaveER, Organog.,
89, t. 7.—B. H., Gen., 205, n. 25.—H. BN., in
Payer Fam. Nat., 282.
? The teeth are oppositipetalous.
3 A, Dickson, in Adansonia, iv. 208, t. 6,
fig. 7.
4 Tt has a double coat.
5 Which is, as demonstrated by PAYER, that
of the ten pre-existing carpels, five only having
developed their ovary, the five others remain
Watut., Pl. As. Rar., t. 26.—GRISEB., FU. Brit.
W.-Ind., 81.—Tr. et PL., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
sér, 4, xvii. 158.—Srrm., Fl. Vit., 16.—Masr.,
in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 189.—Bot. Mug.
t. 3049—Watp., Rep., i. 297; v. 89; Ann.
ii. 140; iv. 302; vii. 399.
MALVACEÆ. 95
Malvavisceæ (Malvaviscus), whose fruit is partly fleshy the cells
being oppositipetalous.
XI. ROSE MALLOW SERIES (77, Ketmies).
The Rose Mallows' (figs. 152-161) have flowers analogous to those
of the Mallows. Their calyx is gamosepalous with five valvate lobes ;
and the corolla, gamopetalous at the base and united with that of
the androceum, is contorted in præfloration. The stamens form a
tube with truncate or quinquedentate apex whence are detached an
indefinite number of slender
summits surmounted by a
one-celled anther with longi-
tudinal? dehiscence. The
gynæceum is composed of an
ovary with free alterni-
petalous cells. In the inner
angle of each cell a placenta
is seen supporting either
an indefinite number of
ovules arranged in two ver-
tical series, or only three or
four ovules. The fruit (fig.
159), around which the calyx
and epicalyx persist, is loculicidal, and at maturity allows reniform
seeds to escape, often more or less abundantly covered with hairs
and enclosing under their coats a thick embryo with large coty-
ledons more or less folded upon themselves. Between their folds is
often seen an inconsiderable mucous albumen. The Rose Mallows
_are arborescent, frutescent or herbaceous plants, glabrous, tomentose or
Hibiscus roseus..
Fia. 152. Fra. 153.
Flower, Diagram.
1 L., Gen, n. 846.—J., Gen., 271.—Gmertn., A.S. H., Senra Cav., Trionea Mupix.),—Ketmia
Fruct., ii, 250, t. 134.—Lamx., Dict., iii. 347; ., Inst. 99, t. 26.—Apans., Fam. des PI,
Suppl, iii, 216; Ji, t. 584.—DC., Prod, ii. 399.
i, 446—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 371.— 2 ‘The pollen is formed of spherical or spiked
Enpt., Gen., n. 5277.—Ducnarre, in Ann. Sc. grains. “Long spines, few in number; large
Nat., sér. 3, iv. 149, t. 7—Payer, Organog., pores, few in number. 7. Trionum, H. Syrie?
37, t.6.—A. Gray, Gen. Il. t. 133.—H. BN, (H. Mout, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 2, “iii, 334.)
in Payer Fam. Nat., 279.—B. H., Gen., 207, The anther generally presents the rudiment of a
982, n. 34 (incl. : Abelmoschus MEpIK., La- partition at its base,
gunaria G. Don, Lagunæa CAY., Paritium
96 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
hispid, with alternate, stipulate, simple, entire, or more or less deeply
cut or partite leaves. The flowers are axillary, terminal or lateral,
accompanied by from three to five, or more often by an indefinite
number of bracts, free, or united for a variable distance and forming
Hibiscus syriacus.
ae FU,
1 7
|| Z
Re
Fie. 157. Fia. 154. FIG. 158.
Flower, without the Floriferous branch (3). Gynæceum (4).
perianth (2),
a caducous or persistent epicalyx. The Rose Mallows proper!
have the bracts of the involucre entire, the calyx quinquefid
not swollen, and the seed glabrous. In Furicaria, the bracts of
the involucre are dilated at their summit into a foliaceous plate,
or they are more or less deeply bifurcate ; most of their organs
are bristling with rigid hairs. Trionum’ consists of herbaceous
species with swollen vesicular calyx. Abelmoschus,' often distin-
guished as forming a particular genus, has a long gamo-
sepalous calyx generally irregularly torn at the base and an
elongated fruit, with vertical prominent ribs. Bombycella’ comprises
1 Ketmia Env. [incl. : Cremontia Com- nocalyx Zmnx., Pl. Ind., t. 10 [inel. sect. (iii.)
MERS. (ex DC.), Ketmia DC., Sabdariffa DC.]. Manihot DC., Prodr., 448 et sect. (v.) Abel-
? DC., Prodr., 449, sect. v. moschus DC. (part.), Prodr., 449}.
3 Mepik., Malvac., 46.—DC., Prodr., sect. 5 DC, Prodr., 458 (sect. vii.).— Bombyx
viil.— Trionea B. H., Gen., 208. Mpix, Malvac., 44.—Bombycodendron Zou.
4 Mepix., Malvac., 45.—END1., Gen., 982. (ex Hassk., Pl, Jav. Rar., 301).
—Bamia R. Br. mss. (ex ENDL.).—yme-
MALVACE. 97
Hibiscus whose flowers are small, the seed covered with a cottonous
down, and the epicalyx sometimes very small or altogether wanting.
Hibiscus syriacus,
Fie. 155. Fra. 156,
Bud, Longitudinal section of flower.
It is the same in Lagunea, consisting of species of Hibiscus with
seeds glabrous or covered with very short hairs, and Zayunarie which
Hibiscus syriacus.
Fie. 160, Fre, 159, Fic. 161.
Seed (§). Fruit, Longitudinal section of seed.
has a thin endocarp separable from the exocarp, and most of the
organs covered with a fine scaly down. Finally Paritium, generally
separated as a genus, consists of Rose Mallows with large cordate
1 Cav., Diss., 173, t. 71, fig. 1 (nec alior.). VENT, Malmais., t. 42.—Ture., in Dict. Sc.
— Triquera Cav., Diss., 41 (nec 107). Vat. Atl, t. 138.—SIMs, in Bot. Mag.
2 G. Don, Gen. Syst., i. 485.—ENDL., Gen. t. 769.
n, 5282.—B. H., Gen., 35, n. 208.—Lagunea 3 GÆRIN., Fruct., t.51.—A. Juss., in À. S. H.
VOL. IV. H
98 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
leaves, epicalycine bractlets united among themselves at the base,
and a membranous endocarp sending into the middle of each cell
a false partition, more or less prominent, which divides it more
Gossypium herbaceum.
Fie. 163. F1G. 164.
Flower (4). Dehiscent fruit.
-F1G. 165. Fie. 162. Fie. 166.
Seed. Bud.
Longitudinal section of seed,
or less completely into two demicells With Seara incana, an
Asiatic and African undershrub having three large cordate bracts
round its flowers and ovary cells with two or three ovules, the genus
Hibiscus thus defined’? comprehends more than a hundred and fifty
Fl, Bras, Mer. i. 198.—Enpu., Gen., n.
5283.—Parita Scor., Introd., n. 1276.— Parili
Rueep., Hort. Malab., i. t. 30.—Azanza Mog.
. Furcaria (DC.).
. Bombycella (DC.).
Ketmia (ENDL.).
et Sess. (ex DC., Prodr., i, 453, sect. x.). 2 Hiniscus | 4. Abelmoschus (MEDIK.).
È Cav. Diss., ii. 83, t. 35, fig. 3.—DC., . Trionum (MEDIK.).
Prodr., i. 457.—B. H., Gen. 207, n. 33,— sect, 9, . Lagunea (CAY.).
Senræa W., Spec., iii. 695.—Serræa ENDt.,
Gen. n, 5280,—- Dumreichera Sreup. et
Hocusr., in Flora (1838), i. Zntellb., 26.
. Lagunaria (Don).
. Paritium (A. Juss.).
. Senra (Cav.).
WCONANEWNE
MALVACEÆ. 99
species! found in all the hot regions of the globe, tropical and extra-
tropical.
Beside the Rose-Mallows are placed the Cottons (Cofonniers) (figs.
162-166), forming a very nearly allied genus, with flowers surrounded
by a large involucre of three cordate bracts (fig. 162), and having a
gamosepalous calyx, truncate, or not very deeply divided by five
clefts, a style with clavate apex, traversed by three or five longitu-
dinal grooves, and a fruit with three or five cells, containing an
indefinite number of seeds, and with an exterior envelope covered
with long filamentous hairs constituting the Cotton. Thespesia and
Fugosia are also very nearly related to the Cottons. The same may be
said of Kosteletzkya, which, with or without epicalyx, has five cells
in the ovary and styles formed like those of Hibiscus, but with only
one ovule in each of them; and Decaschistia, whose uniovulate
cells are ten in number, and whose epicalyx is formed of ten bracts.
In Julostyles and Dicellostyles, genera which recall by their habit the
Bombacee and Helicteres, there are only two biovulate cells to the
ovary, and both have an epicalyx of at least four bracts connate at
the base. But the former have a diplostemonous androceum, and
the latter an indefinite number of stamens. These two genera,
natives of tropical Asia, may be united, on account of these particular
features, into a little subseries, /u/ostylee.
XII. BOMBAX SERIES (Fr., Fromagers).
Bombaz* (fig. 167) has regular hermaphrodite flowers with a re-
ceptacle the summit of which is slightly concave, and on account of
1 Cay., Diss., t. 50-55, 58-70.—H. B. K.,
Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 288, t. 478.—A. S. H.,
Fil. Bras. Mer., i. 242, t. 48; 255 (Paritium).—
Watt., Pl. As. Rar., i. t. 44 (Abelmoschus).—
Wiaeut, Icon., t. 7 (Paritium), 6, 41, 154, 197,
399, 951 (Abelmoschus), 1592 (Senra).—
Reicus., Zc. Fl. Germ., v. t. 181, 182,—
Doxe., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iv. t. 4 (Senra).
—Sres. et Zucc., Fl. Jap., t. 93 (Paritium).—
Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar., 301 (Bombycodendron).
—Hary. et Sonp., FV. Cap., i. 170.—Harv.,
Thes. Cap., t. 73.—BENTE., Fl. Austral., i, 207.
—GrisEB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 84.—A. Gray,
Man., ed. 5, 68.—Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 26.—
Tr. et Pu., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 4, xvii. 165,
169 (Paritium).—Seem., Fl. Vit., 16.—Mast.,
in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i, 194.—H. Bn., in
Adansonia, x. 174.—Bot. Mag., t. 5245 (Pari-
tium).—Watp., Rep., i. 802, 307 (Senra), 308
(Abelmoschus) ; ii, 790; iii. 830 ; iv. 318 (Senra) ;
v. 91, 92; Ann., i. 100, 101, 959; ii. 142;
iv. 304; vii. 402.—Hookx. et Masr., FV. of End.,
344.
2 Bombax L., Gen., n. 835.—J. Gen., 275.—
Lamx., Dict., ii. 550; Suppl, ii. 675 (part.).
—DC., Prodr., i. 478.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5300.—
H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 286.—B. H., Gen.,
210, n. 42.— Æriotheca SCHOIT, Melet., 35.—
Expz., Gen., n. 5301.—Salmalia SCHOTT, Loc.
cit—ENpz., Gen., n. 5303.—Ceiba Mant. et
Zucc., Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 95, not.—Go:-
sampinus HAMILT., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xv.
128 (ex. Expz.).-Hook.& Masr., FV. of Ind., 349.
H 2
100 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
this the insertion of the perianth is somewhat perigynous. The calyx
is gamosepalous with the edges cut straight, or more often divided into
from three to five obtuse unequal lobes. The corolla is malvaceous
with five very deep divisions, contorted in præfloration. Its lower
part is in one single piece, and united thus far with the base of the
androceum. This is formed of an indefinite number of stamens, with
filaments free in the greater portion of their length, but more or less
distinctly united towards the base into five bundles. The anthers are
Bombax Ceiba,
Kia. 167.
Flower (2).
one-celled, more or less fornicate, with lateral! dehiscence. The
gyneceum is formed of an ovary with slightly inferior base, sur-
mounted by a style whose stigmatiferous apex is divided into five
lobes or very short branches. They correspond to the ovary cells
superposed to the petals and containing in their imner angle a
placenta bearing anatropous ovules arranged in several series. The
fruit is a capsule, generally woody and loculicidal, separating into five
valves to allow numerous seeds to escape plunged into a thick’
wool, and enclosing under their coats a thick fleshy embryo
1 ‘fhe pollen is formed of oyoidal grains with bears not very numerous pores, surrounded by a
three folds. In the water they become spherical, halo. (H. Mont, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii.
with three bands. Their external membrane is 335).
transparent and punctate in B. pubescens. It 2 « Lana endocarpii involuta.”
MALV ACE. 101
almost completely destitute of albumen,’ and whose cotyledons are
folded and rolled many times round the short straight radicle.
Bombax consists of beautiful trees from the tropical regions. Of the
Eriodendron anfractuosum.
Fic, 168.
Dehiscent fruit (3).
ten known species* eight are American. The other two belong, one to
Asia and the other to Africa. Their leaves are alternate compound-
1 Or it is, as in the Cacaos, reduced to afew —Pat. Brauv., Fl. Ow. et Ben., ii. t. 83.—
mucous folds. Roxs., Pl. Coromand., iii. t. 247.—Watt., Pl.
2 Cav., Diss., t. 154.—Jacq., Amer., t. 176. As. Rar., i. t. 79, 80.—TR. et PL. in Ann. Se.
—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spee, v. 297.— Nat. sér. 4, xvii. 322.—Watp., Rep. i. 329;
A.S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 262.—Manr.,, Nov. ii, 794 (Zriotheca); Ann., vii. 415.
Gen. et Spec., t. 57-59, 99.—Wieut, LU. t. 29.
102 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
digitate, with a number of folioles varying from three to nine. The
flowers, solitary or united in few-flowered cymes, are axillary or
terminal.
Beside Bombax are placed some very analogous genera. Lrio-
dendron (fig. 168) has the same leaves, the same perianth, and the
Adansonia digitata.
Fra. 169.
Flower (+).
same fruit, but the floral receptacle is much more concave, and the
stamens are the same in number as the petals, with which they
alternate; or they unite into bundles of two or three pieces only.
Seven or eight species are known, inhabiting equally Asia, Africa,
and tropical America. Chorisia has also the perianth and the fruit of
Bombax, with an androceum of five bundles, but these only separate
from each other at a great height, and below they form by their
union along tube round the almost entirely superior ovary. This
tube is furnished on the exterior of its lower portion with five
projections, which have been considered as antherless stamens ;
and each of the branches at its apex bears two anthers similar to
those of Hriodendron and Bombax. The three known Chorisias are
fine trees of tropical America, with the same foliage as the preceding
genera.
MALVACEÆ. 103
In Pachira the same habit and foliage is to be observed, together
with large fine flowers having an entire truncate calyx and a long
thick coriaceous corolla ; but the five bundles of stamens, often rather
indistinct at the base, are each formed of a large number of pieces,
with slender filaments and one-celled anthers, straight or simply
arched. Moreover, their capsular fruit has not the seeds surrounded
by the thick layer of cotton, to the centre of which they were plunged
in the preceding genera. All the Pachiras are American. A dozen
to fifteen species of them may be enumerated.
The Baobabs or Adansonias (figs. 169, 170) are very similar to the
preceding genera, the flowers being almost the same, with a large
Adansonia digitata,
Fie. 170.
Longitudinal section of flower.
malvaceous corolla; but their calyx is quinquefid, and the fruit dry,
woody, and indehiscent. The numerous seeds are enveloped in an
abundant acidulous pulp, which finally dries and becomes farinaceous.
The two known species of this genus, one Australian and the
other widely spread in the warm regions of Asia and Africa, are trees
whose trunks attain gigantic proportions in diameter, their digitate
leaves having from three to nine entire folioles. The flowers are
axillary and solitary, and hang from the summit of their peduncle,
104 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
which bears two lateral bractlets. All the preceding genera, analo-
gous to this by their digitate leaves, form a subtribe of Adansonia.
Quararibea (figs. 171, 172) is the type of a subseries in which the
leaves are simple, palminerved, or at least trinerved at the base.
Quararibea (Eumyrodia) turbinata.
Fie. 171. Fra. 172.
Flower. Long, sect, of flower.
The stamens have their filaments united into a long tube, traversed
by the style. This tube remains entire in its whole extent, or it is
cleft more or less deeply into five thongs in its upper part, which
Durio zibethinus.
fo]
Fie, 173.
Flower.
supports the anthers. These are one-celled and separated from
each other, or they approach so as to appear like two cells
of one anther (Myrodia), or they may even be confluent at the
summit by the upper part of their clefts. The general organi-
zation of the flower, and especially of the androceum, is the same in
MALVACE A. 105
the very nearly related genus Ochroma,; while in the genera Cava-
nillesia, Hampea, and Scleronema,the anthers bearing filaments are free,
pentadelphous or polyadelphous. All these plants are American.
In Asia and tropical Oceania the series is on the contrary
represented by a subseries with exceptional characters having for :
type the genus Durio (fig. 173). The plants which constitute it have
simple, entire leaves ; but they are penninerved, thick and covered
like the inflorescence and most of the organs with scaly hairs, some-
times very abundant. The flowers are enveloped by a gamophyl-
lous involucre representing a valvate calyx irregularly torn at an-
thesis. In Durio it is also detached from the pedicel at its base.
The calyx is a valvate sac. Within are seen five petals and very
numerous stamens, monadelphous at the base, then divided into five
bundles. The anthers are adnate to the connective and anfractuous.
The fruit is woody, muricate, indehiscent, having seeds surrounded
by a fleshy pulp and an embryo with thick cotyledons often confer-
ruminate. Cu/lenia, related to Durio, has a long cylindical calyx
and is destitute of corolla. Veesia has nearly the same perianth as
Durio ; but the stamens are free or
united at the base into four or
five bundles; and the apex of each ,
filament is surmounted by one or |
two globose anthers, dehiscing by
a sort of central pore and inserted
upon a slightdilatation of this apex.
Boschia (figs. 174, 175) has similar
anthers isolated or approaching
each other by twos, threes, or even
more at the apex of each filament.
A variable number of exterior sta-
Boschia excelsa,
; Fie, 174. Fie. 175.
mens are represented by petaloid Flower (3). gene (©)
tongues similar to the real pieces of
the corolla which are exterior to them. Finally, Cæw/ostegia is a plant
altogether abnormal inasmuch as its small flowers, really constructed
like those of Meesia or Boschia, have a concave receptacle in the form
of a reversed cone. The ovary is implanted at the bottom of the
cavity, but the perianth and androceum inserted upon its edges
become very distinctly perigynous.
106 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The plants of this family have long been distinguished as
constituting a natural group either on account of their aspect or their
properties, or because of some prominent character, as the form of the
malvaceous corolla, or the organization of the co/umniferous fruit.
From ZaLzuzran' until Linwæus authors have made particular
mention of this group. But it is necessary to refer to the Genera
of A. L. pe Jussieu in order to see united in one and the same
order all the representatives then known of the different series we
have enumerated. These are thirty-two in the work we have
just cited. But the successors of A. L. pr Jussrzu soon divided his
order M/alvacee into several secondary families. VENTENAT* separated
from it Sterculiace, and R. Brown? from Buettneriacee. In 1824
De Canpo.utz,° in making these two into one, admitted Bombacea as
a separate family. The multiplication of these groups is carried
as far as possible in the works of Enpiicnrr, and above all of
Linpiny.? But as the characters by which the three principal
types of Malvacee, Slerculiaceæ, Buettneriacee, are distinguished
from each other, are far from being constant and absolute,” we see
1 Meth. Herb. (1592), cl. 16. The Mallows.
This class is distinguished, according to him,
among others by J. BAUHIN in 1650, by
JouNnston (in 1661), by Ma@xor, Morison,
&e.
2 Fragm. Meth. Nat., in Cl. Plant. (1738),
Ord. XXXIV. (Columniferi).
3 271, Ord. xiv. (1789).
4 Malmais., ii, (1790), 91.
5 In Flind. Voy. (1814), ii.
Works (ed. BENN.), i. 11.
5 Prodr., i. 429, 475, 481.
7 K., Diss. Malvac. (1822), 5. KUNTH in-
cludes in one and the same general group, Hal-
vaceæ, Sterculiareæ, and Tiliace, After which
he secondarily divides Sferculiaceæ into series
corresponding to most of those which we have
enumerated,
8 Gen. Plant., 978-1012. The author divides
his class L, that of Columniferæ into four orders,
Malvaceæ (209), Sterculiacee (210), Buett-
neriaceæ (211), and Jiliacee (212). Ster-
culiaceæ comprise according to him Bombacee
and Helicteree@ ; and he adds to Buettneriacee,
Lasiopetalee, Dombeyea, Hermannieæ, ÆErio-
lenee, and Philippodendree.
9 Veg. Kingd., 359. he anthor admits also
Sterculiaceæ, Buettneriaceæ, Malvaceae, as dis-
tinct families, defining them as ENDLICHER has
done,
540; Mise.
10 To abridge the examples, we see that LINDLEY
characterizes Sterculiacee as “ Malval Exogens,
with columnar stamens all perfect, and 2-celled
anthers turned outwards ;’ and that this family,
moreover, includes Matisia and Quararibea with
one-celled anthers properly placed in this group,
because they are inseparable from the Myrodias
with two-celled anthers; Helicteris, of which
the anthers are sometimes those of Myrodia, and
sometimes thoseof Matisia ; Plagianthus and
Hoheria, which have anthers really 1-celled ; also
all the Bombacea, arealso constituted thesame. The
Buettneriacee are defined as: ‘* Malval Exogens,
with 1-adelphous stamens, in most cases partly
sterile, and 2-celled anthers turned inwards.” This
group, moreover, includes several Zasiopetaleæ,
with extrorse anthers, almost all the Dombeyee
having anthers also extrorse,as have most Zerman-
niew, and Buettneriee, and Philippodendron, which
is a Plagianthus. It may even be said, that the
extrorse anthers constitute the exception in this
family, such as LINDLEY defines it. I do not
speak of the numerous plants destitute of sta-
minodes which are necessarily comprised here.
BENTHAM and Hooker have, without doubt,
recognised the insufficiency or the inexactitude
of these various characters, for they have pre-
served (Gen., 195, 214) but two orders, those of
Malvaceæe and Sterculiacee, according as the
anthers have one or two cells. But if such a
MALVACE ZA. 107
ourselves obliged to return to one single family, J/alvacee, in distin-
guishing twelve series whose distinctive features are the following :—
I. Srercurima®.—F lowers polygamous, apetalous, calyx often
coloured. Stamens supported by a common central column, with
extrorse anthers. Carpels independent in the flower and fruit.
Seeds with or without albumen.—(5 genera.)
IT. Hericrereæ.—Flowers generally hermaphrodite, and with
polypetalous corolla. Stamens inserted towards the summit or
upon the sides of a central column below the gynæceum. Anthers
extrorse, one or two-celled, all fertile, or accompanied by five stami-
nodes. Carpels united or free, whether in the flower or fruit.—
(6 genera.)
III. Dompryes.—F lowers hermaphrodite, petalous. Stamens
five, or arranged in five bundles with two-celled introrse anthers,
often alternate with five sterile staminodes inserted under a sessile
gynæceum. Seeds albuminous. Cotyledons 5-fid—(7 genera.)
IV. CHIRANTHODENDREÆ. — Flowers hermaphrodite, apetalous.
Calyx coloured. Androceum monadelphous, isostemonous ; anthers
two-celled extrorse. Filaments inserted under a sessile gynæceum,
monadelphous in their lower part. Fruit capsular. Seeds albumi-
nous, arillate.—(1 genus.)
V. Hermannie&. — Flowers hermaphrodite, petalous. Andro-
ceum formed of five fertile stamens oppositipetalous with two-celled
anther, and sometimes of five alternate staminodes. Gyneceum
sessile or slightly stipitate, with 1-5 carpels united or free to a more
or less advanced age.—(3 genera.)
VI. Buzrineriex. — Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals generally
cucullate at the base, rarely squamiform, often ligulate at the
summit. Stamens fertile, solitary opposite each petal, or united by
2-o ; the bundles alternate with the alternipetalous staminodes
rarely absent (and in this latter case with more than one fertile
stamen within each petal). Anthers two-celled, extrorse (rarely three-
celled). Ovary plurilocular. Fruit capsular or fleshy.—(12 genera.)
VII. Lastoprrarex.—Flowers hermaphrodite, apetalous or pro-
distinction is generally easy to understand in MyrodiaandQuararibea, the Kydias and the He-
practice, in trusting to it, we are exposed to Lictereæ, the Bombacee and the Dombeyeæ, &c.
placing in two different families types like the
108 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
vided with small petals, squamiform, rarely lanceolate (but in this
ease flat not cucullate), generally little visible. Calyx generally
coloured, sometimes accrescent. Stamens fertile, oppositipetalous,
generally the same in number as the petals. Anthers two-celled
introrse or extrorse, dehiscing by clefts or pores. Staminodes
alternipetalous, wanting or little developed. Carpels independent,
or united into an ovary or into a plurilocular fruit. Seeds often
arillate.—(7 genera.)
VIII. Matvem.—Flowers naked or with epicalyx, petalous.
Petals united only at their base among themselves, and with the
base of a monadelphous androceum. Tube of androceum covered out-
wardly in its upper part as far as the apex with one-celled extrorse
anthers. Carpels 1-, united in a single verticel, most generally
separated from the central columella at maturity. Ovules l-».
Albumen nil or little abundant. Embryo with foliaceous cotyledons
2-plicate, or crumpled, contortuplicate.—(16 genera.)
IX. Matorrz.—Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth and andro-
ceum like Malvee. Carpels æ, independent, arranged without
apparent order at maturity upon the common receptacle. Ovaries
one-celled, with single ascending ovule. Free achenes.—(3 genera.)
X. Urexeæ.— Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of Malvee.
Column of the androceum supporting above and without, an indefi-
nite number of stamens with one-celled anthers, truncate and quinque-
dentate at the summit. Carpels 5, separating from the receptacle at
maturity. Styles double in number to the carpels (5 opposite the
petals and 5 alternate). Seed and embryo of M/alvee.—(5 genera.)
XI. Hisiscrm.—F lowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of JM€alvee.
Column of androceum truncate or 5-dentate at summit very rarely
covered with anthers inserted on its exterior surface. Style with
branches equal in number to the ovary cells. Fruit plurilocular, not
separating from the receptacle at maturity. Seed and embryo of
Malvee, or with thick or much contortuplicate cotyledons.—
(S genera.)
XII. Bompacrm.—Flowers hermaphrodite, petalous. Calyx gamo-
sepalous, uregularly dehiscing, torn, lobed or truncate, or more
rarely with five deep clefts, and imbricated. Stamens often mona-
delphous to a variable distance, then separating into 5-10 bundles,
themselves ramified and each supporting one or 2-% anthers, one-
MALVACEÆ. 109
celled reniform, anfractuous or globose, poricidal or oblong-linear.
Styles single at the base, with the summit entire or with short
stigmatiferous divisions equal in number to the cells. Fruit dry,
dehiscent or indehiscent with carpels not separating, as a rule, from
the receptacle. Embryo with thick or foliaceous cotyledons straight
or crumpled, folded more or less upon themselves. Woody plants.
—(16 genera.)
In 1789 the Genera of A. L. pr Jussinu,’ resuming the work of
his predecessors, enumerated in the divers groups here united under
the name of /alvacee, including the Hermanniee, of which he made
a first section with indefinite stamens of the order 7/acce,
thirty-four of the genera which in reality belong to them. Dr Can-
DOLLE’ knew fifty of them in 1824, wz., of Malvacee proper (ser.
VIII. to XI.), Malva, Althea, Cristaria, Anoda, Sida; of the Malopee,
Malope, Kitaibalia and Palava ; of the Urenee, Urena, Malachra, Pavo-
nia, Malvaviscus ; of the Hibisceea, Hibiscus, Thespesia, Gossypium and
Fugosia ; of the Bombacee, Helicteres, Quararibea (Myrodia), Plagian-
thus, Cavanillesia (Pourretia), Adansonia, Bombax, Friodendron. Chorisia,
Durio, Ochroma and Chiranthodendron (Cheirostemon) ; of the Sterculiee,
Sterculia and Heritiera; of the Buettnerice, Theobroma, Abroma, Guazuma,
Glossostemon, Commersonia, Buettneria, Ayenia and (?) Kleinhovia ; of the
Lasiopetalee, Seringia, Lasiopetalum, Guichenotia, Thomasia, Keraudrenia;
of the Hermanniee, Melochia, Waltheria and Hermannia ; of the Dom-
beyee, Ruizia, Pentapetes, Dombeya, Melhania, Trochetia, Pterospermum
and (?) Aydia; ofthe Wallichiee (Eriolæence), Eriolena (Wallichia). Since
then it has been shown that the old genera Abutilon of GÆrrNEr, Mo-
diola of Ma@ncu, and Wissadula of Mupixus may be rightly preserved
as self-named. Bastardia of Kunru has also been equally maintained
as distinct. The genus Syhæralcea was established by A. Sr.
Hintare ;* Meesia and Yarrietia by Buume ;* Tetradia and Rulingia
by R. Brown ;’ Gethea by Nurs and Martius ; Cola and Ungeria by
Scuort;’ feevesia and Astiria by Linpuxry ; Kosteletzkia, by Presu.°
1 P, 271-279, 289. ° In Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar, (1847), and in Bot.
2 Prodr., i. 429, 475, 481. Mag., t. 2191 (1820).
3 PI. Us. Bras. (1826). $ In Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xi. (1823).
7 M ‘
4 In Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xvii., et Bijdr., a Tree cans 1844)
227 (1825). °In Rel. Henk, ii, (1835).
110 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The flora of Eastern India is enriched by the genera Cuwllenia’ and
Decaschistia due to Wicnr AND Arnort,’ and, later, by the genus Ju/o-
styles, proposed by Tawarres.® KorrHars' had discovered Boschia in
the Indian Archipelago. In Australia A. CunnincHam’ made known
Hoheria, and F. Muezzer, in his special works upon the plants of
the same country, the three genera Hamafordia,’ Howittia, and Lysio-
sepalumS The American flora has been recently enriched by the
Herrania of Goupor, the Hampea of Scuiectenvat,” and the
Sidalcea of M. A. Gray." Bunrnam, in the preparation for his
Genera of Malvacee and Sterculiacee discovered as hitherto undescribed
genera Cælostegia, Dicellostyes, Cheirolena” and Scleronema“ MASTERS
has demonstrated" the affinities of the Leptonychia of Turczantnow”
with the new African genus that he had just described under the
name of Scaphopetalum.’ Finally, last year, we made known the
characters of the singular Oceanian genus J/asfersia. ‘Thus, besides
the doubtful and imperfectly known types” which study must re-
arrange, the family, such as we define it, comprehends a total of
cighty-eight genera.
1 Wient, Icon, t. 1761, 1762 (1852). The
type of the genus wasthe Durio zeylanica GARDN.,
according to the text (p. 23) of WiauT himself,
2 Prodr. Fl. Pen. Ind. (1834).
3 Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864).
4 Verhand. Nat.Gesch. d. Nederl., 257 (1842).
5 In Ann. Nat. Hist., sér. 1, iii. (1839).
5 Fragm., ii. (1860).
7 In Hook, Journ., viii, (1856).
8 Fragm., i. (1859).
9 In Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 3, ii. (1845).
10 In Linnea, xi. (1837).
1 Pl, Fendler. (1848).
12 Gen., 207, 213, 222 (1862).
13 Tn Journ. Linn. Soc., vi. (1862).
4 In Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i, (1868).
15 In Bull. Mose. (1858).
16 In B. H. Gen., 983 (1865).
17 These are besides those which have been con-
nected, not without hesitation, to some of the
genera previously described :
1. Arcynospermum Turoz. (in Bull. Mose.
(1858), i. 191), Mexican plant, of which BENTHAM
& Hooker (Gen, 119) says: “ Si revera est
Malvacea, ad Ureneas pertinet ob stylos ovarii
loculis 2-plo plures, sed loculi 3, 1-ovulati di-
euntur et petala a columna staminea libera.”
(Zuphorbiaceæ ? ?)
2. Biasolettia PRESL (in Rel, Hænk., 141).
Placed by ENDIICHER (Gen., n. 5359) among
the Bueltnerieæ, in continuation of Philippo-
dendron syn., according to BENTH. & J. Hoox.
(Gen,, 217) of Hernandia, ought to be ranged
among the Lauraceæ (vol. ii, p. 449, note 2).
3. Covilhamia Korvu. (in Ned. Kruik. Arch.,
i. 307). This genus is considered as related to
Sterculia, from which it differs by its 6-merous
calyx and its 3-merous ovary (Luphorbiacee ? ?),
4, Peripter DC. (Prodr., i. 459). A genus
proposed for the Sida periptera Sims (in Bot.
Mag., t. 1644 ;—S. Malvaviseus Sess. et Mog.
—$. rubra Ten. ;—Anoda punicea L46G., Nov.
Gen., t. 21), ought, probably, according to Brn-
THAM (Gen, 199), to be connected with the genus
Abutilon,
5. Plychopyxis Miro. (F1. Ind. Bat., Suppl.
i, 402), A plant of Sumatra, with exstipulate
leaves compared to those of Shorea, with a cap-
sule (“ swbbaceata”’) much wrinkled covered out-
wardly with folds and various exerescences and
with a red down. Attributed doubtfully to
Sterculiee (B. H.. Gen., 217).
6. Pyrospermum Mia. (loc. cit). Fam. ? ?
7. Peltostegia (Turcz., in Bull. Mose.,
(1858), i. 223, (B. H., Gen. 217). The cha-
racters attributed to the flower seem to be
those of the Malvacee; but what is said of
the seed would seem to indicate that it belongs
to Turnera, a genus in which the vegetative
characters are often those of Malvacee.
MALVACE, 111
It includes about twelve hundred species,’ of which six-tenths
belong to the Old World and the rest to the New. The number of
genera belonging to the latter is much less considerable than those
pertaining to the former; for America has only twenty-three
genera which belong to it exclusively, while the Old World has
forty-eight. | Consequently seventeen genera are common to
both Worlds. To the Old World belong exclusively all the Za-
siopetalee, Dombeyee, Helicterea, except the genus Helicteres; to
the New World the small series Chiranthodendree. Except two or
three species, Lasiopetalee would even belong exclusively to Australia.
Bombaceæ, Helictereæ, Buettneriee, and Dombeyee nearly all con-
sist of plants of the tropical regions. Hermanniee, Hibiscee, and
Urenee extend thence into the most temperate climates such as the
Cape of Good Hope, Mexico, extratropical Australia, and the north of
India and China. Jalvee and Malopee, are composed of the plants
of the family found as far as the coolest regions of the globe,
whether it be to the north or south of America, to the south of
Australia in New Zealand (like Hoheria and Plagianthus), in Asia
and Central and Northern Europe. They are, however, abundant in
tropical regions since they form there, according to Humboldt,
a fifth part of the vegetation® of the valleys. The proportion de-
creases considerably in the temperate zone, since there is only one-
fourth as much as the preceding.’ There is moreover here as in all
the great families, types the diffusion of which is extreme: as
Hibiscus which is found in all parts of the world, and which in
America for example, occupies an area of ninety degrees in latitude.
The Mallows are still more widely extended. On the contrary there
are genera strictly limited to a small portion the globe, some
tolerably numerous as to species like the series Lasiopetalee ; others
are monotypes or reduced to a very restricted number. The
small series of Chiranthodendree, represented hitherto by a single
genus with two sections and two species, only exists in a very re-
stricted part of the west of North America. Ju/ostyles, Dicellostyles,
1 In 1846, LINDLEY (Veg. Kingd., 362, 564, ? Linpury (Veg. Kingd., 369) thinks doubt-
370), more than fifteen hundred were counted: less that Sferculieæ are comprised in this valua-
1000 for the Malvacee proper ; 400 for Buelt- tion.
neriaceæ ; and, 125 for Sterculiacee. 3 The other numbers cited in the work of
112 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Decaschistia, Boschia, Durio, Neesia, Cœlostegia, Cullenia, Reevesia,
Kleinhovia, Abroma only represented by one or two species of
tropical Asia. The only Glossostemon known is limited to Persia ;
most of the Dombeyee are natives of the eastern isles of tropical
Africa, and there are no Ruizias nor Astirias but in the Masca-
renes islands nor probably any Cheirolæna but in Madagascar; in Ame-
rica Theobroma, Ochroma, Cavanillesia, and especially all the species
Herrania, Gethea, and Napea only belong to a very restricted zone."
We do not cite any absolute character for this family, for there is
not a single one which really merits this name. We will only state
what is to be frequently observed here: pentamerous flowers, a
valvate calyx, hypogynous stamens and corolla, monadelphous and
polyadelphus ovules with exterior micropyle when they are ascen-
dent, interior when they are descendent, leaves alternate exstipulate.?
The anatomic structure of their stems in the few where it has been
studied presents also a very great many variations.’ We shall see,
moreover, presently that two of their principal properties are due toa
special organization of their liber and the facility with which their
parenchyma sustains the mucilaginous transformation,
PropertiEs AND uses.—The herbaceous J/alvacee of our countries
are known by two principal properties: Their roots, leaves, and
iliaceæ, Chlenacee,
M. A. De CANDOLLE are: for Sicily, 1/86;
France, 1/145; Sweden, 1/233; the temperate
parts of N. America, 1/125; the regions of
equinoctial America, 1/47.
1 The only countries where, inthe special works
(A. DC. Géogr. Bot., 1207-1230), the relation
Malvaceæ (100) to the other phancrogamous
families is found cited, are: the isles of Loo-choo
and Bonin, 3; English India, 1, 5; the district
of Banda, 3; the Sandwich Islands, 4; Timor, 3,
5; the Society Islands, 4; the Cape Verd
Islands, 3,5 ; Nubia, 6; the Mauritius, 3; Congo,
3; the Isle of St. Thomas, 5; Barbadoes, 3;
the western coast of intertropical America, 3, 5 ;
East Cape,4,5. The Malvacea, then, are in general
from two to six times less numerous thon the
Leguminosae, the Graminacee, the Composila, &e.
2 The relationship with the neighbouring
families has already been opportunely stated, as
regards Urticacee and Phytolaccee; it shall be so
subsequently as regards
Geraniacee, Euphorbiaceae, &e,
3 See ScHLEID., Grundz., 60, 62.—HENFR.,
Microse, Dict., art. Woop.—Ottv., Stem. in
Dicot., 7. M. SCHLEIDEN (in Wigem., Arch.,
1832) has proved in certain Bombaceæ the
rarity of fibrous tissue in the zones of the wood,
formed almost entirely of vessels and cellular
tissue. OLIVER has seen in a Sterculia (Dela-
bechea rupestris), a wood with large tubular
cavities due, without doubt, to the absorption of
the enormous mass of cells, and in the persistent
parts, vessels and a particular parenchyma
sprinkled with masses of thick elongated cells.
Watrers has especially studied the wood and
the bark of the Baobabs. Almost everything
remains to be done on this question ; the wood
of Sterculiee and Buettneriee, among others,
will offer to the observer very numerous and
varied subjects of research.
MALVACEÆ. 113
flowers are softening, emollient, and mucilaginous, and their bark
furnishes more or less textile fibres. We shall see these characters
reproduced in different degrees in most of the plants of this vast
family. The first depends upon the facility with which the walls
of the cells in most of the organs swell, soften, and thicken into
mucilage under the influence of water, when they come in contact
with it, or upon the faculty they sometimes have of producing
“special cells which have their peculiar vegetation,”! and which
represent the mucilaginous element. The Mallows have always been
employed as emollients; with us especially the Great or Wild?
Mallows (figs. 134-140), and the Little Mallow or M. with round’
leaves. Buta large number of the other species of this genus are
valued in all other countries for the same purposes.‘ It is the same
with the Marsh Mallow (Gzimauves), particularly the officinal’ M. M.
(fig. 141), whose root and leaves are employed as emollients, the
flowers as pectorals ; and the Rose Mallow,’ whose root, less white,
is also less used.’
In warm countries Urena, Sida, and Spheralcea
2
1 TrfctL, The mucilage of the MMalvacee
(in Adansonia, vii, 284).
2 Malva sylvestris L., Spec., 969.—DC.
Prodr., i. 432, n. 32.—Mfr. & Det., Dict.
Mat. Méd., iv. 207.—Gut1B., Drog. Simpl., ed.
6, iii. 639,—A. Ricx., Hlém., éd. 4, ii. 542, 546.
—Linpt., Veg. Kingd., 369; Fl, Med., 142.—
ENDL., Enchirid., 512.—PEREIRA, Elem. Mat.
Med., ed. 5, ii. p. ii. 55.—Paver, These Malvac.,
33.—Rév., in #7. Med. of the 19th century, ii,
311.—Mog., Bot. Med.,181, fig. 56.—ROSENTH.,
Syn. Pl. Diaphor., 706.—H. By. in Dict,,
Encyl. des Sc. Méd., sér. 2, v.— Malva vulgaris
Ten. (vulg. JZ. verte, Fromageon, Beurrat,
Æouassier).
# M. rotundifolia L., Spec., 969.—DC.,
Prodr., n. 34.—Gurs. loc. cit., 640.—A, Ricu.,
loc. ecit., 547 (vulg. M. ronde, Herbe de Saint-
Simon).
4 Especially M. nicæensis ALL. crispa L.,
Alcea 1.., italica Porx., fastigiata Cav., mos-
chata L., in southern Europe; mauritiana L., in
N. Africa; verticillata L.,in China; borealis L., in
the N. of Europe ; ba/samica Jacg. and fragrans
Jaca. at the Cape, &e. GurzourtT has stated
that at Paris WZ. glabra DeEsnowvss., var. of
M. mauritiana is substituted for IM. sylvestris
because of the appearance of the flowers which
become blue in drying. A great many virtues,
exaggerated or imaginary, have been ascribed
to these plants.
5 Althea officinalis L., Spec., 966. — Cav.,
Diss., ii, 93, t. 30, fig. 2.—DC., Prodr., i. 436,
VOL. IV.
n, 1.—Mer. & Det., Dict. Mat. Méd., i. 202.
—GUIB., op. cit., 638, fig. 742.— PEREIRA, loc.
eit., 555.—Linvu., Fl. Med., 143.—A. Rrcx.
Elém., éd. 4, ii. 513.— Payer, Thdse Malvac.,
35.—Moq., Bot, Méd., 72, fig. 21.—Rfyv., in
Bot. Med., of the 19th century, ii, 125.—
RosEntHu., op. cit., 705 (vulg. White Mallow),
5 It forms part of the Syrup of Althea of
Fernel. It is said to have entered formerly into
the preparation of the mallow paste, “pdte de
Guimauve,” and contains acrystallizable principle,
called altheine, but identical with asparagine.
7 A. rosea Cav., Diss., ii. t. 29, fig. 3.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 437, n. 11.—Aleea rosea L., Spec., 966
(Rose d'outre-mer, Passe-rose, Tremier, Bourdon
de Saint-Jacques). The flowers (Flores Malve
arboreæ s. hortensis Off.) are used in dyeing,
form a colour, an ink, anda blue lac (RosENTH.,
op. cil., 706;—Dvcn., Rep., 211). It is some-
times employed in adulterating several blue
flowers sold in the herbalist’s shop.
8 The properties of the preceding species are
found in other Al‘heas which are also used as
emollients, especially A. cannabina W., chi-
nensis CAV., ficifolia Cay., taurinensis DC., nar-
bonensis PouRR., pallida WaxLpsv., meonantha
Lx., and several Lavateras, which we connect
as a section with the same genus, viz.: Z.
arborea li. (Spec., 972 ;—Cav., Diss., ii. t. 139.
fig. 2—DC., Prodr., i. 439), trimestris L. (Spec.,
974;—DC. Prodr., n. 1 ;—Stegia Lavatera DC.,
Fl. Fr., n. 4525), thuringiaca L. (ROSENTH,, op.
cit., 705).
I
114 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
hold the same place as emollients in common practice as the Marsh
M. and the Mallows do with us. Sida rhombifolia L., althefolia
Lukr., glomerata Cav., ovalis Kosr., in America; S. glandulosa Roxs.,'
In all the
tropical regions of the globe there are Urena lobata Cav. and some
neighbouring species; in America, Spheralcea cisplatina,’ lactea
Sracn, and angustifolia Seacu.s Malope malacoïdes L., Hibiscus viti-
folius Li, mutabilis Xi, unilateralis Cav., venustus Bu., vilifolius 11,
trriguus Bu., surattensis Li, Trionum Xi, tiliaceus Li. ; Abutilon ameri-
canum SweExr, populifolium Swxetr, indicum Sweet, hirtum Don, graveo-
lens Wicut & ARN., tomentosum Wicut & ARN., crispum SWEET,
umbellatum Sweer, mauritianum Swuer, atropurpureum Kost., and
many others‘ have also the same softening, emollient, pectoral virtues.
They are, perhaps, still more developed in the Baobabs, whose
leaves and flowers are daily used by the negroes, on account of their
mucilaginous qualities, for affections of the digestive and respiratory
organs. The same virtues are found also in several American
Pachiras, in Eriodendron, Helicteres, Ochroma, Guazuma, Kydia, Ster-
culia. In these last the transformation of the cortical or medullary
parenchyma into mucilaginous substances is spoutaneous, and their
bark allows a sort of gum tragacanth to ooze out. Such are S.
urens, in India, and S. Tragacanthe,’ in tropical Africa, whose pro-
duce is found now and then mixed with the gum of the Acacia,
which comes from Senegambia.’?’ The seeds of several Sferculias,
when in contact with water, also develop a considerable quantity of
mucilage, which has made several species valued as antiphlogistic
emollients. The one most spoken of during the last few years is,
without doubt, the famous Zam-paiang’ of India, proposed as a specific
in India, are the principal herbs used for this purpose.
1 See PAYER, Thèse Malvac., 36.—ROSENTH.,
op. cit., 714.
2 A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras. t. 52; Fl. Bras.
Mer., i. 209.—Liypu., Fl, Med., 142 (vulg.
Malvavisco).
3 RosentH., op. cit., 708.
tered as antirheumatical.
4 See ROSENTH., op. cit., 704-728,
5 Roxg., Pl. Coromand., i. 25, t. 24.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 483, n. 23.—ROSENTH., op. cit., 725.
— Cavallium wrens SCHOTT & ENDL,
6 Linpz.,in Bot. Reg., t. 1353.—MasT,, in
Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 216.—H. By., in Adan-
It is also adminis-
sonia, x. 173.—S. pubescens Don, Gen. Syst.,
i. 615.— 8S. obovata R. Br., in Benn. Pl. Jav.
Rar., 23%.—Southwellia Tragacantha SCHOTT,
—Linp.., Fl. Med., 136. To this and the pre-
ceding species is attributed with some doubt the
production of part of the Æuteera gum of com-
merce (GuiB., Drog. Simples, éd. 6, iii. 452).
7 Some similar productions are also furnished
by S. ramosa Watt., crinita Cay., many
Bombaces, &e. (see ROSENTH., op. cit., 722).
$ Or Boa-tam-pajang, Boochgaan-tam-pai-
Jjang, an ovoidal seed, tapering at one or both
extremities, especially at that which corresponds
MALVACE. 115
in diarrhoea, dysentery, quinsy, &e. It is the seed of S. scaphigera.'
That of §. a/ata,? another Indian species, has similar properties.
But the most remarkable of this group are those commonly known
by the names of Cola Nut (Noix de C.) and the Cocoa (Cacao). The
true Cola? is the seed of a Sterculia, C. acuminata,’ often reduced
to a large embryo more or less globose and fleshy, with three or
four thick cotyledons, sometimes sold at a high price upon the
western coast of tropical Africa. It is a masticatory, seeming to
have properties similar to those commonly attributed to J/aéé,
Coca, &e., and its flavour is at first sharp, but food, drinks, and
even brackish or foul water, we are assured, seem to have an agree-
able taste after eating the Cola Nut.
The ordinary Cocoa is the seed of Zheobroma Cacao I.’ (figs.
124-129). The pericarp’ is eut in two and set apart under the
name of cabosse. From it the seeds are taken, surrounded by
their fleshy pulp, which is fermented either by burying them in
the earth’ or brewing them in wooden troughs. From the liquefied
pulp the seeds are afterwards taken and dried upon mats: the covering
of the seeds becomes coloured in the process of fermentation. The
seeds contain a tannic principle, a colouring matter, an azotic
crystallizable substance, theobromine,® and about half their weight
of a solidifiable oil (Cocoa butter), which is separated by boiling in
water, and variously employed as food, as an external or internal
medicament, as a cosmetic, and even in the manufacture of soap and
to the oblique hilum, 3 centim, or more in length,
brownish, wrinkled, and when in contact with
water developing an enormous quantity of mu-
cilage, rich in bassorine, and containing also a
greenish oil. (GUIB., op. cit., iii. 645.)
1 Scaphium scaphigerum Scuotr & ENDL,
Melet., 33.
2 Roxs., Pl. Coromand., iii. t. 287.—Ptery-
gota Roxburghii Scuorr & Enpu,, Melet., 32,
—RosENTH., op. cit., 724 (vulg. Toola). Its.
seeds are said to be narcotic, and are used in
India in the same way as opium.
3 Or Gourou, Ngourou, Café du Soudan.
4R. Br., in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar., 237.—
Masr., in Oliv, F1. Trop. Afr., i. 221.—H. BN.,
in Adansonia, x. 169.—Slerculia acuminata
Pat. Bravy., Fl. Ow. et Ben., i. 41, t. 24.—
S. nitida Vent., Malmais., ii. 91.—S. verticil-
lata Scuum. & Tuony., Beskr., 240.—Sipho-
niopsis monoica KARST., Pl, Columb., 139, t. 69.
5 See p. 82, note 6.—Mér. & DEL, Dict.
Mat. Méd., vi. 719.—A. Ricu., Elém., éd. 4,
ii, 252.—Linpu,, Fl. Med., 138.—PEREIRA,
Elem. Mat. Med., ed. 5, ii. p. ii. 553.—Moag.,
Bot. Méd., 281, 405, fig. 88.—Nerrs, Pl. Med.,
t. 419.—GutB., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii, 647,
fig. 745.—MirscHERL., d. Cacao. Berl. (1859),
—Bere. & Scam. Off. Gew., iv. t. 33, e, f—
H. Bn., in Dict. Encycl. des Sc. Méd., xi. 364,
6 In this species it is yellow or red according
to the varieties; elongated, attenuated into a
blunt point at the two extremities with five
blunt angles, and ten longitudinal ribs, but little
prominent in the fresh state. In their intervals
are more or less wrinkled bands obtusely
tuberous.
7 Whence the name of ©, terrés, which is
applied to the kinds called C, de la Trinité (from
the coast of Caracas). In this case the seminal
coats separate much more easily from the embryo.
8 Bitter, little soluble, unchanged by the air,
volatile above 250° (CHSAz{0*).
12
116
wax lights.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The kernels are employed principally in the manu-
facture of chocolate. An infusion of the shells forms a popular drink
in some countries. Other species of Zhcobroma supply seeds of Cocoa
for consumption. We may cite especially 7. glaucum,' bicolor” guian-
ense,’ ovalifolium,* angustifolium,’ sylvestre,’ subincanum,' speciosum,®
mucrocarpum.
The C. simarron of Colombia is Herrania albiflora ;*
C. de montagne of the same country is H. pulcherrima ;"
and the
Elm-leaf Cocoa of the Antilles, is Gwazuma ulmifolia,” whose fruit
is alimentary, mucilaginous, and astringent, and whose bark is
macerated, and then used in the clarification of sugar.
Several other Malvacee have alimentary fruits.
That of Zrio-
dendron anfractuosum (fig. 168) is eaten in India, sometimes cooked,
sometimes raw.
Those of the Pachira insignis and aquatica’ bear,
for the same reason, the names of chestnuts of Spain and Guiana,
(Chataignes de la côte d’Espagne and de la Guyane), or of Wild Cocoa,
(Cacaos sauvages).
That of Durio zibethinus" (fig. 173) is said to be
1 Kansv., in Linnea, xxviii. 447.—ROSENTH.,
op. cit., 726. Mr. KARSTEN says that the seeds
of this species searcely differ in taste from those
of the cultivated C. and form part of the Caracas
C. of commerce.
2H. B., Pl. Æquin., i. 104, t. 30.—H. B. K.,
Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 317.—H. By., in Dict.
Encycl. Sc. Méd., xi. 366.— Cacao bicolor Porr.,
Dict., Suppl., ii. 7 (Bacao of New Granada).
Fruit ovoidal, with ten ribs little marked from
16 to 22 centim. (about from 5} to 7} inches)
long, said to form part of the C. of Caracas.
3 W., Spec., iii. 1422.—DC., Prodr., i. 484,
n. 2.—Cacao guianensis AUBL., Guian., ii. 683,
t. 275. Fruit ovoidal-rounded, with five round
prickles covered with a short down 12 centim,
long, 7 centim. wide, producing, we are assured,
part of the C. of Cayenne.
4 Sess. & Mog., Fl. Mex. Ined. (ex DC.
Prodr.; n. 5).
5 Sess. & Mog., loc. cit.—ROSENTH., op. cit.,
726. C. Soconusco and ÆEsmeraldas are attri-
buted to this and to the preceding species.
6 Cacao sylvestris AUBL., op. cit., 687, t. 276.
Fruit obovoidal, slightly piriform at the base, with
ribs almost wanting, covered with a reddish down,
14 centim. long, said to give part of the C. of
Cayenne.
7 Marr., ex ROSENTH., op. cit., 726.
8 W., ex ROSENTH., luc. cit.
9 Marr., ex ROSENTH., loc. cit. These three
last species produce the C. of Brazil. C. minus
Gerry, (Fruct., ii. 190, t. 122) is given by DE
CANDOLLE as synon. with 7. Cacao L. (See p.
82, note 5.) The principal sorts of C, not
terrés are Soconusco (note 7) and those of Para, -
Maragnan, Martinique, and St, Domingo.
10 Goup., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 3, ii, 230, t.
5, figs. 1-10 (vulg. Cacao montaraz or simarron
of New Granada). ‘The Quararibea Cacao
H. By. [in Adansonia, x. 147 ;— Myrodia
Cacao Tr. & Pt. (vulg. Palo baston)] bears also
in this country the name of C. simarron.
H Goup., loc. cit., 232, t. 5, figs. 11, 12.—
I. aspera KARST.—Brotobroma aspera Karst.
& Tr. (C. cuadrado or Cahoui).
12 Lamx., Dict., iii, 52.—Theobroma Guazuma
L., Spec., 1100.—Bubroma Guazuma W. (vulg.
Elm of the Antilles).
1 DC., Prodr., i. 479, n. 2.—Bombax pentan-
drum L., Spec., 959.—Cav., Diss., v. 293, t.
151 (see Ruvep,, Hort, Malab., iii. t. 49-51 ;—
Rumpn., Herb, Amboin., i. t. 80).
4 Carolinea insignis Sw., Fl. Ind. Oce., ii.
1202.—DC., Prodr., i. 478, n. 3.—ROsENTH.,
op. cit., 717.— Bombax grandiflorum Cav., Diss.,
v. 295, t. 154.
5 AUBL., Guian., ii. 725, t. 291, 292.—Cav.,
Diss., iii, 176, t. 72, fig. 1.—Lamx., IIL, t. 589.
—Carolinea princeps L. ¥., Suppl., 314.—DC.,
i. 478, n. 1 (Sapoto longo, of New Granada).
16 L., Syst., 698.—Lamx., JU. t. 641.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 480.—Rosrntu., op. cit., 720.—
Duryon Rumru., Herb. Amboin., i, 99, t. 29
(vulg. Hérisson d'arbre).
MAILVACEÆ. 117
much esteemed in tropical Asia! In Colombia the more or less
fibrous pericarp of Sapote and of Castano is eaten, the former
is Quararibea cordata the latter Q. Castaño We are assured
that in India the fruit of Herttiera litloralis is also harvested as
edible, as is also in tropical Africa the pericarp of several S/er-
culias. In S. cordifolia, of Senegal, the edible part is considered
to be the aril of the seed. In the common Boabab’ (figs. 169,
170), it is the pulp enveloping the seeds, acid and refreshing
at first, and finally dried and farinaceous, that is edible; it was
formerly imported into Europe, under the name of /erre de
Lemnos. It was at that time in Greece and Egypt, as it is in
our day among the negro tribes of Africa, a reputed remedy, under
the name of dow?, for diarrhoea, dysentery, hemoptysis, putrid fevers,
&e. The exterior part of the fruit,’ a sort of woody bark of variable
form, is used like the Bottle-gourds (Fr., Ca/ebasses) as vases or cis-
terns. Reduced to ashes they furnish an alkaline lye, which serves
to saponify the rancid palm oil. The roasted seeds are used in
Nubia in the preparation of a decoction as a remedy for dysentery.
Those of several Sterculias have similar properties in their embryo,
while they are also rich in tannin; consequently they are rarely
edible. The kernels of S. carthagenensis' (fig. 78) are always eaten
in the province of Goyaz; those of S. fetida’ in Eastern India ;
Diss., v. 298, t. 15.—Lamk., JU., t. 588.—
Mér. & Dez., Dict. Mat. Méd., i. 72.—Guipz.,
1 The Civet-cat feeds on it, whence its specific
name. This fruit passes as aphrodisiacal having,
at the same time, the flavour of several fruits
and vegetables and of cream. It has also
the odour of the cucumber and of garlic. It
appears at first fœtid and repulsive, but those
who accustom themselves to it by degrees find it
delicious afterwards,
2H. By., in Adansonia, x. 147,—Matisia
cordata H. B., Pl. Æquin., i. 10, t. 2, 3.—
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 307.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 477 (Chupa-chupa of New Granada),
3H, BN. loc. cit., 146.—Matisia Castaño
Tr. & Karst., N. Pl. Fl. N.-Granad., 24; in
Linnea (1857), 86.—Tr. & Pu, in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 326 (vulg. Castaño).
4 Guizzem. & Perr., Fl. Seneg. Tent., i. 79,
t. 15 (an Cav.?).—Masr. in Oliv, Fl. Trop.
Afr., i. 217, n. 4. In Adansonia, x. 173, this
plant is connected with the genus Cola on
account of the arrangement of the anthers.
5 Adansonia digitata L., Spee, 960.—Cav.,
Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 643.—Lrinv1., Fl. Med.,
139.—RosENTH., op. cit., 716.—H. BN., in Dict.
Encycl. Se. Méd., i. 691.—? Ophelus salutarius
Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 501.
6 Vulg. Pain de singe (monkey bread).
7 Cav., Diss., vi. 353.—R. Br., in Horsf. Pl.
Jav, Rar., 225.—Tr. & Px., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
sér, 4, xvii. 329.—S. Helicteres PERs., Syn., ii.
240.—S. Chicha A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 46 ;
Fl. Bras. Mer., i, 278.—Helicteres apetala
Jacg., Amer., 238, t. 181, fig. 97 (vulg. Chicha,
Panama, Camajonduro). The term apetala,
adopted by Karsten, and which ought to have
been employed rigorously (according to the ancient
custom), is not always admissible, all the Sfer-
culias being apetalous. The seeds are rich in
oil, as are also those of S. lastantha Marr.
5 L., Spec., 1431.—DC., Prodr., i. 483, n.
27.—Clompanus major RKumru., Herb. Am-
boin., iii. t. 107.
118 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
those of S. platanifolia: (figs. 85-87) in China; in America, those
of Pachira aquatica; in the East, those of Hibiscus ficulneus,
before maturity ; in tropical Africa, those of several Sidas, roasted
as a substitute for coffee. It is known that children eat, under the
name of cheeses (Fr., Fromageons), the carpels of most of our indi-
genous Mallows. Very often the seeds of the J/alvacee are prin-
cipally edible on account of the oil they contain in abundance. A
great deal of oil is now obtained as food for cattle, from the oleagi-
nous embryo of the Cotton plant, which was formerly thrown away
after the textile material had been removed. This embryo is now
employed in the preparation of emulsions. The oil is used in Brazil,
in seasoning food for man, and it is burnt for lighting purposes. The
seeds of Sferculia furnish the natives of the Moluccas with an oil
good to eat orto burn. The Nut of Malabar, whose oil also is burnt,
is S. Balanghas (figs. 79-84). The seeds of some Sidas, especially
those of S. Arta Li, are eaten in India as aperients and diuretics ;
those of S. abutilifolia as emollients. The seeds of Hibiscus abel-
moschus (Fr, Ambretle) are considered astringents and alexiphar-
mics. They are especially valued for their perfume, their odour recal-
ling that of musk. This plant, anative of Tropical Asia, is cultivated
in most warm countries. The best seeds are said to come from
Martinique. In medicine it is employed as a stimulant and
antispasmodic. It is also proposed to utilize in perfumery Palavia
moschata, also very odoriferous. The perfume of the flowers is
not generally very strong among the Malvaceae. The corollas of
the Oceanian and Indian J/e/ochias, which have numerous flowers in
panicles, called also Visenia, have an agreeable and lively odour
which can be extracted. The herbaceous organs of the Jalvacee
are pretty often edible, especially the leaves, the young shoots,
and sometimes the roots. It is said that the ancient inhabitants
of the Canary Islands lived on the roots of Malva and Althea,
scraped and cooked in milk. The shoots of the Marsh-Mallow
1L., Suppl, 423.— Hibiscus simpler L., Encyel. Se, Méd., i, 200,—Abelmoschus commu-
Spec., 977.—Firmiana platanifolia MARSIGL.— nis Mupik.—GurB., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii,
R. Br., Loc. cit., 235.—Culkamia ForsK. 640, fig. 743.—4. moschalus Mæœxcn.—Ro-
2 L., Spec., 1438— DC, Prodr., n. 2.— SENTH., op. cit., 711,.—Granwn moschatum
Cavalam RuEED., Hort. Malab., i. t. 49. RumPx., Herb, Amboin., iv. 40, 15 (vulg. Fleur
3% Hibiscus Abelmoschus L., Spec., 980.— musquée).
DC., Prodr., i. 452, n. 72.—H. BN., in Dict.
MALVACEZ. 119
are sometimes eaten in the country, as also those of Hibiscus grandi-
florus Li, of ZT. liliaceus, the cooked leaves of several Mallows, of
Napea levis L., of Sida rhombifolia L., and of several others. There
exists in Hibiscus verrucosus, Sabdariffa L., and several others, a cer-
tain acidity which causes the plant to be used in food, under the name
of Guinea Sorrel (Oseille de Guinée). The lalo of Senegal is a parti-
cular aliment, prepared by the negroes from the dried and pul-
verized leaves of the Baobab. It is used daily in their food,
and is at the same time a preventive remedy, inducing per-
spiration. It is also said to cool the blood, to prevent affections of
the intestines, the loins, &e. It is the same with the J/alvacee
with edible flowers. In Brazil those of Adutilon esculentum are eaten
with meat. In the Antilles and India, sauces and soups in daily use
are made from buds and green fruit of the Gomdo, that is to say, Æibis-
cus esculentus' or some allied’ species. They are said to be good
for repairing exhausted strength, and the same virtue in a still
higher degree has been accorded to the fruit of Durio, esteemed
in the Moluccas as a powerful aphrodisiac. In tropical countries
very various curative properties are ascribed to many of the M/ai-
vacee. Sida indica li. is considered as stomachic and antiperiodic ;
S. americana Li, hirta Li. and alnifolia Li, as diuretic and aperient ;
S. carpinifolia Li, as emollient used topically to cure the stings
of wasps, in Brazil to dissipate melancholy ; 8. mauritiana I. and
lanceolata Revrz, as tonics and febrifuges ; S. viscosa Luér. as emol-
lients in the Antilles. S. r/ombifolia derives from its properties its
name of False Marsh-mallow or G. of the Indies. 7#espesia
macrophylla is considered by the Javanese as an epidermic_ febri-
fuge; the glutinous juice extracted in Tropical Asia from 7.
populnea Corr. is esteemed as a sovereign remedy for all skin
affections, contusions, &e., as is also a decoction of its bark. Pavonia
odorata W. has a root used as a febrifuge, like the P. zeylanica Cav.,
an infusion of which is employed in Ceylon. P. diuretica A. S. H:
derives its name from the use made of it in Brazil. P. coccinea
Cay. has pretty flowers, an infusion of which is prescribed
1 L., Spec., 980.—DC., Prodr., i, 450, n. ? Especially H. longifolius L.
49 —Abelmoschus esculentus GUILLEM, & PERR. 3 Pl. Us. Bras., t. 53; Fl, Bras. Mer., i.
(vulg. Okra, Gombaut, of the Antilles). 234.—ROSENTH., op, cit., 708,
120 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
in the Antilles as antiphlogistic. Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. has
flowers and roots used in the same country for the same purpose.
Its petals are, doubtless, slightly astringent, like those of Æibiscus
Rosa sinensis,’ rich in tannin, employed in Otaheite in cases of
ophthalmia, and used by the Chinese women to paint their eyebrows.
It is also said to be used in the preparation of leather. The flowers
of H. tiliaceus Li are aperient, like the leaves of H. suratensis Li.
which also yield a red dye. The roots of H. Sabdariffa L.
are bitter, tonic, and aperient. hose of several Cottons are em-
ployed in India for affections of the urinary channels. Cristaria
betonicefolia Pers. is prescribed in Chili as refreshing and as a
febrifuge. Urena lobata L.* is used in Asia in the treatment of
intestinal maladies ; while its flowers are employed to promote expec-
toration. Helicteres Isora L. (figs. 95, 96) is much valued in India
as a tonic and stimulant, a decoction of the flowers and fruit being
especially used. A juice extracted from the root is used for
affections of the skin, abscesses, and cardialgia. The fruit reduced
to powder and ground with castor oil is used as a remedy for affec-
tions of the ear. The thick layers of the bark of the Guazuma
ulmifolia are employed in the Antilles as depurative and sudorific
in cutaneous syphilitic affections. Several Sfercu/ias and Colas rich
in astringent qualities are similarly used in India and Tropical
Africa. Waltheria americana Xi. is also a febrifuge and antisyphilitic.
In Brazil a decoction of W. Douradinha A. 8. H. is prescribed for
venereal maladies and affections of the chest. A/elochia corchorifolia
is reputed in India as softening and alexipharmic. Several American
Buettnerias and Ayenias are used as astringents in Venezuela.
Helicleres Sacarolhe A. $S. H.’ is also known as astringent and
antisyphilitic in Brazil. Most of the Pferospermums are esteemed
as drugs in Tropical Asia. P. acerifolium W. and glabrescens
Wicut & Arn. are emollient; P. suberifolium LamK. and Heyneanum
Wau. are used in the treatment of cephalalgia. The pulverized
flowers have the same effect as snuff, an infusion of them is anti-
1 L., Spec., 977.—Cav., Diss, iii. t. 69, fig. 8 L., Spec., 974.—DC., Prodr., i. 441.
2.— DC., Prodr., n. 28. — Flos vestiralis 4 ENDL., Enchirid., 517.
Rumpu., Herb, Amboin., iv. 26, t. 8 (vulg. Rose 5 Pl. Us. Bras., t. 64; Fl, Bras. Mer. i.
de la Chine), 276 (vulg. Sacarolha, Rosea para malas).
2 L., Spec., 979.—DC., Prodr., n. 31.
MALVACEÆX. 121
blennorrhagic. Trochetia Erytkroxylon," a plant which is now said to
have disappeared from the vegetation of St. Helena, was formerly
used there as an emollient. The bark of Aydia calycina Roxs. is
employed in India in sudorific and depurative infusions, and is
reputed to cure elephantiasis. The seeds of Herttiera are bitter and
tonic, and are used in dyeing. Z/elicleres corylifolia Wicut has a
bitter and stomachic root. In short, all-the preceding species seem
to act as antiphlogisties by their emollient principle, or as astrin-
gents by the tannin which they contain. The properties of certain
Bombaceæ cannot be so described. Thus the bark of the American
species of Bombax*® and of some Asiatic species of the same genus,
called Salmalia are emetic. The flowers of B. malabaricum
DC. secrete a nectar which is purgative and diuretic. The bark
of Zriodendron anfractuosum DC. is said to be an emetic,’ as is
also that of the root of Ochroma Lagopus. There are in different
parts of the world more than a hundred and fifty JJ/alvacee em-
ployed as drugs.
We have spoken of their textile properties. Their liber is often
tenacious, flexible, formed of separable layers, like that of the
Tiliacee ; consequently it is possible by maceration to separate from
it thread-like substances, pretty generally employed in certain
countries. But the frequent anastomoses which may be observed
in the same layer of lber between the adjacent bundles, cause
the bundles to be rarely separable from each other, and hinder
these different J/alvacee from being generally used in the manu-
factures. It has, however, been recommended to cultivate extensively
in the marshes of Southern Europe //discus roseus, as H. cannabinus
L. and verrucosus L. are cultivated in India on account of their
textile liber. It would yield an abundant thread-like substance,
although of inferior quality. Cords, coarse thread, bands, fish-
nets, and even paper are made from many of the Rose Mallows in
1 Melhania Erythroxylon Aït. Hort, Kew., 4 Although most of its parts are emollient
ed. 2, iv. 146.—DC., Prodr., i, 499, n. 2.— and mucilaginous.
Dombeya Erythroxylon Hoox., in Bot, Mag.,t. 5 See Linpu., Fl. Med. 135-144; Veg.
1000, Kingd., 361, 364, 369.—ENDL., Enchirid,, 512,
2 Especially of the B. Ceiba L., Spec., 959.— 517, 520.—Rosenru., op. cit., 705, 716.
B. quinatum Jacg., Amer., 129, t. 176, fig. 1. 5 Tuor., in Loisel. Fl. Gall,, ii. 434.—DC.,
The B. cumanense H. B. K. andseptenatum Jacq. Prodr., i. 450, n. 53.
3 Especially the S. Wightii ENDL, whose
fruit is also edible.
122 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
warm countries : 7. elatus Sw., grandifolius Salisb., clypeatus X., syria-
cus L. (figs. 154-161), mutabilis Cav., vitifolius L., tiliaceus L., arboreus
L.; the same with Sida Abutilon and some other Herbes à balais
(4room herbs) of the same genus, Urena lobata and sinuata, Thes-
pesia populnea, Napea levis, Malva Alcea, Althea cannabina, nar-
bonensis, rosea, Helicteres, certain Dombeyas of the Mascarene
Islands, Abroma fastuosa, several Quararibeas; &e. But the most
valuable of the textile substances which we owe to the Malvaceae
is Cotton, formed by certain cells of the superficial seminal coat
of several species of Gossypium. In G. herbaceum® (figs. 163-
166) in particular, at anthesis, this coat, smooth until this
period, presents here and there small ribs,‘ which are due to
the development of some of the cellules on their only free surface.
By degrees these little conical projections, whose number continues
to augment, are elongated into cylindrical cones, then into long tubes,
with much attenuated walls, the cavities always being single, and
only containing a kind of gas surrounded by a membrane, soon
becoming dried and pressed down.’ The long hairs are then detached
more or less easily from the surface of the seeds,’ the under portions
1 The branches of S. carpinifolia L. and 5 This character serves, in the first place, to
rhombifolia L. are used in Brazil to make
brooms, ‘Those of S. micrantha serve to make
rods of fusees, lighted at church doors on certain
saints’ days.
2 Especially at Cayenne. Q. guianensis AUBL.
(Guian., t. 278 ;—Myrodia longiflora Sw., El,
Ind. Oce., 1229 ;—DC., Prodr., i. 477, n. 3).
3 L., Spec., 975.—DC., Prodr., i, 456, n. 1.—
Cav., Diss., t. 164, fig. 2—A. Ricx., Hlém., éd.
4, ii. 548.—Gutn., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 642.
—Rosentu., op. cit., 712.— G. hirsutum L.,
Spec., 975.—DC., loc. cit., n. 6.—G. prostra-
tum Scuum, & THônn., Beskr., 311.—G. punc-
tatum GuILLEM. & Prrr., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 62.
—A. Ricu., Fl, Abyss. Tent., i, 63 (nec SCHUM.
& THONN.).
4 There is often a particular part where these
ribs first appear: it was observed by us in the
young seed toward the chalaza ; afterwards the
eruption passed along the edges to the other end
of the seed. Then, where the eruption had
commenced, the prominent parts became more
numerous, and were at last developed upon the
two lateral surfaces of the seed. But this order
in the production of the papilla is far from being
constant and absolute.
5 It is for this reason that the reactions of the
Cotton are in general those of the cells,
distinguish the principal species whose produce
is useful. Cotton is easily detached from the
seeds, and leaves them naked in G. barba-
dense L. (Spec., 975 ;—DC., loc. cit., n. 10 ;—
Mast., loc. cit,, 210, n.1;—H. By., in Adax-
sonia, x. 175 ;—G, vitifolium Lamx., Dict., ii.
135 ;—G. peruvianum DC. loc. cit., n. 11 ;—
G. punctatum Scuum, & THONN., op. cit,, 310,
nec GUILLEM. & PERR.), a species often culti-
vated in Asia and Africa, and which yields dif-
ferent sorts of American Cottons; while in
G. anomalum (WaAwR. & PEYR., Sert. Benguel.,
22 ;—Mast., loc. cit., 211, n, 2 ;—G. senarense
Fexzz, in Kotsch. It, Æthiop. Exs., n. 90), the
only species, probably, which exists in Africa in
the wild state, the filaments are only detached
with difficulty, and leave upon the seed after-
wards a short down, often thick and like felt,
It is the same in G, herbaceum (p. 121, note
6) and in the G. arboreum (L., Spec., 975 ;—
DC., Loc. cit., n. 4;—Cav., Diss., vi, t. 195 ;—
? G. rubrum Forsk., Æg.-Arab., n. 88, ex DC.
loc, cit.), which differ from the preceding, inas-
much as they have, instead of linear bracts, rare
in this genus, large bracts more or less dentate,
like those of G@. barbadense. The number
of useful species admitted in the genus Gossy-
pium moreover varies much, according to dif-
MALVACEÆ. 123
of which are used in the way we have already indicated. The pro-
duction of these filaments only takes place in the Malvacee at the
surface of the seed. It can extend even to the walls of the endocarp,
so that the seeds may be plunged into a down more or less analogous
to cotton, but which does not adhere to their external coat, and whose
development has been centripetal.' Such appears to be the origin
of the silky filaments found in a great many Bombacee, particularly
in Bombax, Briodendron, Chorisia, and Ochroma, whose hairs are
spun and woven with difficulty, but they may serve like eider down
in making cushions, mattresses, &c., and have been employed in hat
making, surgery, &c.
When the J/alvacee become trees (and they acquire an immense
development in certain Bombacee, which are giants of the vegetable
kingdom, like the Baobabs,* Bombax, and Hriodendron),* their wood
presents two different characters, according to the genus and series to
which they belong. Sometimes it is hard, enduring, and coloured,
and is then used in building, as that of Durio and Heritiera, or in
the manufacture of very hard objects, as that of some Sferculias in
Africa, and that of Pterospermum indicum in Amboyna.’ But generally
the numerous cavities by which it is hollowed, and the re-absorption
of the greater part of its parenchyma, render it soft, light, and con-
sequently only useful for certain purposes.’ The negroes of Senegal,
among other objects, make perogues, a kind of canoe, in one single
ferent authors, BENTHAM & J. Hooker (Gen., Marr. (Æriotheca pubescens MART.), the B.
209, n. 39) admitting two (besides Séurtia and
Thurberia) ; PARLATORE (Spec, d. Coton Firenz.
(1866), c. ic.) only recognises seven. TOoDARO
(Oss. s. Tal, Spee. di Coton.; 17, ex WALP.,
Ann., vii. 409) distinguishes thirty-four, besides
nine uncertain species known only by name,
Masters (in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 210) only
preserves the species “concerning which there is
little or no difference of opinion among botanists,”
that is to say, in this region G. arboreum, herb-
aceum, anomalum, and barbadense.
1 We may with difficulty suppose an origin
analogous to that of the pulp which surrounds
the seeds of the Baobabs and Cacao,
2 There has been cited Chorisia crispiflora
K., insignis K., speciosa A, S. H. (Arvore
de poina of the Brazilians), Bombax Ceiba
L., globosum AUBL., villosum MILL., whose hair
is red, discolor H. B, K., cwmanense H. B. K.,
ellipticum H. B. K., septenalum Jacq., Munguba
Marr., and retusum Maprt., the B. pubescens
jasminiodora (Erione jasminiodora Scuort),
and Lriodendron anfractuosum, which, according
to many authors, comprises two species: Æ, occi-
dentale (Bombax occidentale SPRENG.), and
Æ. orientale STEUD. (see RosENTH., op. cit., 718),
&e.
% Their diameter is often more than thirty feet,
their trunk attaining twice that height.
4 FE. Samauba is, according to G. Watuis,
the largest tree in the world,
5 In Madagascar the wood of several Dombeyas
is also employed.
5 The surface of the trunk in several species
of Bombax and Æriodendron is covered with
conical hard bristles. The base is often swollen
into a cone like that of several Australian Ster-
culias, called for this reason Bottle-trees.
7 Places of sepulchre for corpses, &e. The
Baobabs are sacred or fetish trees, and are used
to suspend amulets and charms,
124 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
piece, of an immense size, and of comparatively light weight from
the gigantic trunks of the Baobabs. A Benin Bombax buonopozense
serves the same purpose ; in India B. Ceiba and B. gossypinum, whose
wood takes the place of cork ;? on the Gambia Zriodendron anfractuosum
and Sferculia cordifolia ; in tropical America, various Pachiras. The
light wood of /iidiscus tihaceus’ floats on water, and is often used in
making corks or slabs to keep nets afloat. It has little solidity, but
its charming colour makes it valued for cabinet-work, and it some-
times receives the name of Rose-wood. The wood of the Ochroma
Lagopus' is also used as cork in America. The old trunks of the
cultivated Cocoas are used in the Antilles for many useful pur-
poses, particularly as firing.” We do not lay any stress upon the
numerous ornamental species of Aalva, Lavatera, Callirhoe, Althea,
Sida, Hibiscus, Malope ; nor upon the beautiful Rose Mallow, such as
the China Rose, the Gombauts, &c., which ornament our green-
houses, with the Dombeyee (especially Astrapea), Lasiopetala, Penta-
petes, Malvaviscus, Abutilon, Pavonia, Gathea, Gossypium, Bombax,
Herrania, and Pachira with large digitate leaves,’ Chiranthoden-
dron (fig. 103-105), Sferculia, Plerospermum, Quararibea, and nu-
merous species of ermannia (figs. 106-115) with yellowish or reddish
flowers.
1 pat, Bravv., Fl. Ow. et Ben., ii. 42, t. Antilles), The wood of O. tomentosum W.
83.—Masr., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 213.
2 In Brazil B. ventricosum ARRUD. has a
wood so light that it is used for making little
boards or boats, which the Guaycurus Indians
wear in their lips or ears, and whose weight is
very inconsiderable for the size of these singular
ornaments,
3 L., Spec., 976.— Paritium tiliaceum A.
Juss., in A. S. H. Fl. Bras. Mer., i, 255.—
Pariti Rurev., Hort. Malab., i. t. 30.
4 Sw., Fl. Ind. Oce., ii, 1144, t. 23.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 480.—Bombax pyramidale Cav.,
Diss., v. 294, t. 155 (vulg. Hare’s-foot, in the
(vulg. Palo de balsa) is used in Columbia in the
fabrication of light rafts which descend the
Magdalena. ‘
5 In Madagascar the reddish extremely hard
wood of the Stereulia Tavia H. Bn. (in Adan-
sonia, x. 179) is used in making pestles to pound
rice. The filamentous bark is used in making
cordage,
6 In Australia the Sterculia acerifolia A,
Cunn. (Brachychiton acerifolium F. Murtt,)
appears to owe its ornamental qualities to its
numerous fruits and bright red flowers, whence
the name of Flame-tree.
MALVACE. 125
GENERA.
I. STERCULIEA.
1. Sterculia L.—Flowers polygamous, generally 5-merous ; calyx
often petaloid, 5-fid or 5-partite, subcampanulate or subtubular,
clavate or valvate. Corolla 0; stamens 10—» ; anthers sessile,
extrorsely rimose, inserted without order at the summit of the erect
column, sometimes incurved in bud. Carpels 5 (in female flowers
small and sterile), opposite lobes of calyx ; ovaries free 2-2 -ovulate ;
styles more or less joined together above, thickened stigmatiferous at
apex. Fruit carpels distinct, stellate-patent, either ligneous or
coriaceous, within folliculate rimose, or very thinly membranous,
immediately or even before maturity dehiscing patulous. Seeds l-«,
naked or winged ; albumen fleshy, 2-parted, adhering more or less to
the exterior of the cotyledons ; cotyledons of thick embryo flat, or
plano-convex, sometimes subundulate ; radicle short, opposite hilum,
nearly or partly lateral.—Trees ; leaves alternate, entire, lobed or
digitate; stipules usually small; flowers often in axillary, simple,
or much oftener ramified racemose cymes ; central flower in cymes
often female and early developed (4// the Tropical and Subtropical
regions of the Globe). See p. 61.
2. Tarrietia Br.—Flowers nearly of Sterculia, 1-sexual, 5-me-
rous. Stamens 10-15, very much congested. Carpels 3-5, 1-ovu-
late, samaroid at maturity, stellate-patent, indehiscent, dorsally
produced into a wide-spreading falcate wing. Seed anatropous,
albumen of Sterculia.—Lofty trees ; leaves digitate, 3—-5-foliolate, gla-
brous or lepidote ; flowers small in much ramified axillary or lateral
cymiferous racemes (Australia, Java). See p. 64.
3. Cola Bauu.—Flowers nearly of Sferculia, 5- or more rarely
4—6-merous; staminal column bearing at summit 10-15-anthers,
on simple annulate adnate series ; cells parallel or superposed.
Carpels 5-15, 2 -ovulate, swollen at maturity, inwardly rimose.
126 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Seeds œ ; embryo exalbuminous; cotyledons thick; radicle near the
hilum.—Trees ; leaves entire or lobed; flowers polygamous in short
axillary cymes; cymes sometimes disposed in compound racemes
(Tropical Africa). See p. 64.
4. Heritiera Arr.—Flowers nearly of Sferculia, apetalous, 1-sexual ;
perianth campanulate, 4—5-fid or dentate; staminal column thin,
dilated at base into an orbicular disk, bearing at apex a few adnate
annulate anthers often 5-6; cells parallel. Stamens rudimentary or 0
in female flower. Carpels 4-6, subsessile, alternating with teeth of
perianth; ovules 1 or 2 in pairs, ascending; micropyle extrorse
inferior obstructed; styles short, recurved, swollen, stigmatiferous
at apex. Carpels ligneous or inwardly suberous at maturity, dor-
sally carinate-subulate indehiscent. Seed 1; embryo exalbuminous ;
cotyledons very thick; radicle near hilum.—Lepidote trees ; leaves
alternate, entire, penninerved ; flowers in axillary, sometimes much
ramified cymiferous racemes (Asta, Oriental and Insular Africa and
Tropical Australia). See p. 64.
5. Tetradia R. Br.—Flowers l-sexual or polygamous, 3-4-me-
rous apetalous (of Sferculia). Stamens 4-w, in simple annulate
adnate series at summit of column. Carpels 4, o-ovulate; styles
same in number, recurved stigmatiferous at apex. Fruit ?—A tree;
leaves simple, subcordate, penninerved ; flowers axillary, solitary or
shortly racemose (Java). See p. 66.
II. HELICTEREA.
6. Helicteres L.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx tubular or ob-
conical, 5-fid at apex, sometimes unequal, valvate. Corolla (malva-
ceous) ; petals 5, equal or unequal, elongated into claws at base (all, or
2, 3) auriculate-appendiculate; præfloration contorted. Stamens
inserted at summit of column, much elongated, exserted ;
antherless 5, dentiform ; fertile either 5 alternate or 10 alternating
in pairs; anthers stipitate or subsessile, extrorse, 2-celled ; cells
rimose, spreading or confluent. Gynzceum inserted at summit
of the anther-column, 5-lobed ; ovaries -ovulate ; styles 5, subulate,
MALVACEÆ. 127
more or less adherent; apex more or less swollen and stigmatiferous.
Carpels separated or loosened at maturity, straight (Orthocarpea) or
spirally contorted (Spirocarpea) inwardly dehiscent. Seeds », ana-
tropous, verruculose or rather smooth; albumen scanty ; embryo
rather thick, with foliaceous cotyledons, involute convolute around
radicle.—Trees or shrubs; hairs stellate or ramified; leaves entire
or serrate stipulate, flowers axillary solitary or in small cymes (4//
the warm regions of the Globe). See p. 66.
7. Kleinhovia L.—Sepals 5 valvate deciduous. Petals contorted
equal or slightly unequal, inserted with calyx. Column elongated,
slightly dilated at apex, bearing on both sides o anthers, shortly
stipitate extrorse 2-celled, and with 5 short antherless teeth alternate
to anthers. Gynæceum placed at summit of column ; ovary 5-celled ;
style thin stigmatiferous at apex, 5-fid. Ovules in each cell 4-,
2-seriate, ascending. Capsule membranous-inflated vesiculate, tur-
binate-5-lobed, loculicidal 5-valved ; seeds in each cell solitary or few,
globose tuberculate ; embryo corrugate ; cotyledons subconvolute,
albumen small or 0.—A tree ; leaves alternate entire, 3-7-nerved,
petiolate stipulate; flowers in terminal, much ramified cymiferous
racemes ; bracts very small (Zrop. Asia). See p. 68.
8. Pterospermum ScareB.—Sepals 5, free or tubular connate in
calyx at base,valvate, deciduous. Petals contorted, inserted with calyx,
deciduous. Column more or less elongated, sometimes short, slightly
dilated at apex, bearing 5 elongated staminodes, and fertile stamens
often 10—15 in pairs or 3 twisted together, alternately inserted ; fila-
ments linear. Anthers linear erect; connective apiculate beyond
parallel cells. Ovary inserted at summit of column 3-celled ;
style entire clavate stigmatiferous at apex 5-sulcate. Ovules in
each cell 4-0, ascending; micropyle exterior, inferior. Capsule
ligneous or more rarely coriaceous, ovoidal oblong subcylindrical or
5-gonal, loculicidal 5-valved ; seeds winged above; embryo corrugate ;
cotyledons folded ; radicle inferior, rather long; albumen small or
0.—Trees, or shrubs, lepidote or stellate-tomentose ; leaves alternate
(often oblique) 3-7-nerved ; flowers axillary solitary or few; bracts
3 or o (Sczegleewia) stipuliform, entire, or lacinate, inserted under the
flowers (Zrop. Asia). See p. 68.
128 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
9.? Eriolena DC.—Calyx 5-fid or 5-partite, valvate. Petals 5,
alternate, inserted with calyx; claw dilated. Column short or
very short, bearing l-adelphous stamens; filaments connate
into a tube to a greater or less height, unequally free at apex ; an-
thers erect oblong-linear ; cells parallel, rimose ; staminodes 0.
Ovary very short, stipitate, 4—12-celled ; style stigmatiferous stellate
at apex 4-12-lobed. Ovules ™, ascending; micropyle extrorse
inferior. Capsule lignescent, loculicidal. Seeds «, winged above ;
embryo slightly albuminous; cotyledons folded or contortuplicate ;
radicle inferior.—Trees, stellate-pubescent or tomentose; leaves
alternate, petiolate, cordate ; flowers axillary solitary or in cymes ;
bracts 3-5, sometimes lacinate (Zrop. Asia). See p. 68.
10. Reevesia Linpu.—Calyx subclavate valvate, unequal-3—5-
fid. Petals unguiculate, contorted, inserted with calyx. Column
erect antheriferous at apex; anthers 10-%, capitate; cells extrorse
divaricate, rimose. Germen placed at summit of colnum, 5-
celled; style very short, 5-lobed, stigmatiferous. Ovules 2 in each
cell, ascending; micropyle extrorse inferior, capsule lgneous,
loculicidal 5-valved. Seeds in cells 1, 2, ascending, winged above ;
embryo straight ; cotyledons flat foliaceous ; radicle short inferior ;
albumen fleshy.—Trees ; leaves alternate, entire, petiolate ; flowers
crowded in compound terminal racemose cymes ; bracts and bractlets
small often remote from flower (Zropical and Subtropical Asia). See
p- 69.
11. Ungeria Sonorr & Expr. — Calyx clavate-campanulate-
valvate, 5-fid. Petals 5, inserted with calyx, unguiculate con-
torted. Stamens as in Reevesia. Germen inserted at summit of
column, 5-celled; styles short, stigmatiferous at apex. “ Ovule
solitary in each.” Capsule subulate-5-agonal, coriaceous-ligneous.
“Seed ovate globose; embryo straight; albumen copious.”—
Trees ; leaves alternate, simple, petiolate ; flowers in dense cymiferous
racemes ; bracts small remote from flower (Vor/o/k Island). See
p- 69.
MALVACE 2. 129
Ill. DOMBEYEÆ.
12. Dombeya Cav.—F lowers hermaphrodite, usually 5-merous ;
calyx 5-partite, valvate, finally reflexed. Petals 5, of unequal sides,
contorted, usually persistent, finally pergameneous or scarious. Sta-
mens 15-30 (or more rarely more); filaments connate in column at
base, sometimes cupuliform, sometimes elongate tubular; 5 sterile,
ligulate, oppositipetalous ; 10-25 fertile, alternating in pairs, or by
3-5 with the staminodes; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, 2-rimose.
Ovary free; cells 5, alternipetalous, or rarely 2-4 ; ovules 2 in each
cell, ascending; micropyle extrorse, inferior; style divided at a
greater or less height into 5 branches stigmatiferous at apex.
Capsule 2—5-celled, loculicidal. Seeds 1, 2, in each cell, ascending ;
embryo albuminous; cotyledons foliaceous, 2-partite; radicle in-
ferior.—Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, stipulate, palmi-
nerved, often cordate ; flowers in axillary or terminal, loose or capi-
tate, corymbiform or umbelliferous cymes; inflorescence sometimes
with bracts (Astrapea) widely involucrate; bractlets 3, under each
flower, unilateral, caducous, sometimes connate (Zropical Southern
continental and insular Oriental Africa, Trop. Asia ?). See p. 69.
13. Trochetia DC.'—Flowers nearly of Domdeya ; sepals coria-
ceous. Stamens fertile between the staminodes 2— 0, more rarely 5 ;?
cells parallel. Ovary 3-5-celled; cells 2 or oftener c-ovulate;
branches of style thick radiate, stigmatiferous at apex. Capsule
loculicidal 5-valved ; cells 2-0 -spermous.—Shrubs or small trees ;
leaves alternate entire coriaceous; flowers’ axillary solitary or few
(often 3), sometimes ©, cymose, often pendulous (S¢. Helena,!
Tropical insular Oriental Africa’).
14? Astiria Linvu.’—Flowers of Dombeya ; stamens 20-30, all
1 DC., in Mém. Mus., x. 106, t. 7, 8; Prodr.,
i, 499,—Turp., in Dict. Se. Nat., Atl., t. 145.—
ENDL., Gen., n. 5351.—B. H., Gen., 222, 983,
n. 17.
2 «Tn spec. helenicis.” . (B. H.)
# Large, beautiful, often white or yellowish.
VOL. IV.
4 Species 2, now said to be extinct.
5 Bot. Reg. (1844), t. 21.— Bot. Mag, t.
1000.—Bos., Hort. Maur, A1.—H, B\., in
Adansonia, x, 108.—WALr., Rep., v. 114,
5 Bot, Reg. (1844), t. 49.—B. H., Gen., 221,
n. 14,
K
130 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
fertile ; base of filaments connate in a short cupulate tube ; anthers
stipitate erect ; cells parallel. Other characters like Dombeya.—A
stellate-tomentose tree ; leaves large cordate (of Dombeya) ; flowers’
in compound axillary pedunculate cymes (Borbonia’).
15. Ruizia Cav.°—Flowers nearly of Dombeya; stamens 20-30,
all fertile. Ovary sessile, 10-celled ; ovules in each cell 2, ascending ;
micropyle extorse inferior ; style branches 10, short. Ripe carpels 10,
in capsule subglobose-depressed verticillate, separating at maturity
and opening at central angle, 1—2-spermous.—Shrubs ; leaves palmi-
nerved, subentire, lobed or dissected ;* flowers in ramified pedun-
culate axillary cymes, 3-bracteolate’ (Jascarene Islands’).
16. Pentapetes L.’—Flowers nearly of Dombeya; anthers be-
tween the staminodes ligulate fertile 2, 3, erect. Ovary sessile ; cells
cx-ovulate ; style elongate entire, stigmatiferous slightly swollen at
apex. Capsule loculicidal; placentas nerviform, plumose, often
separating. Seeds & (of Dombeya).—A herb ; leaves hastate, narrow
at apex; flowers axillary solitary shortly pedunculate; bractlets 3,
1-lateral, caducous (Zropical Asia’).
17. Cheirolæna Brnrn.’—Calyx 5-partite, exterior lepidote, val-
vate. Petals 5, flat, wide, contorted, shortly adnate with staminal
column deciduous or caducous. Stamens 15-20; exterior 10-15,
fertile (of which 5 are interior longer, alternipetalous") ; filaments
adnate to the exterior of tubular column; anthers extrorse,
2-celled, 2-rimose; 5 interior oppositipetalous petaloid. Germen
sessile ; cells 5, alternipetalous ; ovules 2- in each cell, inserted at
central angle, ascending; micropyle extrorse inferior; styles 5,
coalescing in a central column, finally separating at a greater
1 Rose colour, Gen., n. 53843. — B. H., Gen., 222, n. 18, —
2 Spec. 1. A. rosea LINDL., loc.
Watpr., Rep., v. 113.
3 Diss., iii. 117, t. 36, 37.—J., Gen., 275
DC., Prodr., 1. 497.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5342.—
B. H., Gen., 221, n. 18.
4 Underneath tomentose whitish,
5 A genus only distinguished from Aséiria
by the number of ovary cells,
6 Spee. 2,3. Jacg., Hort. Schenbr., iii. 24,
t. 295.—Watp., Rep., ii. 797.
7 Gen., n. 834.—DC., Prodr., i, 498.—ENDz.,
Moranda Scor., Introd., n.1312,—? Erioraphe
MiqQ., in Pl, Jungh., i. 289.
8 Species 1, introduced into all the warm regions
of the globe. P. phanicea L., Spec., 958.—
Mitu., Icon., t. 200.—Kerr, in Bot. Reg. t.
575.—Dombeya phenicea CAV., Diss., iii. t. 43,
fig. 1.
9 Gen., 222, n. 16.
1 But 5-10 shorter exterior to the preceding,
either single or in pairs oppositipetalous,
MALVACE ZL. 131
or less distance from the apex, slightly dilated, stigmatiferous
at apex. Capsule encircled by base of calyx, exterior lepidote, loculi-
cidal, 5-valved; cells 1—6-spermous; seeds albuminous ; embryo
rather fleshy; cotyledons folded 2-partite.—Undershrubs; leaves
alternate linear entire, lepidote beneath, stipules linear-subulate ;
flowers few (2, 3) in racemose pedunculate axillary and terminal
cymes ; bracts 0; epicalyx under flower of 3 bractlets, inciso-digi-
tate or subpinnate 3-fid, constant! (J/adagascar’).
_ 18? Melhania Forsx.’—Flowers of Domdbeya; stamens solitary
between staminodes; filaments very shortly connate in cupule ;
anthers extrorse elongate ; cells parallel. Ovary 5-celled ; cells 1- a -
ovulate ; style branches 5, patent, inwardly stigmatiferous. Other
characters of Dombeya (or Trochetia). — Herbs or undershrubs,
softly tomentose ;‘ leaves ovate or cordate serrate-crenate ; flowers
axillary or lateral pedunculate, solitary or in small cymes; each
furnished at base with 3 bractlets, cordate or linear, often longer
than calyx, persistent’ (Varm regions of Asia and Africa, Tropical
Australia’).
IV. CHIRANTHODENDREÆX.
19. Chiranthodendron Larrear.—Flowers regular, apetalous ;
calyx (coloured) subcampanulate deeply 5-fid; lobes thick coria-
ceous or subpetaloid (Fremontia), pitted at base ; præfloration imbri-
cate. Stamens 5, alternating with the lobes of calyx; filaments
1 For certain affinities with Æriolæna see
BENTHAM.
2 Spec. 1. C. linearis BENTH., said to be
found in the Mauritius, but all the specimens
preserved by us and collected by Dupetir-
THouars, BOoJER, RICHARD, BERNIER, and
Borvin are certainly Madagascarian,
3 Fl. Æg.-Arab., 64.—DC., Prodr., i, 499,
§ 2.—Enp1t., Gen., n. 5348.—H. BN., in Payer
Fam. Nat., 288.—B. H., Gen., 222, n. 19.—
Brotera Cav., in Ann. Cienc, Nat., i. 33 (part.) ;
Icon., v. 19, t. 433.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5344.—
Sprengelia Scuuut., Obs. Bot., 134.— Penta-
glottis Watt., Cat., n. 1156.—Cardiostegia
Prust, ÆEpimel. Bot, 249.—Vialia Vis. (ex
Linnea, xv. Littb., 103).
4 Habit similar to some Hermannias and
Melochias, also to Sida and Hibiscus (sect.
Senre).
5 Genus scarcely distinct from Z'rochetia (on
account of Greek species 5-androus).
6 Spec. ad 15, Watu., Pl. As. Rar, t.
77.—Wicur, Icon. t. 23.—ANDR., in Bot.
Rep, t. 389 (Dombeya). — GUILLEM. &
Perr, Fl. Seneg. Tent., i. 85, t. 17.—
Hoox. Fr, Niger, t. 4. 5.-—Harv. & Sonp.,
Fl. Cap., i. 224,—BENTH., Fl. Austral., i.
234.— Bot. Mag., t. 100.—WaAtp., Rep.,i. 439 ;
ii, 789; Ann. i. 109; ii. 167; iv. 327; vii.
424,
132 VATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
connate at the base into a more or less oblique column, 5-fid ;
branches outwardly canaliculate, bearing cells marginally adnate
distinct, extrorsely rimose ; connective apiculate or muticous. Ger-
men 5-locular; cells alternating with the stamens, -ovulate; style
acute stigmatiferous at apex. Capsule loculicidal 5-valved; seeds @ ;
testa nitid crustaceous, marginally furnished with an aril, small,
fleshy, growing between the hilum and chalaza; albumen fleshy ;
embryo interior; cotyledons flat; radicle short thick—Trees or
shrubs, stellate-tomentose or pubescent; leaves alternate cordate
lobed stipulate; flowers pedunculate, leaf-opposed or lateral, soli-
tary or in small cymes; bractlets 8, inserted below the flower
(Mexico, California). See p. 72.
V. HERMANNIEÆ.
20. Hermannia L.— Flowers regular; receptacle slightly convex.
Calyx gamosepalous, 5-fid valvate or slightly reduplicate. Petals
5 contorted marcescent or deciduous; limbs often unequal ; claws
hollow, filaments sometimes connate at base, oblong or dilated
above, sometimes (Mahernia) attenuated at base, dilated at middle,
exterior sometimes papillose; anthers extrorse; cells rimose to a
greater or less distance, dehiscing from apex. Germen sessile or
substipitate ; cells 5, alternipetalous, o-ovulate; styles same in
number, more or less coalescing at base, interior concave, apex not
at all or slightly swollen stigmatiferous. Capsule loculicidal, 5-valved,
naked or horny at apex ; seeds © reniform ; embryo arched; coty-
ledons oblong.—Herbs, small shrubs, or undershrubs ; hairs usually
stellate ; leaves dentate or incised; stipules foliaceous large, some-
times small or 0 ; flowers in simple or compound cymes, sometimes
uniparous terminal, lateral, or spuriously subaxillary (7ropical and
Southern Africa, Arabia, Mexico, Texas). See p. 74.
21. Melochia L.—Flowers nearly of Hermannia; calyx sub-
campanulate or inflated, sometimes finally much vesiculate (P/y-
sodium, Physocodon). Petals 5, sometimes marcescent. Stamens
5 oppositipetalous ; anthers extrorse sometimes 10 ; alternipetalous
MAUVACEÆ. 133
5, small dentiform. Germen sessile or shortly stipitate ; cells 5
oppositipetalous, more rarely 4 or very rarely 2 (Dicarpidium) ; ovules
2 in each single cell, ascending ; micropyle extrorse, inferior. Cap-
sule loculicidal, sometimes angular pyramidal (Æwmelochia) ; car-
pels not at all or scarcely parting, usually subglobose ; carpels some-
times 2 (Dicarpidium) or oftener 4, 5, easily parted or separating at
maturity (Riedleia, Mougeotia) ; seeds ascending, sometimes winged
(Visenia) ; embryo more or less albuminous ; cotyledons flat ; radiele
inferior. —Herbs, shrubs, or undershrubs, rarely trees; leaves sub-
ovate or cordate, entire or serrate; stipules usually small or 0;
flowers lateral and spuriously axillary, connate with the branches
and elevated on them for a greater or less distance, solitary or cymose,
sometimes terminal, widely cymose-panicled (P/hysodium, Visenia) ;
bracts and bractlets small or very small (4// warm regions of the Globe).
See p. 76.
22. Waltheria L.—Flowers nearly of JMelochia ; staminodes ().
Germen sessile 1-carpellary, 1-celled ; ovules 2 ascendent ; micropyle
extrorse, inferior; style simple, excentric, stigmatiferous at apex,
clavate, or fimbriate ; capsule 1-spermous dorsally 2-valved; seeds
ascendent albuminous ; embryo straight (Melochia).—Herbs, under-
shrubs, or more rarely trees; hairs simple and stellate ; leaves serrate ;
stipules narrow, flowers in axillary cymes or glomerules ; cymes some-
times arranged at the summit of the branches in simple or compound
spikes or racemes (AU the Tropical regions of the Globe). See p. 77.
VI. BUETTNERIES.
23. Buettneria Lari.—Flowers hermaphrodite, receptacle con-
vex. Calyx 5-fid valvate or reduplicate. Petals 5 alternate, clawed
at base, afterwards in 2-lobed cucullus, apex inflexed and margin
coalescing inwardly with urceolus of stamens, dilated, upper part
produced in elongated ligule, entire or 5-fid. Stamens 10, connate
in urceolus at base ; sterile 5 alternipetalous, thick or subglandu-
lar, apex attenuate or truncate, fertile 5 oppositipetalous, shortly sti-
pitate ; anthers articulate at base 2-celled (or more rarely 3) lateral or
extrorse, longitudinally rimose. Germen superior sessile; cells 5
134 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
oppositipetalous ; style stigmatiferous at apex, subentire or to a
greater or less distance 5-fid or 5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, in-
serted at base of internal angle, ascendent; micropyle extrorse,
inferior. Capsule subglobose echinate ; carpels separating at matu-
rity, inwardly 2-valved 1-spermous. Seeds exalbuminous ; embryo
rather fleshy; cotyledons reflexed at the summit of tigella, and
much spirally convolute round it.—Undershrubs, erect or scandent
sarmentose; branches often narrow aculeate; leaves alternate sti-
pulate, of various forms, sometimes sagittate ; flowers small in
pedunculate cymes, usually umbelliferous, peduncle lateral to the
leaves, connate with the branchlets, more or less elevated (47 the
Tropical regions of the Globe). See p. 78.
24? Ayenia L.'—Flowers nearly of Buettneria ; cucullus of
petals dorsally naked, or glandular stipitate enlarged. Stamens 5 soli-
tary, sterile, between lobes of androceum ; anthers 3-celled.2 Germen,
ovules, capsule and seeds nearly of Buettneria.—Herbs or undershrubs,
hairs stellate hirsute, tomentose, or glabrescent; leaves serrate ;
flowers in axillary or lateral cymes’ (W'arm America’).
25. Commersonia Forsr—Flowers nearly of Buettneria ; base of
petals wide concave, upper part ligulate. Staminodes alternipe-
talous, 3-fid or 3-nate, elongate; anthers fertile, 2-celled, separate.
Germen 5-celled ; ovules ascendent, 2-6 in each cell (or more rarely
more) 2-seriate; styles distinct or
height. Capsule loculicidal, hairs
ascendent ; embryo albuminous ;
coalescing to a greater or less
generally flaccid, echinate ; seeds
cotyledons foliaceous.—Trees or
shrubs, leaves often oblique at base, sometimes cordate, incised or
1 Gen., n. 1020.—J., Gen., 278—GÆRTN, sér. 4, xvii. 333.—Watp., Rep, ii. 796;
Fruct., i, 302, t. 79.—DC., Prodr., i. 487.—
ENDL., Gen., n. 5332.—B. H., Gen., 225, n. 31.
— Dayenia Mrt1,, Icon., t. 118.
2 If anthers 2; one 2-celled; the other 1-
celled? If anthers 3, 1-celled confluent ?
3 Gen. scarcely to be distinguished (except
by habit) from Buettneria, of which, perhaps, it
would be better considered a section.
4 Spec. 7, 8, Cav., Diss., v. 289, t. 147.—
Lart., It, 200.—Tr, & Px., in Ann. Se, Nat.,
Ann., iv. 323; vii. 481.
5 Char. Gen., 43, t. 22.—J., Gen. 428.—
GÆRIN,, Fruct., ii. 79, t. 94.—Lamr., Jil,
t. 18.—A. S. H., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 1, vi.
134.—J. Gay, in Mem. Mus., x. 205, t. 14, 15.
—DC., Prodr., i,486.—Spracu, Suit. à Buffon,
iii, 487.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5329.—B. H., Gen.,
226, 984, n. 34.—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat.,
292.
MALVACEZ. 135
dentate ; flowers' in cymes, usually much ramified axillary, lateral,
sub-leaf-opposed or more rarely terminal (7ropical Asia and Australia’).
26? Rulingia R. Br.*—Flowers nearly of Commersonia ; base of
petals wide concave, laterally subauriculate, above (sometimes
shorty) ligulate. Staminodes 5, alternipetalous, ligulate, connivent
or patent. Germen sessile; cells oppositipetalous, sometimes free at
apex; styles more or less connate and coalescing ; ovules 2 in each
cell, ascending; micropyle extrorse and inferior. Capsule tomentose
or echinate, sometimes covered with soft hairs, loculicidal, 5-valved,
or carpels separating 2-valved, 1-spermous. Seeds ascendent, aril-
late ; embryo albuminous ; cotyledons flat.—Shrubs or undershrubs ;
hairs stellate; leaves entire, dentate or lobed; flowers’ as in Com-
mersonia ( Australia’ and Madagascar’).
27. Theobroma L.—Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx 5-fid, or
5-partite valvate ; petals 5, shortly unguiculate, afterwards cucullate-
concave above, the cucullus inflexed, produced in spathulate laminæ
with narrow base ; præfloration contorted. Stamens shortly connate
at base in urceolus ; sterile 5 alternipetalous, linear or lanceolate ; the
fertile in pairs, oppositipetalous ; each cell lateral, extrorsely rimose,
or more rarely 3-nate; cells 6; filaments all erect, stipitate.
Ovary 5-celled ; cells oppositipetalous -ovulate ; ovules 2-seriate ;
styles filiform, connate to a greater or less height; apex not at all
or scarcely thickened stigmatiferous. Fruit baccate, finally dry,
suberose-ligneous, longitudinally 5—10-costate, indehiscent. Seeds
o#, nidulant in pulp ; embryo large, rather fleshy ; cotyledons thick,
1 Small, close.
2 Spec. 7, 8, RuUMPH., Herb. Amboin., iii.
t. 119 (Restiaria) ?—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et
Spec., v. 311, not.—A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer.,
i, 140, not.—ANDr., in Bot, Repos., t. 519.—
GUILLEM., in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 2, vii. 365,—
SEEM., Fl. Vit., 25.—BENTH., Fl. Austral., i.
241.— Bot. Mag., t. 1813.— Watp., Rep.
ni. 795 ; v. 110; Ann., i. 107; iv. 322; vii. 433.
3 In Bot. Mag., t. 2191, 3182—A. S. H.,
Fil. Bras. Mer., i. 140, not.—EnpL., Gen., n.
5328.—H. BN., in Adansonia, ix. 342.—B. H.,
Gen,, 226, 983, n. 33.—Achilleopsis TURCZ., in
Bull, Mosc. (1849), ii. 165.
4 Small, often whitish.
5 A Genus, especially by the species with short
ligulate petals, closely connecting the true Buett-
neriæ with the Lasiopetale, and sometimes
with difficulty distinguished from them.
6 Spec. ad 13, J. Gay, in Mem. Mus., x. t.
12, 13 (Buettneria).—STesrz, in Pl, Preiss., ii.
352.—EnpL., in Hueg. Enum., 12.—TURCZ., in
Bull. Mose, (1852), ii. 151.—F, MueL., Fragm.,
i. 68.—Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 237.—Bot.
Mag., t. 3182.—WAaLr., Rep., i. 337; Ann., ii,
165 ; vii. 432.
7 Species 1, imperfectly known.
136 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lobed-corrugate ; radicle short, cylindrical ; albumen 0, or scanty,
mucilaginous between folds of cotyledons.—Trees ; leaves alternate,
large, simple, oblong, undivided, penninerved or at base 3—5-
nerved ; stipules small ; flowers axillary or lateral, springing from
the wood, solitary or in cymes, sometimes in racemose cymes, scanty
or © (Warm America). See p. 80.
28? Herrania Govup.'—Flowers nearly of Theobroma; calyx
3-5-fid ; petals 5, inflexed at apex, produced in linear ligules, some-
times very long, circinate-involute before opening. Other characters
of Theobroma. —Trees; trunk crowned with palmiform frondose
coma; leaves: large, digitate, foliate ; inflorescence (of Zheobroma)
springing from the trunk (Warm America’).
29? Guazuma Prum.'—Flowers nearly of Theobroma; base of
petals unguiculate-cucullate, inflexed ; laminæ ligulate, linear, deep
2-fid. Stamens fertile, interposed to staminodes, 2, 3-nate. Cap-
sule subglobose, ligneous, tuberculate-muricate, or sometimes with
very long soft feathery hairs, much echinate, loculicidal at a greater
or less distance from the apex, 5-valved. Seed albuminous ; embryo
curved ; cotyledons foliaceous, inflexed-folded.—Trees, glabrous, or
with stellate hairs tomentose; leaves usually oblique, unequally
dentate ; flowers’ axillary or laterally cymose* (Zropical America’).
30. Scaphopetalum Masr.’—Calyx 5-fid, sometimes irregular,
2-partite, valvate. Petals 5, cucullate-concave, exappendiculate,
subinduplicate. Stamens connate in urceolus much open, at apex 10-
dentate ; antherless, lobes alternipetalous, rounded, reflexed ; anthers
1 In Ann. Sc. Nat.; sér. 3, ii. 230, t. Diuroglossum Turcz., in Bull. Mose. (1852), il.
B. H., Gen., 225, n. 29. —H. Ex. in te 157.
ix. 340. — Brotobroma Karst. & Tr. Fl. # Small, often crowded.
Granad., 11 (ex Linnea, xxviii. 446.)—Lightia 5 Section of Theobroma (?).
Scnomp. (ex TR.). 5 Spee. ad 5, Cav., Zcon., t. 299.—H. B. K.,
2 Spec. 4? Marr., in Denkschr. Regensb. Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 320.—-A. S. H., Pl. Us.
Bot. Ges., iii. t. 8, 9 (Abroma)—Scroms., in Bras. t. 47, 48; Fl. Bras. Mer., i, 147.—
Linnea, xx. '756.—Tr. & Px., in Ann. Se. Nat., Wieut, Jil., t. 31—Parp. & Enpz., Nov.
sér. 4, xvii. 337.—WatpP., Rep., v. 111; Ann, Gen. et Spec., iii. t. 283.—Gnriess. F1. Brit.
i. 959; vii. 430. W.-Ind., 90.—TR. & PL., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér,
3 Gen., 36, t. 18.—J., Gen. 276—DC., 4, xvii. 885.—Wazr., Rep., i. 340; v. 112;
Prodr., i. 487.—Enpu., Gen. n. 5834.—H. Ann., vii. 431.
Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 291.—B. H., Gen. 7 In Journ. Linn. Soc., x. 27.—B. H., Gen.,
225, n. 30.—Bubroma SCHREB., Gen, 513.— 983, n. 30 a,
MALVACEÆ. 137
3, sessile, oppositipetalous, 2-celled ; cells separate, more or less irre-
gularly congested,’ extrosely rimose. Ovary sessile, 5-celled; styles
connate in subulate cone, minute stigmatiferous at apex; cells o-
ovulate® Fruit?—Small trees; leaves alternate, petiolate, ob-
long, entire ; flowers’ in pedunculate cymes growing from the wood,
sometimes very long or axillary, short (Zropical and Western
Africa’).
31. Leptonychia Turcz.’—Sepals 5, reduplicate, valvate. Petals
same in number, alternate, short, concave, rather thick valvate,
inserted at a little height. Stamens 15-50, connate at base in
short urceolus, 5 sterile, antherless, small, interior, alternipetalous ;
other in 5-phalanges, oppositipetalous; 2 fertile in each ; fila-
ments elongate-subulate ; anther-cells 2, extrorse, sublateral, 2-
rimose ; exterior to preceding 2—4 antherless. Germen free; cells
5, oppositipetalous, or more rarely 3, 4, œ-ovulate; style slender,
subulate, not swollen at apex, more or less 3-5-fid. Fruit cap-
sular, loculicidal, 3-5-valved; seeds arillate; embryo straight ;
cotyledons thick foliaceous, obscurely lobed, 3-costate ; albumen
corneous.—Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, entire, penni-
nerved, sometimes 3-nerved at base; stipules very small or very
caducous; flowers’ in short axillary cymes, often few flowered
(Tropical and Western Africa and Indian Archipelago’).
32. Abroma Jacqg.—Calyx 5-partite, valvate. Petals 5; claw
dilated, concave, interior wide glanduliferous, traversed by vertical
prominent (coloured) lines ; lamin stipitate, sometimes spathulate,
finally patent ; præfloration contorted. Stamens connate in urceolus ;
lobes 5, antherless, alternipetalous, sometimes obcordate ; anthers
1 Anthers 6, 1-celled (?).
? Ovules “amphitropous” in
1-seriate.
3 “ Bright yellow.” In Z. longepedunculata
Masr., peduncles thence laden with filamentous
rootlets or abortive (?) pedicels.
4 Spec. 3, Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
236.
5 In Bull. Mose. (1858), i. 222.—B. H.,
Gen., 237, n. 25, 983, n. 30 6.—OUDEM., in
Compt. Rend. Ac, Sc., sér. 2, i. tab,—Bocg., in
adult flower
Adansonia, vii. 35.—Binnendykia Kurz, in
Nat. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind., ser. nov., iii, 164.
6 White.
7 Spec. 4, of which 2 are African, Masv., in
Oliv. Fl, Trop. Afr., i. 238.—Watp., Ann., vii.
449.
8 Hort. Vindob., iii. t. 1.—J., Gen., 276.—
GæRIN., Fruct., i. 306, t. 64.—DC., Prodr.,
i, 485.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5330.—B. H., Gen.,
225, 983, n. 27.—Ambroma L. ¥., Suppl. 341.
—Lamx., Dict., i. 126; Til., t. 636, 637.—Has-
tingia Kaen, (ex ENDL).
138 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
oppositipetalous, superposed between staminodes 2-4 ; ceils 2, divari-
cate (one sometimes aborting). Germen sessile ; cells 5, -ovulate ;
styles 5, in tube, sometimes dilated at apex, connivent ; apex stig-
matiferous. Capsule membranous, wide 5-angled, subulate, truncate
at apex, compressed, 5-horned, finally shortly loculicidal and
septicidal’ above. Seeds ao ; embryo albuminous straight; coty-
ledons flat, cordate ; radicle cylindro-conical.—Many-stemmed small
trees; hairs soft stellate; leaves subentire or palmilobed ; flowers?
solitary, or oftener in pedunculate cymes, terminal or sometimes
spuriously leaf-opposed (Asia and Tropical Australia’).
33. Maxwellia H. By.‘—F lowers regular ; receptacle small, rather
flat. Sepals 5, 3-angled, thick, reduplicate-valvate. Petals 5, alternate,
small, tongue-shaped, rather fleshy, arched. Stamens 10, all fertile,
oppositipetalous by pairs; filaments short, erect, 2-nate and 2-anthered
at apex; anthers lateral; cells 2, separate, longitudinally laterally
rimose. Germen free, elongate-fusiform, 3-5-angled; placentas
same in number, parietal, inwardly rather prominent, finally inwardly
contiguous or separate ; ovules in each placenta , 2-seriate ascend-
ing; micropyle extrorse inferior ; style slender, divided at apex into
3—5-lacinate stigmatiferous lobes. Fruit clothed with base of non-
accrescent calyx, oblong, subulate-3—5-angled; pericarp inwardly coria-
ceous-suberous. Seeds , immersed in incomplete cells, ascending ;
testa crustaceous ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo axile straight ;
cotyledons foliaceous, ellipsoidal ; radicle longer below, obtuse, subcla-
vate at apex.—A lepidote tree ; leaves alternate, simple, ovate-obtuse,
orbicular, or transversely elliptical, more rarely subreniform, coria-
ceous, thick, penninerved, 3-plinerved at base ; flowers in compound
racemes; branches rather compressed or angular’ (Wew Caledonia’).
34, Glossostemon Dusr.’—Calyx deeply 5-lobed, valvate. Petals
.
1 Dissepiments at internal angle pilose-
plumose,
2 Of a dull purple.
3 Spee. 2, 3, R. Br., in Ait, Hort. Kew., ed.
2, iv. 409.—Sauiss., Par. Lond., t. 102.—H. B.
K., Nov, Gen. et Spec., v. 318.—Brnta., Fl.
Austral, i, 236.—Miq., Fl. Ind,-Bat., i, p. ü.
183.—WalLpP., Rep. i. 337 (part.); Ann, iv.
322; vii. 429.
4 In Adansonia, x. 98.
5 An anomalous genus, closely allied by its leaves
to Pimia, by its minute petals to some Lasio-
petaleæ. It differs from all in its anthers before
each petal (small arched sub-transparent) not
being solitary. It recedes from the rest of the
Buettneree in the absence of staminodes.
6 Spec. 1. M. lepidota H. BN., loc. cit.,
100.
7 In Mém. Mus., iii. 238, t. 11.—DC.,
Prodr., i, 485.—H. B. K., Nov, Gen. et Spec., v.
MALVACEÆ. 139
5, concave at base, lanceolate-oblong, apex long acuminate,
inflexed in bud. Stamens o, in 5 alternipetalous fascicles; each
fascicle terminating a narrow petaloid lanceolate staminode, bear-
ing externally æ (oflen 6) anthers, extrorse, 2-locular, 2-rimose.
Germen sessile, 5-angled; styles short 5, more or less con-
nivent or connate, stigmatiferous at apex; cells 5, oppositipetalous,
o-ovulate. Capsule 5-celled, polyspermous, outwardly much
echinate, finally loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent. Seed
subpisiform, glabrous ; embryo (scantily albuminous ?) ; cotyledons
foliaceous, contortuplicate. — A stellate-tomentose shrub; leaves
alternate, large, palminerved, dentate ; flowers’ in terminal clusters
of much ramified corymbose cymes (Persia).
VII. LASIOPETALE.
35. Lasiopetalum Su.—F lowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle small,
slightly convex or depressed. Calyx often coloured, 5-partite or 5-fid,
angular or subterete; præfloration valvate or reduplicate. Petals
5, minute, squamiform, sometimes very small or 0. Fertile stamens
5, oppositipetalous, free or at base slightly monadelphous ; anthers
extrorse ; cells externally (or internally) subporricidal at apex
or dehiscing by short clefls. Germen 5-locular; cells oppositi-
petalous (sometimes 3, 4-locular) ; ovules 2-2 (2-seriate) ascending ;
micropyle extrorse, inferior ; style subentire, stigmatiferous at apex.
Capsule 3-5-locular, loculicidal ; seeds 1-2, ascending ; micropyle
sometimes arillate ; embryo albuminous, straight; cotyledons flat ;
radicle inferior.—Shrubs, clothed with stellate hairs, sometimes
dense; leaves alternate or falsely verticillate, more rarely opposite,
entire, dentate, or sinuate, sometimes but rarely lobed; stipules Q or
small, assuming the appearance of leaves ; flowers in false racemes,
simple or ramified, cymiferous, lateral or leaf-opposed, sometimes
subaxillary ; cymes often l-parous; bracts and bractlets 2, often
united below flower similar to an epicalyx (Hvtra-tropical Australia).
See p. 84.°
311, not.—EnDz., Gen., n. 5350.—B. H., Gen., 1 « Pink,”
224, n. 26,—Masr., in Journ. Linn, Soc., x. 17. ? Spec. 1, G. Bruguieri Drsr., loc. cit.
—H. By, in Adansonia, ix. 346. 3 Pimia (SEEM., in Bonplasdia (1862), 366;
140 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
36. Guichenotia J. Gay.'—Flowers nearly of Zasiopetalum ;
calyx 5-fid after anthesis, membranous, dilated; sepals finally
elevate-3—5-ribbed. Petals squamiform. Stamens 5, oppositipetalous ;
anthers dehiscing by short clefts.® Ovary cells 5, 2- or few-ovulate ;*
style entire, upper part bare or stellate-pilose. Capsule loculicidal.
Other characters as in Lasiopetalum.—Small tomentose shrubs ; hairs
often stellate; leaves alternate, generally entire, narrow, recurved at
margin; stipules? lateral, leaf-shaped; flowers solitary or in falsely
racemose 1-lateral cymes’ (Mvtra-tropical Australia’).
37. Lysiosepalum F. Muetu.'—Sepals 5, valvate immediately
before anthesis, free at base. Petals 5, minute, squamiform. Stamens
5, oppositipetalous ; anthers linear, cells shortly rimose at apex.
Germen 3-locular ; ovules ; style glabrous. Capsule loculicidal,
3-valved.—A shrub, with stellate velvety hairs; leaves oblong-
linear, revolute at margin; stipules small or 0; flowers’ racemose,
included in valvate involucre of thick bracts (South Western Aus-
tralia’).
38. Thomasia J. Gay.’—Calyx nearly of Lasiopetalum ; sepals
coloured or transparent, finally membranous-dilated.
FI. Vit., 25, t. 5) is said by more recent authors (B.
H., Gen., 984, n. 40 a) to bea “ Genus evidenter
Lasiopetalo valde affine, nee nisi capsulis echin-
atis differre videtur.” Cui: “calyx 5-fidus,
laciniis obovatis obtusis, Petala minuta squamæ-
formia cordata. Stamina antherifera 5, libera,
calycis laciniis alternata ; antheræ 2-rimosze.
Staminodia 0. Ovarium 5-loculare; loculis 1-
ovulatis ; stylo, .. Capsula setis flaccidis echinata.
Semina solitaria adscendentia.—Arbor ; ramulis,
foliis inflorescentiaque ferrugineo-stellato-tomen-
tosis. Folia alterna, ovato-oblonga v. obovata,
integerrima coriacea, supra demum glabrata.
Cymæ pauciflore. Spec. 1. 2. rhamnoides
SEEM., ins. Fidji incola.” A plant imperfectly
known, In habit and number of ovules it
seems to differ much from other Lasiopetale,
Perhaps allied to Maawellia? Its place re-
mains very doubtful,
1In Mém. Mus., vii. 448, t. 20.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 489.—EnDuL,, Gen. n. 5323.—B. H.,
Gen., 227, 984, n. 39.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
ix. 342,— Sarotes Linpu., Swan Riv. Bot. App.,
19.— ? Ditomostrophe Turcz., in Bull, Mose.
(1846), ii. 498.
2 Anthers appear generally extrorse ; furrows
Petals very
slightly below apex seeking internal face, and
there only dehiscing.
3 Exostome thickened in flower.
* Concerning the transition from Guichenotia
to Sarotes see F. MUELLER (Fragm., ii. 4).
5 Spec. 5. Hoox., Journ. Bot., ii. 381, t. 16
(Sarotes)—Turcz., loc. cit., 499 (Ditomo-
strophe).—SrEuD., in Pl. Preiss., i. 233 (Tho-
masia)—¥, MuELL., Fragm., x. 7 (Thomasia).
—BENTH., Fl, Austral., i. 257.— Bot. Mag.,
t. 4651.—Watp., Rep. i. 337 (Sarotes); Ann,
3. 105; ii. 164 (Sarotes) ; iv. 321 ; vii. 436.
6 Fragm., i. 142.—B. H., Gen., 228, 984, n.
41.
7 « Somewhat purple.”
5 Spec. 2. Bent. Fl, Austral., i. 266.—
WALpP., Ann., vii. 437.
9 In Mém. Mus., vii. 450, t, 21, 22.—DC.,
Prodr., i, 489.—Turr., in Dict. Se, Nat., Ati.,
t. 141—Enpn., Gen. n. 5324.—H. BN. in
Adansonia, ii. 178 (Lasiopetalum) ; ix, 343.—
B. H., Gen. 227, 984, n. 37.—Leucothamnus
Linpu., Swan Riv. Bot. App., 19.—Rhyncho-
stemon SDEETZ, Pl. Preiss., ii, 333.— ? Aster-
ochiton Turcz., in Bull, Mose. (1852) ii. 138
(ex Benth.).
MALVACEÆ. 141
small or 0. Stamens 5-10; 5 sterile, small, alternipetalous or 0;
fertile anthers longitudinally rimose.’ Germen 3-5-locular ; cells?
2—-» -ovulate; style entire. Capsule loculicidal; seeds 1 or few,
ascending; embryo straight, albuminous ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous.
—Shrubs or undershrubs ; leaves nearly of Lasiopetalum, generally
lobed or incised; stipules small or oftener wide, resembling leaf;
flowers in false racemes, cymiferous, subterminal or lateral ; cymes
often laterally 1-parous, few flowered ; bracts and bractlets 2, often
forming a kind of epicalyx under flower (South and Western Australia’).
39. Hannafordia F. Murnu.'—Calyx campanulate, 5-fid, slightly
dilated after anthesis; lobes acute, externally elevate-3-5-ribbed.
Petals 5, shorter than calyx, lanceolate, often unequal, apex some-
times reflexed. Stamens l-adelphous at base; 5 fertile oppositi-
petalous ; cells elongated, parallel, extrorse, rimose ; staminodes 1-4,
longer, alternating, subpetaloid, subulate. Germen 3, 4-locular ; 2-4
ovules in each cell, ascending; micropyle extrorse inferior; style
entire, erect, stigmatiferous at apex. Capsule encircled by base of
calyx, oblong, thick, ligneous, loculicidal, 3, 4-valved. Seed ascending,
base furnished with laciniate (umbilical ?) aril; embryo straight ;
cotyledons thick; radicle inferior.—A stellate, tomentose shrub ;
leaves alternate, subcordate, undulate-sublobed, softly tomentose,
exstipulate ; flowers in leaf-opposed pedunculate few cymes, shortly 5-
bracteolate (Western Australia’).
40. Seringia J. Gay.’—Calyx campanulate, 5-fid at a greater or
less height, tomentose, scarcely dilated after anthesis (nor coloured).
Petals 0; stamens 5-10, 5 usually alternipetalous, more or less
1 Anthers often introrse in the bud, about
anthesis versatile; clefts afterwards extrorse,
Filaments in Leucothamnus, with very peri-
gynons insertion. Anther of Rhynchostemon
with connective produced beyond the cells,
rostrate.
2 Connate in plurilocular germen, or free to a
greater or less height.
3 Spec. ad 25. Laprin., Pl. Nowv.-Holl., i.
t. 88 (Lasiopetalum).— Hvxe., in Endl, Dec.
32.—Steup., in Pl. Preiss., i, 230.—STEETZ,
in Pl. Preiss., ii. 319.—Turcz., in Bull. Mose.
(1846), ii. 500 (1053), ii, 142.—Spacu, Suit.
à Buffon, iii. 497.—Lrnpu., Swan Riv, Bot.
App., 18.—F. MueEtu., Fragm., ii. 7; in Trans.
Phil. Soc. Vict., i. 35.—Brntu., Fl. Austral,
i. 248.—Watp., Rep., i. 336; ii. 795; v. 107;
Ann., i. 106; ii. 162; vii. 435.
4 Fragm., ii. 9.—B. H., Gen., 227, n. 38.
5 Spec. 1. H. quadrivalvis F. Muertu., loc.
cit—BENTH., Fl, Austral., i. 247,—WALP.,
Ann., 436.
6 In Mém. Mus., vii. 442, t. 16, 17.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 488.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5322,—B. H.,
Gen., 226, 984, n. 35.
142 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
squamiform or subpetaloid, sometimes connate at base; 5 oppo-
sitipetalous fertile; anthers longitudinally 2-rimose. Germen
5-locular ; ovules 2 or 3 in each cell {more rarely more); styles
connate or coalescing. Carpels distinct at maturity, shortly winged
above, back finally gaping; seeds arillate; embryo albuminous ;
cotyledons foliaceous.—Shrubs ;' leaves entire or dentate ; flowers in
much ramified terminal racemes of cymes (Sudtropical or Extra-
tropical Eastern Australia’).
41. Keraudrenia J. Gay. Flowers nearly of Seringia; calyx
finally membranous-dilated, coloured or transparent. Petals 0 or
very small, squamiform. Stamens of 7%omasia. Germen 3-5-locu-
lar; styles coherent at apices; ovules in each cell 3-0. Capsule
3—5-locular, membranous, villous or shortly setose, loculicidal, or
carpels finally distinct. Seeds arillate ; embryo albuminous, straight
or curved; cotyledons flat—Shrubs; habit and leaves of Zasio-
petalum (or Thomasia); stipules small, persistent. or very small;
flowers terminal, solitary, or in short cymes‘ (Madagascar,’ Extra-
tropical and Subtropical’ Australia).
VITRE AE eA:
42. Malva 'T.—F lowers hermaphrodite, regular; calyx 5-fid, val-
vate or subreduplicate. Petals 5, connate between themselves at base,
and with the staminal column, contorted. Stamens wo ; filaments
l-adelphous at base, column tubular, afterwards divided at apex;
anthers reniform, 1-locular, extrorsely rimose. Germen 8-locular ;
cells in a verticillate globe; 1 ovule in each cell adscendent ; micro-
1 Habit often of Commersonia, hence also eon-
necting Buettneriea with Lasiopetale.
2 Spec. 1. S. platyphylla J. Gay, loc. cit.—
Bentu., F1. Austral., i. 245 —Watp., Ann., vii.
n. 1.—Lasiopetalum arborescens Atv., Hort.
Kew., ed 2, ii. 36.
3 In Mém. Mus., vii. 461, t. 23.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 489.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5327.—B. H.,
Gen., 227, 984, n. 36.
4 «Gen. quoad anther. Seringiæ et Hanna-
Jordiæ acced., calyce fere Thomasie.” (B. H.,
Gen., 984.)
5 Spee. 1, flowers rather large, fruit hitherto
not described.
6 Spec. 6. STEUD., in Pl. Preiss., 1. 236.—
STEETZ, in Pl. Preiss., ii. 349 (Seringia).—F.
MuELx., Fragm., i. 28, 242; ii. 5; in Hook,
Journ., ix. 15 (Seringia).—Brntu., Fl. Aus-
tral., i, 245.—WALP., Ann., li. 164; vii. 434.
MALVACEÆ. 143
pyle extrorse inferior, or very rarely subtransverse or descendent ;
micropyle introrse superior (JJalvastrum) ; style branches equal in
number to cells, either filiform inwardly longitudinally stigmati-
ferous (Zumalva, Callirhoe), or truncate stigmatiferous, or clavate or
capitate (Malvastrum, Phyllanthophora) at apex. Mature carpels © in
depressed verticillate globe, shortly cylindrical, separating from short
cylindrical or conically prominent axis, indehiscent or more rarely 2-
valved, sometimes shortly spinose dorsally (Phyllanthophora), erostrate
(Zumalva), or more or less long rostrate; cavity of beak sometimes
separated into cells by horizontal processus (Callirhoe). Seeds ascen-
dent, reniform ; embryo exalbuminous or more rarely scarcely albu-
minous between the folds, curved ; cotyledons foliaceous, more or less
plicate or contortuplicate, more or less involving short inferior radicle,
folded.—Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at base; leaves alternate,
usually angular, lobed or dissected, sometimes cordate or partite ;
stipules 2-lateral ; flowers axillary, solitary, or in cymes, pedunculate
or subsessile ; cymes sometimes in terminal racemes ; pedicels rarely
petiolate, adnate to leaves of flowers (Phy/lanthophora) ; involucel
under flower of 3 bractlets (Awmalva), free, or more rarely 1, 2,
small (MJalvastrum), constant, sometimes 0 (4/ Temperate regions,
Warm America, Southern Africa). See p. 86.
43. Althea L'—Flowers nearly of Aalva; carpels ©, in a
depressed globe at maturity, rising above or equal to the short axis,
sometimes scarcely longer than conical axis (O/é7a’), or crowned with
variously dilated axis (Lavatera’), rarely membranous at margin
(Alcea‘), finally separating at axis, indehiscent; seed and other
characters of Malva.—Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes high
tomentose (Hwalthea), or more rarely shrubs or trees ; leaves angular,
lobed, or partite; flowers’ axillary, solitary, pedunculate, or in
1 L., Gen. n. 839,—ADANS., Fam. des Pl., 3 L., Gen. n. 839.—DC., Prodr., i. 438.—
ii. 400.—J., Gen. 272.—GÆRTN., Fruct., t. Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 337.—ENDL., Gen.
136,—LamK., Dict., iii. 58; Suppl, ii, 862; n. 5269.—B. H., Gen, 200, n. 5.—Stegia
Ill, t. 581—DC., Prodr., i. 436,—Spacx, Mancu, Meth., 609.—DC., Fl. Fr., iv. 583.
Suit. à Buffon, iii, 354.—ENDu., Gen., n. 5270.
—H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 282.—B. H.,
Gen., 200, n. 4 (inel.: Alcea L., Ferberia Scop.,
Lavatera L.).
2 Mepix., Walv., 41.—Savignonia WEBB,
Fl. Canar., 30, t. 13.—Navæa Wess, loc. cit.,
32, t. 1, c.
4 L., Gen., n. 840.—DC., Prodr., i. 437.—
Rercxe., Ze, Fl. Germ., v. 175.
5 White, pink, somewhat purple, or very rarely
pale yellow.
144 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
variously shaped terminal clusters, sometimes corymbiform ; invo-
lucel under flower 3-6-fid (Zavatera), or 6—-9-fid (Lualthea, Alcea),
encircling the base (Zemperate Regions of Old World, rarely Sub-
tropical, Canary Isles, Australia’).
44, Sidalcea À Gray.’*—Perianth nearly of Malva ; calyx 5-fid.
Stamens , apex of column double ; exterior in 5 phalanges, apex
4—~x -antheriferous ; interior divided into » filaments. Germen of
Malva ; cells: 5-10; style branches same in number, filiform, in-
wardly longitudinally stigmatiferous. Mature carpels membranous,
erostrate, indehiscent, separating from short axis. Seed ascendent
(of Malva).—A herb; habit of Aalva ; leaves sometimes lobed or
partite ; flowers ecalyculate,’ in spikes or terminal racemes ; pedicels
0 or short (Worth Western America’).
45. Napæa L.'—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Aalva) calyx 5-
dentate, valvate; apex of staminal column divided into » filaments.
Germen 8—10-locular, style branches equal in number, inwardly lon-
gitudinally stigmatiferous. Carpels 8-10 erostrate at maturity, in-
dehiscent or sub-2-valved, separating finally from short axis; seed
ascending (of JJalva).—Loftly perennial herbs, leaves alternate,
more or less deeply partite; flowers’ ecalyculate, in false fasciculate-
umbelliferous cymes at summit of branches; cymes in large much
ramified subcorymbose clusters (North America).
46. Sida L.*—Calyx 5-dentate or 5-fid. Corolla of Malva. Sta-
1 Spec. ad 30. Cav., Diss., ii., 94, 27-32.— 7 Spec. 1. N. scabra L., Syst., 750.— A.
Rercus., Ic. Fl. Germ., v. t. 172-178.— Gren.
& Gopr., Fl. de Fr., i, 292 (Lavatera), 294.—
Wazr., Rep., i. 290, 291 (Lavatera) ; ii. 788
(Lavatera); Ann., i. 98, 99; ii. 138; iv. 297;
vii. 383, 386 (Lavatera).
2 Plant. Fendler, 18; Gen, Iil., t. 120,—B,
H. Gen., 201, n. 8.
3 Pinkish-purple or white.
4 Spec. 8. Hoox. & Arn., Beech. Voy., Bot.,
t. 76 (Stda).— Bot. Reg. t. 1036 (Sida).—
Watp., Ann., ii. 150; iv. 309,
5 Gen., n. 838.—J., Gen., 273. — ENDL...
Gen., n. 5289 (part.)—B. H., Gen., 201, n. 9.
5 Small, white.
Gray, Gen. IU., t. 119.—Watp., Ann,, ii. 151.
—Sida dioica Cav., Diss., v. 278, t. 132, fig. 2.
DC., Prodr., i. 466, n, 89.
# Gen. n. 837.—ADANS., Fam, des PL, ii.
398.—J., Gen, 273—LamK., Dict, i. 3;
Suppl., 1, 2 (part.).—DC., Prodr., i. 450.—
SPACH, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 397.—ENpt., Gen.,
n. 5289.—DucHTRE, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 3, iv.
143.—Payer, Thèse Malvac., 17.—A. Gray,
Gen. Iil., t. 123.—B. H., Gen., 203, 982, n. 16.
—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat., 280.— Stevartia
Forst., Fl. Æq.-arab., 126.— Malvinda Mevix.,
Malv., 23 (ex ENDt,).
MALVACE 4. 145
mens ; apex of column divided into filaments. Germen 5-2 -locular;
1 ovule in each cell descending; micropyle introrse superior; style
branches equal in number to the cells, filiform or subclavate, stig-
matiferous truncate or capitate at apex. Mature carpels 5— 0, accompa-
nied by fructiferous calyx, sometimes accrescent patent membranous
(Heischeria’) finally separating from the axis, sometimes membranous
(Gaya’), erostrate or apex produced in rostra or erect connivent
prickles, indehiscent (Dictyocarpus'), or at apex 2-valved, bare
inwardly, sometimes dehiscing dorsally in 2 small valves, leaving the
internal dorsal ligule ascending from the base round the seed (Gaya) ;
seed descendent or sometimes subhorizontal.—Herbs, undershrubs
or shrubs ; indumentum often soft or tomentose ; leaves entire, angu-
lar, or lobed; flowers subsessile or oftener pedunculate, solitary or in
glomerules, axillary or in clusters, sometimes corymbiform, spikes or
terminal capitula; bractlets 0* (4// warm regions of the Globe’).
47. Bastardia H. B. K.'—Flowers nearly of Sida; germen
5-locular ; cells ovulate ; style branches same in number, apex capi-
tate stigmatiferous. Capsule depressed-globose erostrate, 5-sulcate,
loculicidal ; valves 5, septiferous at middle; seeds descending ;
micropyle introrse superior.—Undershrubs or tomentose herbs ;?
leaves cordate, entire, or crenulate ; flowers* axillary solitary, peduncu-
late ebracteolate (Zrop. America’).
1 SrEUD., in Pl. Preiss., i.
in Pl. Preiss., ii. 365.
2H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 266, t.
475, 476.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5290.—B. H., Gen.,
203, n. 15.
8 WiquT, in Madr. Journ, Sc. (ex Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 2, xi. 169).
4 Malvella Jaus. & SpacH., by us (se p.
90, note 2), referred to Malvastrum, A. GRAY
(sect. Malva) is, on the authority of B. H.
“Vera Sidæ species, bracteolis 2 in pedicello
minimis non obstantibus.” Ovules erect (SPACH),
and said to be suspended (B. H.). But we (in
Adansonia, x. 188) see the ovule to be some-
times ascending (micropyle extrorse inferior),
sometimes descending (micropyle introrse su-
perior), as the insertion of the style may be more
or less gynobasic. Sometimes ovules and seeds
become quite transverse. Finally we hold all
legitimate Sidas ecalyculate.
° Spec. ad 85. H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
v. 256, t. 473.—A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 49,
VOL. IV.
236.—STEETZ,
50; Fl. Bras, Mer., i. 173, t. 33-37, 38 (Gaya).
—Wreut, con, t. 98.—Mortic., Pl. Nour,
Amér., t. 24, 25.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 329.—
Harv. & Sonp., FU. Cup., i. 166.—Tuw., Ænum.
Pl. Zeyl., 27.—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 73.
—A, Gray, Pl. Fendler., 22.—SEEM., Fl. Vit.,
15.—Tr. & PL. in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii.
172.—BENTH., Fl. Austral., i. 191.—Mast., in
Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 178.—Bot. Mag., t.
2193, 2857.—Watp., Rep., i. 313, 321 (Gaya) ;
ii. 792; v. 93; Ann., i. 102; ii. 153; iv. 310 ;
vil. 392.
6 Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 254, t. 472.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5293 (part. excl. sect, Gayoides). —
Payer, Thèse Malvac., 19.—B. H., Gen, 203,
Dale
7 Habit of Sida.
8 Yellow.
9 Spec. 2. A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 194,
t. 39.—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 80.—TR.
& Pu, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 4, xvii. 186.—
Watp., Ann., vii. 295,
L
146° NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
48. Anoda Cav.'—Calyx 5-fid, and corolla of Sida ; apex of staminal
column divided into © filaments. Germen o-locular; 1 ascending
ovule-in each cell; micropyle introrse superior; style branches
equal in number to cells, filiform ; apex truncate stigmatiferous, not
thickened or capitate. Carpels , wide stellate-verticillate, eros-
trate, separating from axis at maturity ; laterally opened by disap-
pearance of septa; seed ascendent or subhorizontal, more rarely
subdescendent.—Glabrous or hispid herbs ;? leaves entire hastate-
3-lobed or rarely dissected; flowers’ pedunculate, axillary, soli-
tary, or in terminal racemes, involucel 0 (Warm America’).
49. Cristaria Cav..—Flowers nearly of <Axnoda, ecalyculate ;
carpels 0 membranous or coriaceous at maturity, apex produced in
double erect connivent wings, separating from the axis, dorsally
2-valved, laterally closed or more rarely opened by disappearance
of septa. Germen o locular; 1 ovule in each cell descendent
or subhorizontal; seeds and other characters of Anxoda.—Herbs
usually prostrate tomentose; leaves angular, lobed or dissected ;
flowers’ axillary, solitary, or in terminal racemes (South Lvtra- Trop.
America).
50. Hoheria A. Cunn.*—Calyx cyathiform, 5 dentate valvate.
Corolla of Sida. Staminal column 5-adelphous, apex finally divided
into o filaments. Germen 5-locular?; 1 descending ovule in
each cell; micropyle introrse superior ; style branches 5, filiform,
peltate stigmatiferous at apex. Carpels indehiscent, dorsal wing
longitudinally simply tufted, separating from axis at maturity; seed
descendent or rarely subhorizontal.—A subglabrous small tree ; leaves
1 Diss., 38, t. 10, fig. 3.—J., Gen., 273— ENDL., Gen., n. 5288.— Payer, These Malvac.,
DC., Prodr., i. 458.—ENDz, Gen., n. 5287.— 19.—B. H., Gen., 202, n. 14.
Payer, Thèse Malvac., 17.—A. Gray, Gen. 6 Usually violet,
Ill., t. 124.—B. H., Gen., 202, n. 13. 7 Spec. ad 20, A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp.,
© Habit of Malvee. Pot., i. 165,—Prest., Rel. Henk., ii. 119.—
3 Violet or yellow. Cay., Diss., i. t. 4, fig. 2—Lufr., Stirp., t. 57
* Spec. 7,8. RricnB., Ze. Hvot., t. 84—H, (Sida)—Puin., in Linnea, xxxiii, 28.— Bot,
B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec. v. 265.—C. Gay, Mag., t. 1673.—Wate., Rep. i. 313; Ann. i.
Fil. Chil., i, 314.—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind, 101; iv. 309; vii. 392.
78\—Tr. & Pr, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 8 In Ann. Nat. Hist., sér. 1. iii. 319 —
172.— Bot. Mag., t, 330.—Watr., Rep., i. 318; ENDL, Gen., n. 5312.—B. H., Gen., 202, n. 12.
ii. 791; Ann., iv. 310; vii. 391. —H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat., 283.
5 Jcon., v. 10, t. 418.—DC., Prodr., i, 458.— * Cells alternipetalous.
MALVACEA. 147
petiolate ; flowers' axillary in fasciculate cymes; pedicels 1-flowered,
articulate at middle (Vew Zealand’).
51. Palgianthus Forsr'—Calyx 5-dentate or 5-fid, sometimes
angular (Lawrencia'), valvate. Corolla (malvaceous) often small
connate with androceum at base. Stamens oo ; filaments connate at
base in tubular, or urceolate column finally free ; anthers (sometimes
sterile) stipitate or sessile, extrorse 1, 2-locular, rimose. Carpels (in
polygamous species, sometimes abortive) either solitary or 2 (Philipo-
dendron Asterotrichion'), sometimes 4, 5 (Lawrencia, Blepharanthe-
mum’), more rarely oo (Hoherianthus*); ovules (sometimes aborting)
solitary in each germen, descending ; micropyle introrse superior ;*
styles same in number, apex stigmatiferous filiform, or variously
thickened, sometimes clavate or subcapitate, upper part inwardly
longitudinally papillose. Carpels 1, 2, or 3- finally separating
from axis, erostrate, siccate, indehiscent, or sometimes irregularly
torn, 1-spermous.—Small trees or usually shrubs, rarely herbs ;
leaves much varied in form entire or sinuate, angular, rarely lobed ;
flowers" solitary or in cymes ; cymes axillary, with or without bracts,
sometimes few in axillary racemes, more rarely (Lawrencia) im
spikes, sometimes long terminal, bracteate (Australia and New
Zealand").
52. Abutilon T."—Calyx 5-fid, valvate. Corolla of J/alvea
1 White. Hook. Fr. (2. N.-Zel., 1, 31, t. 11). A species
2 Spee. 1. H. populnea A. Cunn., loc. cil.— of Plagianthus, flowers œ-gynous. E
Hoox., Zcon., t. 565, 566.—A. Gray, Amer. 3 Coat double.
Expl. Exp, Bot, i. 180.—H. angustifolia 10 Small, usually whitish, sometimes greenish.
Raout, Ch. de Pl. N.-Zél., 48, t. 26.—Hoox. N Spec. about 10. Bonpt., Malmais., t. 2
Ki, ANS Zl, 1. 305 (Sida).—G. Don, Gen. Syst., i, 501 (Abutilon).
3 Char. Gen., 85, t. 48.—DC., Prodr., i. 477. —Linpx., in Bot. Reg., (1838), Misc, 22.—
Enpu., Gen. n. 5311.—Payer, Organog, Nes, in Pl. Preiss., i, 242 (Lawrencia),—
47,t. 7.—B. H., Gen., 202, 982, n. 11.—H. Hoox. #., Fl, Tasm.,i. 48 (Laurencia) ; Handb.
By., in Payer Fam, Nat., 284.—LEM. & Done, N.-Zeal. F1, 29,—BeEntH., in Jowrn, Linn.
Tr. Gén., 348.—Gynatric ALEF., in Œstr. Bot. Soe., vi. 101; Fl. Austral., i, 187.—F. MUELL.,
Zeit. (1862), 33 (ex Wazr., Ann., vii. 394). Pl. Vict., i. 162.—-Bot. Mag., t: 2753, 3306
4 Hoox., Icon., t. 261, 417.—Wrencelia A. (Sida).—Watp., Rep., ii. 789; v. 89 (Lau-
Gray, Amer, Expl. Exr., Bot., 180, not. rencia) ; vii. 390.
5 Porr., in Ann, Se, Nat., sér. 2, viii. 183, t. 3. 2 Inst., 99 (part.).—GærTN., Fruct., ii. 251,
—ENDL., Gen., n.5358.—H, BN., in Adansonia, t.185.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5292.—DuCHTRE, in
ii. 179; in Payer Fam. Nat., 284.—Halotham- Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 3, iv., 187.—Payer, These
nus F, Murtt., Pl. Vict., i. 158. Malvac., 4, 23.—A. Gray, Gen, Iil., t. 125.—
5 Ku, in Link,, Kl. et Ott. Ic. Pl., 19, t. 8. B. H., Gen., 204, 982, n. 21.—H. By., in
7 Ku., Loc. cit., 20. Payer Fam. Nat. 280.—Abutilea ¥. MUELL.,
8 The type of this section is Hoheria Lyallii in Linnea, xxv. 379.
iy
~
148 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Stamens ; column divided into filaments at apex. Germen 5-« -
locular ; cells verticillate, 3-8-ovulate ; style branches equal in number
to the cells, filiform or shortly decurrent-clavate, stigmatiferous at
apex (Sidabutilon'). Carpels 3-8, coalescing at base when mature
or quite separating, sometimes membranous-dilated, apex rotund,
long dependent from central column (by means of a free nerve)
(Gayoides’), upper part rotund divergent-rostrate, 2-valved, interior
naked ; seeds 1—m, subreniform often oblique ; superior ascendent ;
inferior, horizontal, or oftener descendent.—Herbs, shrubs, or more
rarely trees; tomentum usually soft; leaves generally cordate, angular,
or lobed, rarely narrow ; flowers usually axillary, without epicalyx
(AU warm regions’). See p. 91.
53? Wissadula Mupix.‘'—Flowers of Adutilon; ovary cells 5; ovules
1-4; style branches same in number, capitate stigmatiferous at apex.
Fruit (truncate at apex), carpels 5, membranous at maturity ; apex
extrorse angular, or rostrate (rostra divergent) by transverse la-
melle or ribs more or less septate within, dehiscing in two valves;
upper part of carpel sometimes aspermous. Seeds 1-4, of which 1,
2 in lower part of cells are descendent, and 1, 2 or more rarely 0
in upper part ascendent.—Shrubs, usually tomentose ; leaves cordate,
entire or dentate; flowers’ axillary or in racemes at summit of
branches (rarely subspikes), sometimes interrupted, simple or rami-
fied, ecalyculate; peduncles 1-2 -flowered® (Zrop. America, Asia and
Africa’).
1 Species including a few S. American, es- 4860, 4463 (Sida)—Watp., Rep., i. 322; ii.
pecially Sida vitifolia Cay., which is A, viti-
folium Linpu. [ Bot. Reg. (1844), t. 57.]
? Enpx., Gen. n. 5293 b (sect. Bastardia),—
Gayopsis A. Gray, Gen. Iil., ii. 167, t, 126.—
Beloere SHUTT., in Pl. Rueg. exs.
3 Spee, ad 70, H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
v. 256, t. 473.—DC., Prodr., i. 467 (Sida).—
A.S. H., Pl, Us. Bras., t. 51; Fl. Bras. Mer.,
i. t. 39 (Bastardia), 196, t. 40-42.—WieHt,
Icon,, t. 12, 68.—Guittem. & PeErRR., Fl. Sen.
Tent., i. 14.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 330.—HaARY,
& Sonv., Fl. Cap., i. 168.—Grises., À, Brit.
W.-Ind., 77.—A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 67.—
Tr. & Px., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii, 182.
—BENTH., Fl. Austral. i. 191.—Mast., in
Oliv. Fl, Trop. Afr,, i, 183.— Bot. Mag., t.
2759, 2821, 3150, 3840, 3892, 4134, 4170, 4227,
793 ; v. 95; Ann., i. 104; ii. 157; iv. 313; vii.
392.
4 Malv., 25.—Prest, Relig. Henk., ii. 117,
t. 69.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5295.— Payer, Thèse
Malvac., 5, 6, 22.—B, H., Gen, 204, n.
20.
5 Rather small, yellow.
5 A genus scarcely distinct from the Abutilons
with transverse carpels; much better as a sec-
tion of them.
7 Spec. ad 5. Cav., Diss., i. t. 5, fig. 1, 2.—
Lnér., Slirp., t. 58 (Sida).—Turcz., in Bull.
Mose. (1858), i. 102.—Gnisrs., Fl, Brit. W.-
Ind., 77 (Side sect. Wissida).—Tuw., Enum.
Pl, Zeyl., 27.—Tr. & Pt, in Ann. Se, Nat.,
sér. 4, xvii. 186.—Watp., Rep., i, 327; Ann.,
vii, 395,
MALVACEÆ. 149
54. Sphæralcea A. S. H.'— Flowers nearly of Adutilon ; ovary
cells ©, 2_3-ovulate; disk hypogynous, sometimes smooth, 5-lobed
(Meliphleæ). Carpels , apex rotund, truncate, muticous, or dorsally
angulate, or 2-bristled, separating from axis at maturity, 2-valved.
—Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs (habit of J/a/va and Malvastrum) ;
leaves usually angular or lobed ; flowers’ axillary or in spikes, or termi-
nal racemes ; pedicels long, or oftener very short almost wanting,
solitary or fasciculate-cymose ; bractlets 3, sometimes more or less
shortly connate into involucel under flower (Anisodontea, Meliphlea’),
or oftener free (Warm America, South Australia),
55. Modiola Mancu.'—Flowers of Abutilon (or Sphæralcea), style
branches © (equal in number to cells), filiform, apex capitate stig-
matiferous. Carpels o ; dorsally 2-bristled, 2-valved inwardly be-
tween seeds, transversely septate, separating from axis at maturity ;
seeds reniform; other characters of Spheralcea—A herb throwing
out prostrate roots at base; leaves partite ; flowers’ axillary, pedun-
culate,® bractlets 3, free under flower (America and South Africa’).
56. Howittia F. Munii."—Calyx 5-fid, valvate. Corolla of M/a/va.
Stamens » (of Sida). Staminal column divided into filaments at apex.
Germen 3-locular ; ovules in each cell 2, collaterally ascending ; style
branches 3, apex capitate stigmatiferous. Capsule" depressed-globose
muticous, loculicidal; valves 3, inwardly septiferous at middle; seeds
ascendent ; cotyledons 3-fid.—A sarmentose stellate tomentose shrub ;
flowers" axillary solitary pedunculate, ebracteolate (dustralia’).
1 Pl. Us. Brasil., t. 52.—DC., Prodr., i. 435.
—Expz. Gen., n. 5272.— Payer, Thèse Mal-
vac., 5, 23.—A Gray, Gen. Il, t. 69.—B. H.,
Gen., 204, n. 22, — Spheroma Scurry, in
Linnea, xi. 352.—Phymosia DESVX., in ham.
Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ., 49.
3 Zucc., in Abh. Ak. Mun., ii. 359, t. 9.
3 Red, carnation or violet.
4 Prest, Bot. Bem., 18.—Sphæroma Hary.,
Fl. Cap., i. 166.
5 Spec. ad 25, quar. 4 capens.—Jacq., Hort.
Schœnbr., t. 293 (Malva).—Cav., Diss., ii. t. 16,
fig. 1,t.20, fig. 1; Ic.,t.95 (Malva).—A. S. H., #7.
Bras, Mer., i, 209.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii,
357.—Hary. & Sonn., Fl. Cap., i. 165.— Bot.
Mag.,t. 2544, 2787, 2839 (Malva).—Watp., Rep.,
i, 296; ii. 789 ; Ann., i. 100; ii. 140; vii. 397.
5 Meth., 620.—DU., Prodr., i. 435.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5273,— PAYER, Thèse Malvac., 6, 22,
—B. H., Gen. 205, n. 23.—A. Gray, Gen.
IU., t. 128.—Haynea Reicus., Consp., 202.
7 Small, red.
8 Perhaps better as a section of Sphæralcea,
if distinguished from Abutilon or Wissadula
with septate carpels ?
9 Spec. 1 (?) IL caroliniana—M. multifida
Menon, loc. cit—A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i.
210, t. 43.—Watp., Rep., i. 296.—Malva caro-
liniana L., Spec., 969.
10 In Hook. Journ., viii. 9; Pl. Vict., i, 167,
t. 4.—B. H., Gen., 203, n. 18.
N Nearly as in Hibiscus Bombycellis, but
habit of plant and androceum quite of Sida.
2 Somewhat purple.
18 Spec. 1. H. trilocularis K. MuEzx., loc.
cit—BENTH., Fl, Austral., i. 198.—Watp.,
Ann., vii. 399.
150 NATURAL HISTORY OF PIANTS.
57. Kydia Roxs.'— Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-
dicecious. Calyx 5-fid, valvate. Corolla rather short (malvaceous).
Stamens © ; apex of column divided into 5 branches ; anthers
(barren in female flowers, shortly stipitate) at apex of each branchiet
2-10, sessile globose-capitate, 1-locular, wide 2-valved. Germen 2,
3-locular ; ovules in each cell 2, ascending; micropyle extrorse in-
ferior; style branches 2, 8, apex stigmatiferous dilated or wide
peltate (in male flowers short placed on the abortive germen). Capsule
depressed-globose muticous loculicidal ; seeds ascending, reniform
wingless ; embryo ?—Trees thinly stellate-tomentose ; leaves alter-
nate, entire or lobed, digitinerved ; flowers in large much ramified
cymiferous racemes ; bractlets 4-6, foliaceous, patent under fruit
(Lastern India’).
IX. MALOPE.
58. Malope L.—Calyx 5-fid, valvate, contorted corolla, and
stamens of Aalva. Carpels ©, inserted on the convex receptacle,
distinct. Germen in each 1-locular ; style filiform, inwardly longitudi-
nally stigmatiferous. One ovule in each germen inwardly inserted
above the base, ascendent ; micropyle extrorse inferior. Achenes ©,
distinct, irregularly inserted on the globose receptacle, multiplicate
capitate-congested in fruit, finally deciduous, indehiscent; seed
ascendent (of A/a/va).—Annual herbs; leaves alternate stipulate,
entire or 3-fid, glabrous or pilose ; flowers pedunculate ; bractlets
3, large cordate, distinct, in verticillate involucel (sometimes
wide membranous) under flower (A/editerranean region). See p. 91.
99. Kitaibelia W.'—Flowers 5-merous (of Afalope); styles
filiform, apex inwardly stigmatiferous. Carpels «,° finally congested
1 Pl. Coromand., iii. 11, t.215, 216.—Spacn, 3 Spec. 2(?). Wieut & ARN., Prodr., i. 69.
Suit. à Buffon, iii. 456.—DC., Prodr., i.500. —Wient, Icon., t. 879-881.—Tuw., En. Pl.
—ENDL., Gen., n. 5853.—B. H., Gen., 203, n. Zeyl,, 30.
19, 4 In Neue Schr. Nat. Fr. Berl., ii. 107.—
2 “Gen. ab auctt. Buettneriaceis adscit.; DC., Prodr., i. 436.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5268.—
sed antheræ ...omnino Side, Bracteole et B.H., Gen., 200, n. 2.
capsula tere Âibiscearum, sed column. stam, 5 Concerning the evolutions of which see
Abutilearum, inter quas Howittie accedit.” (B. Paver, Organog., 34, t. 8. Styles filiform, bran-
H., loc. cit.). ches inwardly stigmatiferous at apex.
MALVACEZ. 151
in capitule, the greater part aborting at maturity ; a few accrescent,
scarcely separating from axis, dorsally dehiscing in 2 valves. Seed
adscendent (of J/a/ope).—Lofty perennial herbs; leaves angular ;
flowers’ axillary solitary or o, pedunculate, encircled at base by
involucel 6—9-fid, lorger than calyx (South bank of Danube’).
60. Palava Cav.'—Flowers of Kitaibelia ; styles filiform, apex
swollen stigmatiferous; mature carpels «% (of MJalope), indehiscent
separating from receptacle.—Glabrous or tomentose herbs ; leaves
usually lobed or dissected, flowers‘ ecalyculate axillary, solitary,
pedunculate (Chili, Peru’).
X. URENEZÆ.
61. Urena L.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx 5-fid or 5-dentate,
valvate. Corolla (of d/alvee) and stamens (very rarely aborting
5-10); column below apex truncate or 5-dentate, filaments shortly
or very shortly exserted; anthers reniform, 1-locular, extrorsely
rimose. Germen 5-locular; cells oppositipelatous; 1 ovule, ascen-
dent; micropyle extrorse inferior; style branches 10 (of which 5
alternate with the cells), capitellate stigmatiferous at apex. Mature
carpels separating from short axis at maturity, smooth, reticulate or
externally echinulate or aristate, sometimes muricate, or glochidiate
(Zvurena), more rarely membranous-2-winged, or coriaceous, and
outwardly mucilaginous (Zopinia), either indehiscent (Zebretonia,
Evurena), or dehiscent 2-valved ; seed ascendent (of d/alvee).—
Shrubs, undershrubs or herbs, glabrescent, tomentose or hispid ;
leaves often angular or lobed; flowers sessile or more or less long-
pedunculate, sometimes at apex of branches capitate-congested or
glomerulate bractlets 5-20, free or connate among themselves at
base, and also with tube of calyx in verticillate involucel under
flower (4/7 the warm regions of the Globe). See p. 94.
1 Handsome, white or pink.
2 Spee. 1. K. vitifolia W., loc. cit, —
Wazpsr. & Kirain., Pl. Rar. Hung., i. 29, t. 3.
—Reicue., Ic. Fl. Germ., v., t. 165.—WALP.,
Rep., i. 290.
3 Diss., 40, t. 11, figs. 4, 5.—Sav., in Lemk.
Dict., iv. 695; Ill, t. 577.—DC., Prodr., i.
458.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5266.—PayeEr, Thèse
Malvac., 16.—BENTH., in Journ. Linn. Soc.,
vi. 101—B. H., Gen., 200, n. 3.—Palavia
Mencu, Meth., 609.
4 Purple.
5 Spee. 2, 3, Lufirrr., Stirp., t. 50 (Malope).
—Lamx., Jil., t. 577.— Bot. Mag., t. 3100.—
Bot. Reg., t. 1875,—Watp., Rep., i. 190.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
62. Pavonia Cav.'—Calyx 5-fid, 5-dentate, valvate. Corolla (of
Malvee’) connate at base with stamina] column, truncate at apex or
5-dentate, bearing filaments outwardly and below; anthers of
Malvee* Germen 5-locular; cells alternipetalous (or sometimes
oppositipetalous) ; ovule 1 (of Urena) ; style branches 10 (placed as
in Urena), apex capitellate stigmatiferous. Carpels 5, separating
from axis at maturity, apex rotund or truncate, naked at back ;
cocci sometimes externally covered with mucilage (Lopimia’) ;
1-3-aristate, naked at back, 1-3-aristate or 1-3-rostrate, sometimes
reticulate or echinulate, sometimes but more rarely membranous-2-
winged indehiscent (Leéretonia’) or more or less high 2-valved (Astero-
chlena’); seeds ascendent.—Shrubs, undershrubs or herbs, glabrescent
or oftener tomentose or hispid; leaves usually angular or lobed ;
flowers* pedunculate, sometimes at apices of branchlets shortly race-
mose or capitate-congested ; bractlets under flower 5, or ™,’ some-
times distinct, sometimes connate between themselves at base and
with base of calyx” (4/7 warm regions of the Globe").
63? Malachra L.®—Flowers nearly of Urena; calyx 5-fid or 5-
1 Diss., iii. 132, t, 45-47, 49.— Lamx., Dict ,
v. 102; Suppl., iv. 334; ZI, t. 585.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 442.— Enpt., Gen., n. 5275 (part.).—
SPACH, Suit. à Buffon, iii, 363.—PAYER, Thèse
Malvac., 21; Organog., 38, t. 7.—H. BN., in
Adansonia, ii. 176; in Payer Fam. Nat., 281.
—A. Dickson, in Adansonia, iv. 208, t. 6.—
A. Gray, Gen. Til., t. 130.—B. H., Gen., 205,
n. 26.—Thorntonia REICHB., Consp., 202.—
Diplopenta AxEr., in (str, Bot. z. Schr.
(1863), 10.
2 Sometimes subaborted, subclosed.
3 In P. hastata Cay., we sometimes sec
flowers at every age 5-androus; staminal leaves
simple to the end, while in normal flowers they
finally become compound or lobate, that is poly-
androus (see Adansonia, ii. 176). For a plant
(nearly the same) see F. Muezzer (in Hook.
Journ. viii. 8) under the generic name of Gree-
vesia (BENTH., Fl. Austral., i. 207.—WALP.,
Ann., vii. 400).
$ Ners & Marv., in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xi.
t. 96,—DC., Prodr., i. 459.
5 Not as in Urena, glochidate.
5 SCHRANCK, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac., t. 90.—
DC., Prodr., i. 446.
7 GancKe, in Bot. Zeit. (1850), 666.
$ White, pale yellow, golden, reddish, pink,
somewhat purple or violet.
9 In sect. Lopimia,
10 “Gen, Urene et Malvavisco arcte aff., in
sect, (pot. quam gen.) plures dividend., Botan.
system. sedulo commendatur.” (B. H., Ge.
206.) Sect. ex Enpu., 3 scil.: 1. Eupavonia
(Pavonia Nees & Manr.); cocci dry muticous
or aristate at apex 2-valved incl.: Typhalea
(DC.), Malache (TrEW), Malvaviscoides (Ano-
tea DC.); 2, Lopimia (NEES); 3, Lebretonia
(ScuRr.),
1 Spec. ad 70, H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
v. 279, t. 477.—A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 53;
Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 210, t. 44-47.—Watt., Pl.
As. Rar., i. 23, t. 26 (Urena).—REIcuB., Ie.
Exot., t. 203, 215, 227.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i.
307.—Moric., Pl. Nouv. Amér., t. 72-75.—
A. Ricu., Fl. Cub., t.13.—Tuw., Enum. Pl.
Zeyl., 26—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 81.—
Tr. & Pu, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 159.—
Mast., in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr., i, 189.—Haky.
& Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 169.—BENTH., Fl. Aus-
tral. i. 207.— Bot. Reg., t. 339.—Bot. Mag.,
t. 3692 (Lebretonia), 4365 (Lopimia).—Watr.,
Rep., i. 297; ii. 789; v. 90; Ann., i. 100; ii.
140 ; iv. 303; vii. 399.
12 Mantiss., n.1266.—J., Gen., 272.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 440,—ENDL., Gen., n. 5292.— PAYER,
These Malvac., 20,—A. Gray, Gen, IU., t. 129.
—B. H., Gen., 205, n. 24.
MALVACEÆ. 153
dentate. Carpels 5, separating from axis at maturity, obovoid,
membranous or coriaceous, indehiscent, or slightly dehiscent at
inner angle; seeds reniform ascending, and other characters of
Urena.—Hispid herbs’; leaves angular or lobed; flowers’ con-
gested in dense capitula axillary or terminal, bracts foliaceous, in-
volucrate ; bractlets unequal sometimes foliaceous irregularly mingled
with flowers or 0? (Warm America’).
64? Goethea Ners & Marr.—Flowers nearly of Urena ; calyx
5-fid, valvate or subreduplicate and petals short. Stamens « ;
apex of column 5-dentate, filament exserted below apex. Germen
and style (10-branched) of Urena ; cells 5, alternipetalous. Carpels
5, separating from axis at maturity, apex rotund muticous, indehis-
cent; seeds ascending, micropyle introrse inferior. Other characters
of Urena.—Shrubs ; leaves entire or remote and unequally dentate ;
flowers’ axillary solitary or very often growing from woody stems
(showing cicatrices of long-since fallen leaves) cymose; bractlets 5
oppositisepalous, or 4—6, large including coloured calyx® (Brazil).
?
65. Malvaviscus Dizz.®—Calyx 5-fid, valvate. Corolla and
stamens of Urena; staminal column truncate below apex, filaments
æ exserted. Germen 5-locular; cells oppositipetalous, 1-ovulate ;
style branches 10 (of which 5, alternate with the lobes), apex capi-
tellate stigmatiferous. Fruit subglobose baccate; carpels finally
separating from axis, indehiscent ; ascendent seed, and other charac-
ters of Urena.—Small trees, or shrubs, sometimes hispid; leaves
5 Often red.
$ A genus differing from Urena sect. Pavonia
only in the proportion and inflorescence of its
Whitish or pale yellow.
Genus better as a section of Urena. (?)
3 Spec. about 5 (of which 2 have been intro-
1
2
duced into the warm regions of the Old World,
and are widely dispersed there). Cav., Diss., ii. t.
33, fig. 2.—Jacg., Ic. Rar. t. 548, 549.—
DC., Pl. Rar. Jard. Gen., iv. t. 5.—A.S. H.,
F1. Bras. Mer., i. 216.—TR. & Pt, in Ann, Se.
Vat., sér. 4, xvii. 180.—Turcz., in Bull. Mose.
(1858), i. 205.— Bot. Reg., t. 467.—WatpP.,
Rep., i. 322; v.95; Ann., i. 104; ii. 156; vii. 398,
4 In Nov, Act. Nat. Cur., xi. 91, t. 8 (nec
7).—DC., Prodr., i.501.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5275
d.—Ganrckr, in Bonplandia, ix. 18.—B. H.,
Gen., 206, n. 27.—Schouwia ScuRAD., in Gœtt,
Gel. Anzeig. (1821), 717 (ex ENDt.).
perianth and in its inflato-vesicular involucel.
7 Spec. 3. Bot. Mag., t. 4677.—Watr., Ann.,
iv. 303 ; vii. 401,
8 Elth., 210, t. 170, fig. 208.—Cav., Diss.,
iii. 131, t. 48, fig. 1 (nec Garrn.).—DC.,
Prodr., i. 445.— Env, Gen. n. 5278—
Payer, T'hèse Malvac., 7, 20; Organog., 36, t.
6.—H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 281.—A.
Gray, Gen. Ill., t. 181.—B. H., Gen., 206, n.
28.—Achania Sw., Prodr., 102; Fl. Ind. Oce.,
1222
oon.
154 NATURAL ITISTORY OF PLANTS.
entire, dentate or angular-lobed; flowers' usually pedunculate ;
bractlets ©, in verticillate involucel under flower (Zrop. and Sub-
trop. America’).
XI. HIBISCEÆ.
66. Hibiscus L.— Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle convex.
Calyx 5-dentate or 5-fid, sometimes membranous or vesiculate-in-
flated (Zrionum), valvate or reduplicate-valvate, sometimes cut like
a spathe and base finally circumeissile (Ade/moschus). Corolla and
stamens of Aalveæ: staminal column below apex 5-dentate or
truncate (rarely antheriferous) filaments o, with subreniform
anthers, extrorse 1-locular, l-rimose, exserted. Germen 5-locular ;
cells alternipetalous; ovules in internal angle , more rarely 2
(Senra), or 3,4; style branches 5, patent or more rarely suberect or
erect-connate, either very short, or longer thickened, apex capitate
stigmatiferous or subspathulate. Capsule loculicidal 5-valved ; en-
docarp, sometimes membranous separating (Lagunaria), or with false
dissepiment torn in dehiscence exserted within cells (Paritium,
Bombycodendron). Seeds reniform or subglobose, rarely obovoid,
glabrous or more or less tomentose or pilose, sometimes more or less
involute in cottonous wool (Bombycella) ; albumen small or 0.—Herbs,
undershrubs, shrubs or trees, glabrous, tomentose or hispid ; leaves
varied, sometimes partite, stipulate; flowers solitary or cymose.
Bractlets under flower o, entire (Ae/mia), sometimes at apex
furcate or foliaceous-appendiculate (Fwrcaria), free or coalescing at
base (Paritium), more rarely 3, sometimes large cordate, finally
membranous (Sera), or minute setaceous, scarcely to be seen or
quite wanting (Lagunea, Lagunaria) (AU Tropical and Extra-tropical
regions of the Globe). See p. 95.
67. Gossypium L.’—Flowers nearly of Hibiscus ; calyx truncate
1 Petals erect, connivent or upper part patent, & PL. in Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 268.—
red. Bot. Reg, t. 11 (Achania).—Bot. Mag. t.
2 Spec. ad 6. A, Ricx., Fl. Cub., t. 14.— 2305, 2374.— Watp., Rep., i. 307; v. 92; Ann.,
H. B. K., Nov. Gen, et Spec., v. 287.—GRISEB., iv. 307 ; vii, 401.
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 83.—Turcz., in Bull. Mose. 3 Gen. n. 845.—ADANS., Fam. des PI. ii.
(1858), i. 190.—Srem., Bot. Her., 82.—Tr. 401.—J., Gen., 274.—GÆRIN., Fruct., ii. 246,
MALVACEÆ. 155
or obtuse 5-dentate, or shortly 5-fid, usually black-punctate.
Corolla of //ibiscus. Stamens & ; column below apex naked or more
generally antheriferous, much more rarely with filaments exserted ;
authers reniform, l-locular. Germen 3—5-locular; cells &-ovulate ;
apex of style clavate, 3-5-sulcate or costate, 3-5-stigmatiferous.
Capsule loculicidal 3-5-valved ; seeds densely or more rarely scantily
(Sturtia,’ Thurberia’) woolly ; embryo scantily albuminous, cotyle-
dons foliaccous much folded, usually black-punctate, auriculate base
involving straight radicle-—Tall herbs or more rarely subarborescent
shrubs; leaves entire, or oftener 3—9-lobed or 3-partite ; flowers’
pedunculate axillary or terminal; bracts under flower 3, cordate,
usually large, sometimes narrow, more pointed (Sfurtia), rarely
entire, dentate or incised (4/7 warm regions of Globe’). See p. 99.
68? Thespesia Corr.®— Flowers nearly of Gossypium (or Hibiscus) ;
calyx truncate, minute or setaceo-dentate, more rarely 5-fid, valvate.
Stamens «©; column below apex dentate or filaments exserted the
whole length from apex. Germen 5-locular ; cells pauciovulate ; style
at apex clavate, either 5-sulcate, or divided into 5-branches, short erect
clavate stigmatiferous. Capsule ligneous-coriaceous, subglobose or
more or less elongated, loculicidal 5-valved, or with difficulty tardily
dehiscing ; seeds glabrous or more or less woolly; embryo of
Gossypium.—Trees or tall herbs; leaves stipulate, entire or angular-
t. 134.—Lamx., Dict., ii. 183 ; Suppl., ii. 368;
Il, t. 586.—DC., Prodr., i. 456.—Spacn,
Suit. à Buffon, iii. 388.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5286.
—Payer, Thèse Malvac., 24, — B. H., Gen.
209, 982, n. 39.—H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat.,
281.—Topar., Obs. s. Tal. Spec. di Cot., 17.—
Xylon T., Inst., 101, t. 27.
1R. Br. App., Sturt Exped., 5.—Topar,
loc. cit., 18.
2A, Gray, Pl. Thurber., in Mem. Am.
Acad., v. 308.—B, H., Gen., 209, 982. n. 38.—
Torr., Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv., t. 6.— ? In-
genhousia Mog. & Sxss., in DC, Prodr., 1. 474
(ex B. H., Loc. cit.).
3 White, pink or purple, more often bright
* yellow, rather large handsome.
4 Oftener black spotted like calyx and coty-
ledons.
5 Spec, 4 (ex B. H.), 7 [ex PARL., Spee. d.
Cot. Fir. (1866), c. ic.], 43, of which 9 are un-
certain (ex Topar., op. cit.). Cav., Diss., vi. t.
164, 166-169, 193.—A. 8S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer.,
i. 254.—Wieut, LU. t. 27, 28 C; Ic., t. 9-11.
—Royz., Ill. Himal., t. 23.—Reicus., Ic. Fl.
Germ., v. t. 180.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 309.—
Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 210.—H. Bn.,
in Adansonia, x. 174. —Brntu., Fl. Austral., i.
222.—GrisEB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 85.—SBEM.,
Fl. Vit., 19.—Tr. & Pu., in Ann, Se. Nat. sér.
4, xvii, 170.—Watp., Rep. i. 312; v. 93:
Ann., ii. 149; iv. 307 (Lhurberia), 309; vii.
409,
6 In Ann. Mus., ix. 290, t. 8, fig. 2.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 455.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5284.— PAYER,
These Malvac., 21.—B. H., Gen., 208, n. 37.
Malvaviscus GÆRTN., Fruct., ii. 253, t. 135
(nec Ditn.).—Tiparium GARCKE, in Bot. Zeit.
(1849), 824,.—Azanza ALEF,, in Bot. Zeit.
(1861), 297 (nee DC.).
156 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lobed ; flowers' pedunculate axillary; bractlets under flower 3-5,
small or deciduous* (Zrop. Asia, Malaysia, Pac. Arch).
69? Fugosia J.‘—Flowers nearly of Gossypium (or Hibiscus) ;
calyx 5-fid, valvate. Staminal column dentate below apex, truncate
antheriferous, filaments o exserted. Germen 3, 4-locular; cells few
or o-ovolate; style clavate at apex 3, 4-sulcate or divided into 3,
4 short branches erect clavate stigmatiferous. Capsule loculicidal 8,
4-valved ; seeds subglobose, generally pubescent or woolly ; embryo
scantily albuminous ; cotyledons 2, 3-plicate, base auriculate involving
short radicle.—Shrubs or undershrubs;° leaves entire, lobed or
more rarely partite; flowers’ generally solitary axillary pedun-
culate; bractlets under flower 3-w, generally small or deciduous,
sometimes dentiform’ (Warm America, Trop. Africa, Australia’).
70? Kosteletzkya Presi.'—Flowers nearly of //idiscus ; filaments
of staminal column o, exserted below entire or 5-dentate apex.
Germen 5-locular; ovules solitary in cells ascending ; micropyle ex-
trose inferior; style branches 5, apex stigmatiferous capitate or
sometimes dilated. Capsule depressed, prominently 5-angled, locu-
licidal ; seeds solitary reniform ascending ; other characters of
Hibiscus—Shrubs or herbs, usually hispid or scabrous ; leaves some-
times sagittate or angular-lobed ; flowers” solitary or more numerous
1 Handsome, generally bright yellow.
2 A genus closely related to Gossypium, thence
to Paritium among the Hibisci, and rather to
be considered a section of those, more frequently
distinguished by the character of style and
seed (see GAROKE, loc. cit.).
3 Spee. 5, 6. WiGuT, Icon, t. 5, 8.—SEEM.
Fl. Vit., 18.—Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 27.—
Bentu., Fl. Austral., i, 221.—Mast., in Oliv.
Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 209,—WatP., Rep., i. 812
(part.).
4 Gen., 274.—DC., Prodr., i. 457.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5279.— Payer, Thèse Malvac,, 24.—
B. H., Gen., 208, 439, 982, n. 36.— Cienfugosia
Cav., Diss., 174, t. 72, fig. 2.—GARCKE, in
Bonplandia, viii, 148.—Cienfuegia W., Spec.
PI. iii. 723.—Redoulea VENT., Jard. Cels.,
t. 11. — ? Bombycospermum Prest, el.
Henk., ii. 137, t. 71.—Elidurandia Bucxt.,
in Proceed. Amer, Acad. (1861), 450 (ex A
Gray).
5 Habit of Hibiscus.
5 Handsome, generally bright yellow.
7 Better perhaps as one genus with Thespesia
and Hibiscus ?
5 Spec. 10-12, A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i.
251, t. 49, 50.—Bzntu., Fl. Austral., i. 219.
Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 208.—
Bot, Mag., t. 4218, 4261.—Watp., Rep. i.
307; v. 92; Ann., iv. 308; vii. 408, 409 (Hli-
durandia),
9 Rel. Henk., ii, 130, t. 70.—DC., Prodr.,
i. 447.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5276.— PAYER, Thèse
Malvac., 20.—A. Gray, Gen. Il. t. 132.—
B. H., Gen., 206, n. 29.—Thorntonia REicug.,
Consp., 202 (part.).
10 Bright yellow, pink or purple, corolla patent
or erect-convolute.
MALVACEÆ. 157
axillary, sometimes in simple or ramified racemes; bractlets under
calyx 7-10, sometimes small or 0 (Warm America’).
71. Decaschistia Wicut & Arn.’—Flowers nearly of Hibiscus (or
Kosteletzkya) ; filaments of staminal column o, exserted below apex.
Germen 10-locular ; cells 1-ovulate ; style branches, 10 apex capitel-
late stigmatiferous. Capsule loculicidal 10-valved ; seeds reniform
ascending : micropyle extrorse inferior.—Shrubs or herbs, tomentose ;
leaves entire or lobed; flowers in upper axils solitary or glomerate
at summit of branchlets, shortly pedicellate ; bractlets 10, verticillate
under flower (Hastern India’).
72. Julostyles Tuw.'—Calyx 5-fid, valvate. Petals (spotted in
lower part), base connate in cupuliform corolla. Stamens 10, 2-
seriate ; filaments connate in column 5-dentate at apex.’ Germen
2-locular ; ovules in each cell 2, collaterally ascending ; micropyle ex-
trorse inferior ; style branches 2, densely woolly, apex wide peltate-
stigmatiferous. Capsule globose stellate-hispid, 2-valved de-
hiscing (?).—A tree; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire
3-nerved at base ; flowers crowded in large much ramified pendulous
cymes, surrounded by epicalyx of 4 bracts, wide subconnate at base,
constant, longer than calyx (Zeylania’).
73. Dicellostyles Brenrn.’—Calyx 5-fid, valvate. Corolla nearly
of Julostyles. Stamens o ; column short, filaments , exserted below
apex. Germen 2-locular (nearly of Ju/ostyles) ; style: branches 2,
at apex wide globose stigmatiferous. Capsule globose stellate-hispid,
8-costate ; cocci 2, indehiscent solute from axis ; seed (solitary by abor-
tion in each coccus) reniform ascending ; albumen fleshy ; embryo in-
1 Spec. ad 5, Cav., Diss., iii. t. 50 (Hibiscus), 3 Spec. 2. Watp., Rep., i. 312.
—DC., Prodr., i. 447 (Hibisci sect. Penta- 4 Tuw., Enum, Pl. Zeyl., 30.—B. H., Gen.,
spermum).—GRIsEB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 83.— 207, n. 31,
Turcz., in Bull. Mosc. (1858), i. 192.—Tr. & 5 Pollen of Hibiscus. Perianth also and au-
Pt., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 165.—Watp., thers asin Malvee (not Sterculia).
Rep., i. 302; Ann., i. 100; ii. 142; iv. 304; 5 Spec. 1. J. angustifolia Tuw., loc, cit.—
vii. 401. Watp., Ann, vii. 402.—Kydia angustifolia
2 Prodr. Fl. Penins. Ind., 52; Icon., t. 42, ARN.
88.—EnpL., Gen. n. 5285.—Payer, Thèse 7 Gen., 207, n. 32,
Malvac., 20.—B. H., Gen., 206, n. 30.
158 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
curved, radicle short; cotyledons 2-plicate——Trees, glabrescent or
stellate-tomentose ; leaves entire or subdentate, sometimes shortly
3—5-lobed ; flowers solitary axillary pedunculate ; bracts 4-6, under
flower verticillate in involucre (nearly 1-inch), lanceolate, subconnate
at base, stellate-patent much longer than calyx (Hastern mountainous
India, Zeylania’).
XII. BOMBACEX.
74. Bombax L.—Flowers regular, hermaphrodite ; receptacle de-
pressed or slightly coneave. Calyx (afterwards sometimes slightly
perigynous) cupulate, truncate or irregularly 3-5-lobed. Corolla
(malvaceous) ; petals narrow or obovate generally pubescent, usually
connate at base among themselves and with the androceum, con-
torted in bud. Stamens » ; column above divided into fila-
ments, L-anthered, or more rarely 2-anthered (Zotheca) ; the interior
or nearly all more or less 2-nate connate and 5-adelphous at base ;
anthers 1-lobed, more or less arched, rimose at margin. Germen
free, 5-locular ; cells &-ovulate; style clavate at apex 5-agonal or
very shortly 5-fid. Capsule coriaceous or more or less ligneous,
loculicidal ; cells 5, inwardly clothed with very dense wool (spring-
ing from interior of pericarp) enfolding seed. Seeds subglobose
or ovoid; testa crustaceous smooth or opaque, generally naked at
lateral hilum ; embryo scantily albuminous ; cotyledons much contor-
tuplicate, oftener surrounding straight radicle.— Lofty trees, apex
often densely comose ; leaves alternate long-petiolate (stipules deci-
duous) digitate ; folioles 3-9, apex of petiole expanded in continu-
ous disk, entire or subentire ; flowers pedunculate ; axillary or sub-
terminal, solitary or cymose-fasciculate (Zrop. America, Asia, and
Africa). See p. 99.
75. Eriodendron DC.’—Perianth of Bombax, receptacle more or
less concave with perigynous insertion. Staminal column outwardly
1 Spec. 2. Grirr., Notul., iv. 534, t. 595 Gen. 210, n. 43.—Ærione SCHOTT, Melet.,
(Kydia).—Tuw., Enum, Pl. Zeyl., 30 (Kydia).
2 DC., Prodr., i. 479.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5302,
—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat., 286.-—B. H.,
34,—Campylanthera SCHOTT, loc. cit.— Gos-
sampinus SCHOnT, loc. cit,, 35.—Ceiba PLUM.,
Gen., t. 32.—GÆRTIN., Fruct., t. 133.
MALVACEÆ. 159
naked (not annulate), apex divided into 5 elongated branches 2,
3-antheriferous ; anthers adnate linear or anfractuous ; each branch
simulating one anther. Germen of Bomba, cells 5, æ-ovulate; style
at apex stigmatiferous clavate, 5-agonal. Capsule ligneous or coria-
ceous 5-locular ; seeds «, globose or obovoid, involute in dense wool
(of endocarp) ; testa smooth, sometimes arillate at hilum, embryo
scantily albuminous or exalbuminous, cotyledons much contortuplicate
involving incurved or inflexed radicle-—Unarmed or aculeate trees ;
leaves digitate; folioles 3-7, entire; flowers pedunculate, axillary,
lateral or subterminal, solitary or fasciculate-cymose (47 warm
regions of the Globe’).
76. Chorisia H. B. K.°—Perianth of Bombar. Staminal column
outwardly below middle 5-lobed ; short antherless, annulate, apex
5-dentate or 5-fid; teeth or branches 2-antheriferous, anthers adnate
linear or anfractuous (in teeth or lobes each simulating one anther).’
Germen of Bombazx ; cells 5, sometimes incomplete, »-ovulate ; style
filiform, shortly exserted from staminal-tube, apex stigmatiferous
capitate, obscurely 5-lobed. Capsule ligneous loculicidal, incom-
pletely 3-5-celled, 3-valved; middle valve inwardly septiferous ;
seeds involute in dense wool (of endocarp ?)—Aculeate trees ; leaves
alternate long petiolate digitate ; folioles 5-7, entire or serrate, with
articulate petiole ; flowers‘ pedunculate axillary or subracemose ;
bractlets under flower 2, 3° (Zrop. America).°
77. Pachira Avs..’—Calyx cupulate, apex truncate or obsolete
d-dentate. Petals (nearly of Bombax), much longer than calyx,
1 Gav., Diss., t. 151, 152.—A. S. H., 77,
Bras, Mer., i. 264, t. 52—Marvr., Nov. Glen.
apice antheriferi, sed annulus exterior ut in
Chorisia adest.” (B. H., loc. cit.)
et Spec., i. t. 96-98.—Wreur, Zcon., t. 400.—
Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 427.—THW., Enum.
Pl. Zeyl., 28.—Grises., Fl, Brit. W.-Ind,. 88.
—A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp., i. 182.—Masr.,
in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., Bot., i. 213.—Tr. &
Px., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 322.— Bot.
Mag., t. 3360,—Watp., Rep., i. 880; Ann, ii,
159 ; iv. 318.
2 Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 295, t. 485.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 480.—ENDx., Glen., n. 5299.—B. H.,
Gen,, 210, n. 44.
3 “In C. rosea SEEM. (Bot. Her., 84), co-
lamnæ stamineæ rami ut in Æriodendro elongati,
4 Pink or reddish,
5 A genus scarcely distinct from Ærioden-
dron.
6 Spec. 3, 4. A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras. t. 63;
Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 266.—Tr. & Px. in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 321.—Watp., Rep. i. 329;
Ann., iv. 318.
7 Guian., 725, t. 291, 292.—J., Gen., 279.—
LamrK., Dict., iv. 690; Jul, t. 589.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 478.—-ENDL., Gen., n. 5298.—H. Bn.,
in Payer Fam, Nat., 286.—B. H., Gen., n. 41.
—Carolinea Li. r, Suppl., 51—Spacu, Suit.
à Buffon, iii, 423.—Scuorr & Enpt, Melet., 35.
160 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
oblong or linear, hypogynous at base or slightly perigynous,
exterior often tomentose, præfloration at apex contorted or invo-
lute,’ erect-patent at anthesis, or finally generally recurved revolute.
Stamens ©; column separated above into o-filaments, 1-antheri-
ferous, often 2-nate, connate at base, 5-2 -adelphous ;? anthers reni-
form, 1-locular, curvo-rimose at margin. Germen free, sessile ;
cells 5—s0 -ovulate; style clavate at apex, shortly stigmatiferous,
5-lobed. Fruit oblong or subglobose, coriaceous or ligneous, locu-
licidal, on account of septa being destroyed at maturity, finally often
sub-1-locular; valves 5, inwardly glabrous. Seeds , subquadrate-
cuneate, externally smooth, naked; testa crustaceous ; hilum usually
large; embryo scantily albuminous or exalbuminous, fleshy, invo-
lute-plicate, involving straight radicle.—Trees, often lofty ; coma
dense ; leaves alternate, digitate ; folioles 3-9, sometimes articulate
at base, entire; stipules deciduous ; flowers pedunculate, axillary,
solitary ; bractlets 2, 8 (Tropical America,’ Madagascar 2),
78. Adansonia L.‘—Calyx ovoid or oblong, finally subcampanu-
late, 5-fid, inwardly silky, valvate, deciduous. Petals (malvaceous)
much longer than calyx, oblong or obovate, convolute. Stamens o,
column connate at base with corolla, afterwards separated into
# -filaments, rather long, l-antheriferous; anthers terminal, reni-
form, l-locular. Germen free; cells 5-10, c-ovulate; apex of
style divided into 5-10 short branches, stigmatiferous, stellate-
patent. Fruit oblong, sometimes obovoid or subglobose, ligneous,
indehiscent; cells full of farinaceous pulp. Seeds ©, nidulant in pulp,
finally dry, reniform, globose or angular; testa thick; hilum
lateral; embryo scantily albuminous, arched ; cotyledons much
1 Sometimes valvate at base, more or less in- t. 1412, 4508, 4549.—Watp., Rep., i. 329; ii.
duplicate.
2 Fascicles sometimes 2-seriate, exterior 5;
interior stamens sometimes 1-adelphous at base.
Filaments often irregular (4e, sometimes 3, 4,
2-fid).
3 Spec. ad 15. Cav., Diss., iii. 176, t. 72.—
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 301.—A. S.
H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 258, t. 51.—Marr., Nov.
Gen. et Spec.,i. t. 56.—Hook., Exot. Fi., ii.
t. 100.—Casar., Nov. Stirp. Bras. Dec. 21.
—GRISEB., F/. Brit. W.-Ind., 87.—Tr. & PL.,
in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 319.— Bot. Mag.,
793; v.95; Ann., ii. 159; vii. 416.
% Gen. n. 836.—ADANS.,, Fam, des Pl., ii.
399.—J., Gen., 275.—GÆRTN., Fruct., ii. 253,
t. 135,—Lamx., Dict., i. 370; Suppl. i. 575;
Il, t. 588.—DC., Prodr., i. 478.—Spacu,
Suit. à Buffon, iii, 419.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5297.
—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat., 286.—B. H.,
Gen., 209, n. 40.—Ophelus Lour., Fl. Co-
chinch., 412.—Baobab., P. Arr, Ægypt., 66,
t. 67.—Apans., in Act. Par, (1759), t. 1, 2;
(1761), 218, t. 16, 17.
MALVACL A. 161
contortuplicate, involving slightly curved radicle.—Trees; trunk
short, very thick, of gigantic diameter; branches patent or some-
times deflexed, radiating from the summit of trunk in wide dense
coma; leaves digitate; folioles 3-9 entire, very short petiolate ;
stipules deciduous; flowers axillary, solitary, pedunculate, pendu-
lous ; bractlets 2 (Tropical Africa, Asia, ? Australia’).
79. Quararibea Aus? — Flowers elongated; calyx oblong-
obconical, apex 3-5-dentate or shortly 3-5-lobed, sometimes un-
equally cut, valvate. Petals 5, ovate-oblong or oblong linear, much
narrowed at base, more or less adnate to base of staminal tube,
imbricate or contorted. Stamens ©; filaments connate, in rather
long or much elongated tube, exserted; apex of tube outwardly
antheriferous, subentire (Æwquararibea), or 5-dentate (Wyrodia’), some-
times short (atisiopsis*) or long (Matisia), 5, 6-fid; anthers shortly
stipitate or sessile, extrorse; cells either separate (Huquararibea,
Matisié) or divaricate, sometimes more or less confluent at apex
(Myrodia), longitudinally rimose. Germen sessile, 2—5-locular;
ovules in each cell’ 2 or more rarely 3, 4, ascending or descending ;
style slender or filiform, freely passing through tube of androceum,
apex stigmatiferous, more or less dilated or subcapitate sublobed.
Fruit usually subglobose, sometimes sub-2-dymous, rarely fibrous-
pulpous (Humatisia), or oftener scantily fleshy (JZyrodiopsis’), coria-
ceous or suberose-fibrous, indehiscent or unequally parting ;* cells
1-5, oligo- or l-spermous. Seeds laterally affixed, descending or sub-
ascending ; albumen scanty, mucous or subcartilaginous ; embryo
rather fleshy ; cotyledons contortuplicate or unequally conferruminate,
1 Spec. 2. Cav., Diss., v. 298, t. 157.—
Gur~tEM. & Perr., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 76.—
F. Muezz, in Hook. Journ., ix. 14,—Tuw.,
Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 28.—BENTH., Fl. Austral. i.
Prodr., i. 477.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 415.
—Expz., Gen., n. 5313.—H. BN., in Payer
Fam. Nat., 285; in Adansonia, ii. 172; ix. 146.
—B. H., Gen. 219, n. 8.—Lerarza LIAVE,
222.—Mast., in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 212.
— Bot. Mag., t. 2791—Watpr., i. 399; vii.
416.
2 Guian., 691, t. 278 (1775).—DC., Prodr.,
i. 477.—EnDL., Gen., n. 5313 b.—B. H., Gen.,
212, n. 49.—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat.
285 ; in Adansonia, x. 146 (incl.: Matisia K.,
Murodia Sw.).—Gerberia Scor., Inirod., n.
1297.
3 Sw., Prodr., 102 (1788); Fl. Ind. Occ.,
ii. 1227.—Scures., Gen, n. 1147.— DC.
VOI. IV.
Nov. Stirp., ii. 7.
4H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 148.
5H. B. Pl. Aquin., i. 9, t. 2, 3.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 477.—EnNvDL., Gen., n. 5314.—B. H.,
Gen., 211, n. 48.
5 Sometimes between ovules (in Q. turbinata)
falsely septiferous.
7 ‘Trrana & Pu., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4,
xvii. 326.
S Apex oftener produced to a short acute
straight truncate point.
M
162 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
involving radicle.—Trees or shrubs, often aromatic, odorous He/iloti
(Myrodia) ; leaves alternate, entire or subdentate, penninerved or at
base 3—5-nerved, sometimes palminerved (Awmatisia), glabrous or
tomentose below; stipules minute linear; flowers! axillary or very often
lateral or leaf-opposed, solitary or scantily cymose ; bracts few, small,
more or less remote from flower (Zropical America’). See p. 104.
80. Ochroma Sw.'—Flowers large ; calyx tubular-subinfundibuli-
form, 5-lobed at apex ; lobes dissimilar, dilated on one or both sides,
induplicate at margin or partly imbricate. Corolla (of Bombaz)
5-merous, longer than calyx, contorted, finally revolute. Stamens « ;
apex of subinfundibuliform column shortly 5-lobed, from middle to
apex densely covered with adnate elongate-anfractuous anthers.
Germen sessile, free ; cells 5-0 -ovulate ; apex of style stigmatiferous,
entire, cylindrical, spirally 5-sulcate. Capsule elongated, 5-10-agonal,
sometimes a little compressed, loculicidal 5-valved; pericarp out-
wardly shortly, internally very densely woolly-villous; valves septife-
rous at middle. Seeds œ, obovoid oblong, involute or in wool of carpel;
testa thin coriaceous ; base of hilum exarillate ; albumen fleshy ;
embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons wide, involute at margin; radicle
short.—Trees ; leaves alternate, petiolate, angular-lobed, pubescent
beneath ; stipules sometimes ovate-lanceolate, deciduous ; flowers
pedunculate at apex of branches (Tropical America‘). See p. 105.
81. Cavanillesia Ruiz & Pav.—Calyx subcampanulate, 5-fid val-
vate. Petals 5, 2, 3 times longer than calyx, at base becoming
glandulous within, contorted. Stamens ©; column connate with
petals at base, above the base contracted, afterwards separating into a
1 White or pink, sometimes with elongated
column (in sect. Euquararibea) 2, 3 inches.
2 Spec. ad 15. Cav., Diss., iii. 175, t. 71,
fig. 2.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 306
(Matisia)—A.S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 268,
t. 51 (Myrodia)—Parr. & Envt., Nov. Gen,
et Spee., ii. 35, t. 150 (Matisia) —Tr. & Kansr.,
Nov. Pl. Fl. Nov.-Gran., 24; in Linnea (1857),
86.—BENTH., in Journ. Linn. Soc., vi. 115.—
Tr. & PL., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 324,
—H. By., in Adansonia, x. 180.—WALP.,
Rep., i. 331 (Myrodia), 332 (Matisia); ii. 794
{Myrodia); v. 97 (Myrodia); vii. 417 (Ma-
fisix), 422 (Myrodia).
3 In Act. Holm. (1792), 148, t. 6; Prodr.,
F1. Ind. Oce., 97; El, 1148, t. 23.—DC.,
Prodr., i, 480.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5306.—B. H.,
Gen., 212, n. 51.
4 Spee. 1, 2. Cav., Diss., v. t. 153 (Bomba),
—W., Enum. 695,—GrisEB., Fl. Brit. W.-
Ind., 88,—Tr. & PL, in Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 4,
xvii. 323.
5 Prodr. Fl. Per. et Chil., 97, t. 20.—Corr.,
in Ann. Mus., ix. t. 26.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5304,
—B. H., Gen. 211, n. 47.—Pourretia W.,
Spec. Pl, iii, 844 (nec alior.)—DC., Prodr.,
i. 477.
MALVACEÆ. 163
filaments, 5-adelphous, 1-antheriferous ; anthers reniform, 1-locular.
Germen 3-5-locular, ovules in each cell 2, inserted at internal angle,
ascending ; micropyle extrorse lateral; style capitate stigmatiferous at
apex. Fruit large, vertically 5-winged, dry, linear-ligneous at centre,
indehiscent. Seed sometimes 1, involute in gummy pulp, suberect ;
embryo exalbuminous, cotyledons contortuplicate, involving short
inferior radicle.—Lofty trees; coma often aphyllous at anthesis ;
hairs stellate ; leaves alternate petiolate digitate-5-7-lobed ; flowers'
ebracteolate, in umbelliferous cymes (Zrop. America’).
82. Hampea Scuuri.*—Flowers hermaphrodite, or oftener polyga-
mous ; calyx cyathiform, straight truncate or obscurely 5-crenate, or
dentate, valvate, or slightly imbricate. Petals 5, oblique, obovate,
longer than calyx, connateat base among themselves, and with staminal
tube, inwardly villous at base ; præfloration contorted. Stamens ,
1-adelphous ; tube short, filaments afterwards free elongated ; anthers
reniform. Germen (in male flower rudimentary or 0), 3-locular ;
style short, apex divided into short thick stigmatiferous lobes.
Ovules in cells few. Capsule globose, encircled by base of calyx, locu-
licidal, inwardly more or less densely villous. Seeds few, unequally-
ovoid or subglobose; funicle dilated in thick fleshy conoid
aril; albumen scanty membraniform ; embryo fleshy oleose-
punctuate; cotyledons much contortuplicate, involving straight
inferior radicle-—Small trees ; leaves alternate, generally long petio-
late, stipulate, entire, cordate or subcordate palminerved at base ;
stipules narrow linear, often acuminate, deciduous ; flowers axillary
cymose; bracts 3 inserted at summit of pedicel’ (Columbia, Mexico’).
83. Scleronema Brnru.’—Calyx clavate campanulate ; 4-5-lobed,
valvate. Petals 4, 5, contorted, base scarcely adnate to staminal
column. Stamens 8, base of filaments connate in short tubular
1 Small, pink.
2 Spec. 2, 3. H. B., Pl. Æquin., ii. t. 113.
—W., Spec. Plant., iii, 844 (Pourretia).—H. B.
K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii. 305, t, 183.—Tr. &
Pu., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 4, xvii. 323.
# In Linnea, xi. 371 (nec NuEs).—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5310.—B. H., Gen., 211, n. 45.
* Whether distinct from Montezuma (DC.,
Prodr., i. 477;—B. H., Gen. 212, n. 50)
a Mexican tree, known only from a figure, of
which the calyx is said to be hemispherically
truncate; stamens spirally l-adelphous; style
clavate and fruit baccate; cells 4, 5, or a-
spermous ?
» Spec. 2. Tr. & Pu. in Ann. Se. Nat., sér.
4, xvii. 188.—Watp., Ann., vii. 417.
6 In Journ. Linn. Soc., vi. 109.—B. H.,
Gen., 211, n. 46.
M ?
164 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
column, afterwards free, thickened at apex; anthers terminal, sub-
transverse 1-locular, rimose. Germen superior, 2—4-locular, included
in cavity of column; apex of style minute 2—4-dentate. Ovules
in each cell 2, collaterally ascending. Fruit...?—A large tree ; leaves
alternate, entire coriaceous, nitid, oblique penninerved, base sub-3-
nerved ; flower axillary 1-3-nate; pedicels rather short, apex under
calyx minute 2—3-bracteolate' (Zrop. America’).
84. Durio L.*—Flowers large hermaphrodite ; calyx usually sub-
campanulate, 5-fid, outwardly densely lepidote. Petals 3-5, ungui-
culate contorted, or more rarely imbricate. Stamens æ; upper part
of column divided into c filaments, 4—6-adelphous ; anthers «, anfrac-
tuous adnate to summit of each capitate filament, unequally rimose.
Germen 5-locular ; ovules «, 2-serrate ; style elongated, apex stig-
matiferous capitate. Fruit (very large) globose, subligneous, some-
times densely conical-muricate, indehiscent, or with difficulty
unequally 5-parted, inwardly pulpous ; seeds immersed in pulp
(arillate ?) ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons thick, often conferruminate.—
Trees; leaves entire coriaceous, lepidote beneath, parallel thinly penni-
nerved ; flowers in lateral cymes ; involucre round each flower sacci-
form valvate lepidote (simulating exterior calyx), finally irregularly
torn! (Ind. Arch. Malaya’). See p. 105.
85. Cullenia Wicar.’—Calyx tubular, 5-dentate. Corolla 0.
Stamens ~ ; column elongated above, 5-fid ; anthers small subglobose,
glomerate close to branches of androceum. Germen 5-locular ; ovules
in each cell 2, ascending; micropyle introrse inferior ; style elongated,
apex capitate stigmatiferous. Fruit globose densely muricate, finally
Gen., 213, n. 56), a tree of Bornea unknown to
us; described as: flowers encircled by involucre
2, 3-fid; calyx obsolete sub-3-fid, petals 5,
staminal filaments o, sub-free at apex 2-
furcate, finally oo-antheriferous ; anthers free
1 A Genus, in some respects related to
Fampeæ (BENTH.), somewhat recalling Quar-
aribea by the bud.
2 Spec. 1. S. Spruceana BENTH. loc. cit.—
Watp., Ann., vii. 417.
3 Syst, Nat., ed. 13, 581.—ADANS., Fam. des
P1., ii. 399.—Lamx., Dict., ii. 333; Suppl, ii.
530; ZUL., t. 641.—DC., Prodr., i. 480.—Ken.,
in Trans. Linn, Soc., vii. 266, t. 14-16.—
Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 439.—ENDI., Gen.,
n. 5305.—B. H., Gen., 213, n. 55.
4 Lahia seems to approximate to Durio,
Hassx., Hort. Bogor., new ed., 99;—B. H.,
reniform and germen 5-locular; cells c-ovulate,
Its entire leaves and densely scaly inflorescence
also much recalling Duro.
5 Spec. 1, 2. Rumpx., Herb. Amboin., i. 99,
t. 29.—WALLACE, in Hook. Journ., viii. 228.—
MiQ., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 167.
6 Jcon., t. 1761, 1762.—B. H., Gen., 212,
n. 54.
MALVACEÆ. 165
5-valved ; seeds involute in fleshy aril (?) ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo
thick unequal—A lofty tree; leaves lepidote beneath (of Duwrio) ;
flowers axillary cymose-fasciculate shortly pedunculate; each encircled
by a tubular calyciform valvate sub-3-5-dentate lepidote (deciduous)
involucel (Zeylania). See p. 105.
86. Neesia Bu.*—Calyx subglobose or acetabuliform depressed at
anthesis, irregularly inflexed 5-lobed, valvate. Petals 5. Stamens æ,
shortly 4—6-adelphous at base ; each filament 1- or more rarely 2-anthe-
riferous. Anthers subglobose, 1-Jocular confluent in a ring. Germen
5-locular; ovules in each cell 2 or few, ascending; micropyle
extrorse inferior ; style short, apex subcapitate stigmatiferous.
Fruit ovoid ligneous densely muricate, loculicidal 5-valved; seeds
“ oblong exarillate; embryo exalbuminous; cotyledons flat folia-
ceous. —Tall trees; leaves oblong, entire lepidote (nearly of Dwrio)
sometimes slightly tomentose beneath; flowers closeto branches, shortly
racemose-cymose, each surrounded by a 5-lobed, calyciform, closely
adpressed valvate epicalyx; inflorescence involucrate, calyculate,
lepidote (Java, Malaya’). See p. 105.
87. Boschia Korru.‘—Calyx subglobose or ovoid, finally 4, 5-fid.
Petals 5, 6, linear or subspathulate. Stamens © ; 5, 6 exterior ones
antherless, simulating petals ; interior subfree or unequally connate
at base, some l-antheriferous, others 2-8-antheriferous ; anthers small
subglobose, placed at summit of dilated filaments, apex subporous.
Germen 3—6-locular ; ovules in each cell 2—, ascending ; micropyle
extrorse inferior; style, elongated, apex stigmatiferous, more or less
dilated peltate-discoidal. Fruit ovoid or acuminate ligneous densely
muricate, 3-5-valved. Seeds few or o, usually oblong, arillate at
base ; embryo (albuminous?), cotyledons flat foliaceous.—Trees ;
leaves nearly of Durio, lepidote beneath ; flowers’ close to branches,
shortly pedicellate lepidote (together with pedicel and calyces) sur-
rounded by an epicalyx 2—3-fid (Walaya, Ind. Arch.’). See p. 105.
1 Spec. 1. C. excelsa WiGur, loc. cit.—Tuw., 3 Spee. 2. Miq., F1. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 168.—
Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 28. Watp., Rep., i. 331.
2 Fl, Jav. Prefat., vii.; in Nov. Act. Nat. 4 Verh. Nat. Gesch., 257, t. €9.—B. H.,
Cur., xvii. 75, t. 6.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5308— Gen,, 213, n. 57.—Heterogyxis Grirr., Notul.,
B. H., Gen., 213, n. 58. — Hsenbeckia Bu, iv. 524, t. 594.
Bijdr., 118 (nec H. B. K.). — Cotylephora 5 Resembling those of Tiliacee,
MEIssn., Gen., 36, Comm., 28. © Spec. Waze., Rep., v. 96.
166 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
88. Coelostegia Brenru.'—Flowers small hermaphrodite; recep-
tacle concave obconical,apex expanded 5-saccate ring; calyx inserted at
the margin of receptacle (afterwards perigynous’), lobes 5, short erect
valvate. Petals 5, perigynous, inserted with calyx. Stamens o (of
Boschia) ; anthers small globose, sometimes solitary or 2-6 congested.
Germen large, partly inferior, immersed in receptacle, 5-locular; ovules
2 or few in each cell, ascending; micropyle extrorse inferior ; style
filiform, apex peltate, 3-lobed stigmatiferous. Fruit...?—A lofty
tree ; habit and leaves (of Boschia) integerrimus, coriaceous, minutely
squamose-lepidote beneath, petiolate; flowers close to branches
cymose-fasciculate ; each surrounded by short involucre lepidote
(together with calyx and pedicels) (A/a/aya’), See p. 105.
1 Gen., 213, n. 59. ? Receptacle regarded as base of calyx cf, BENTHAM.
3 Spec. 1. C. Griffithii BENTH., loc. cit.
XXVIII. TILIACE &.
I. BROWNLOWIA SERIES.
The Limes (Fr., Les Tilleuls) (figs. 176, 179-184), which have
given their name to this family because they were the only living,
representatives of it in our country at a certain epoch, have carpels
united into a single plurilocular ovary. They are, on the contrary,
Tilia sylvestris.
Fie. 176.
Floriferous branch (3).
independent of each other in Brownlowia' and in some other neigh-
bouring types, which are here consequently analogous to the Sfer-
culiee among the Malvaceae. Moreover, Brownlowia (fig. 177) has
regular hermaphrodite flowers, with a small convex receptacle. It
supports a campanulate gamosepalous valvate calyx, whose upper
1 Roxe., Pl. Coromand., iii. 61, t. 265.— —B. H., Gen., 231, n.1.—Bocg., in Adansonia,
Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 43.—ENDL., Gen, vii. 59.—Humea RoxB., Fl. Ind., ii. 640
n. 5374.—H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 274. (nec, Sm.). Masr, in FU. B. Ind., 381.
168 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
part separates at anthesis into five teeth or five short lobes, or into
a number of more or less deep equal or unequal divisions often fewer
in number. Close against the calyx, and alternating with its
divisions, are inserted five petals, slightly unsymmetrical,
tapering at the base, arranged in the bud in contorted or imbri-
cated præfloration. Above them the receptacle takes the form of a
short cylindrical column, upon which the gynæceum is placed.
Quite against this, that is to say, at a certain
Brownlowia elata. Jistance from the corolla, the androceum is in-
im. serted, composed of ten bundles. Five are
¥ VI oppositipetalous, and each represented by a
sterile tongue or elongated petaloid staminode,
and five others by phalanges of fertile stamens,
free or scarcely united among themselves at the
base of their laments, and with short anthers,
-whose extrorse cells are almost globular, de-
hiscing longitudinally by clefts often confluent at
Fic. 177. the summit. The gyneceum is superior, formed
Flower (2). of five or a smaller number of alternipetalous
carpels. Each of them has a one-celled ovary
touching the adjacent ovaries, but not united with them, tapering
above into a subulate style with non-swollen stigmatiferous apex.
In the internal angle of the ovary the placenta is seen supporting
two ascending anatropous ovules with exterior and inferior
micropyle. The fruit is formed of one, or more rarely of several
independent almost globular carpels, with thick woolly bivalved
monospermous pericarp. ‘The rounded seed, inserted by a large
interior hilum, encloses under its glabrous coats a fleshy embryo,
whose thick cotyledons are decurrent below their insertion and form
a sort of case round the radicle. Brownlowia consists of beautiful
trees of tropical Asia, besprinkled with scaly or stellate hairs. Three
species have been described.” Their leaves are alternate, petiolate,
simple, penninerved, and 3—5-nerved at the base. The flowers are
disposed at the summits of the branches, or in axils of the upper
leaves in ramified clusters of cymes.
|
4
! They have a double coat. Journ, Linn, Soc., v. Suppl., 56.—WaALP., Ann.
? WaLL., in Bot, Reg.,t.1472.—BENTH., in vii. 442,
TILIACH A. 169
Beside this genus are placed six others, having flowers similar
in exterior, and only differing from them in some details in the
organization of the flower and fruit. Christiana (fig. 178) has a
fruit of five monospermous follicles,’ but the seeds have an albumen
and the stamens are fertile. Déplodiscus has the androceum and
carpels of Brownlowia ; but the latter are united below into a 5-
celled ovary. Itis the same in Pexface, but its indehiscent and
monospermous fruit is furnished with from three to five vertical
wings. In Pytiranthe the ovules are descen-
dent and the fruit is also provided with longi-
tudinal wings but little developed; but it is
capsular and five-valved. Berrya has the an-
droceum of Christiana, and a capsular fruit
with three or four valves, but the cells are
pluriovulate, and each of them bears in the
fruit a pair of vertical ascending wings.
Finally, in Carpodiptera the flowers are poly-
gamous and diœcious ; the ovary cells only
contain one descendent ovule each; the style
is dilated into a large stigmatiferous, almost petaloid extremity ;
and the capsule, generally bivalved, is furnished with four vertical
wings. All the plants have moreover nearly the same vegetative
organs as Brownlowia.
Christiana africana.
Fra. 178,
Dehiscent fruit.
II. LIME SERIES (Fr., Zeus).
The Limes’ (figs. 176, 179-184) have regular hermaphrodite pen-
tamerous flowers. If we examine, for example, those of the Common
Lime,’ we shall see, upon the convex receptacle, five valvate sepals
1 And in this way they would best represent iii. 15.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5373.— Payer, Or-
the type of this series; but in their perianth, ganog., 20, t. 4.—A. Gray, Gen, I. t. 136.
until now little known, there is said to be an
inequality in the number of the pieces of the
calyx and of the corolla. The flower would
therefore in this respect be less regular.
2 Tilia T., Inst. 611, t. 381.—L., Gen., n.
660.—ADans., Fam. des Pl., ii. 382.—J., Gen.,
292.—GæRTN., Fruct., ii. 150, t. 113.—Porr.,
Dict., vii. 676; Suppl., v. 312.—Lamr., Jil.
t. 467.—Turp., in Dict. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 147.
—DC., Prodr., i. 512.—Spacu, Suit, à Buffon,
—H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 274.—B. H.,
Gen., 236, 986, n. 24.—Boca., in Adansonia,
vii. 34.— Lem. & Done., Tr. Gén., 340,
3 T. sylvestris Des¥., Cat. Hort, Par. 152
(ex Spacu, Revis, Til., 3, n. 1).—T. ulmifolia
Scor.—T. europea borealis WAHLENB.—7.
microphylla VENT. Diss. Til., t. 1, fig. 1 (ex
Spacu).—Z. parvifolia Euru., Beitr., v. 159.
—Kocx., Syn., 145,
170 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and five alternate petals, imbricated in the bud, sessile, but tapering
at the base, which in certain species is thickened and glandular.
The stamens, indefinite in number, are all nearly free, or obscurely
united at the base into five oppositipetalous bundles. The filaments
are inserted close against the corolla ; their summit is divided into
two very short divergent branches, each of which supports a distinct
anther-cell, extrorse and dehiscing longitudinally.’ The free and
superior gynæceum, inserted immediately above the stamens, is com-
posed of an ovary with five alternipetalous cells, surmounted by a
style slightly dilated, quinquedentate, stigmatiferous at the apex.
In each cell, more or less complete,’ there are two ascending ana-
Tilia sylvestris.
Fra. 181.
Long. sect. of flower.
Fre. 180.
Diagram.
Fra. 179.
Flower (2).
tropous ovules inserted towards the internal angle, ascendent and ana-
tropous, the micropyle being directed downwards and outwards.’ The
fruit is dry,’ indehiscent, containing one or a very small number of
seeds, which enclose under their coats’ a fleshy albumen enveloping
an embryo with large, superior, foliaceous, lobed’ cotyledons, whose
summit and edges are more or less irregularly incurved and involute.
1 The pollen is ellipsoidal, flattened, slightly
triangular, with a large halo and a small pore
on each face ; it differs thus from that of the
other Viliacee where it is ovoid with three folds,
and in water ovoid or spherical with three bands
each bearing a papilla. Its external envelope is
finely cellulose in Grewia, and punctuate in
Elæocarpus, Sloanea, Luhea, Triumfetta, Cor-
chorus and Sparmannia. (H. Moux., in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii, 333.)
2 The placentas, which are always parietal
when young, join sooner or later, more or less
completely, according to the axis of the ovary ;
in this way the upper part is quite different
from the lower which has another origin, for it
arises directly from the floral axis, (See
Payer, Organog., 24.)
3 They have two coats.
4 Or rather its mesocarp is represented at
first by a slight fleshy layer, finally becoming
dry.
5 They are three-fold. The testa is thick
and crustaceous ; its internal edge often bears
a large irregular impression (fig. 183).
5 Digitinerved at the base.
TILIACEÆ. all
If we take, on the contrary, the flowers of some other species,
such as 7! americana, nigra, argentea, &e., we see, with the same
general organization, a difference in the androceum, inasmuch as the
upper stamen of each phalanx is transformed into a sterile petaloid
lamella, contorted or imbricated in the bud with the other oppositi-
petalous staminodes.' The Limes are trees, often tall, with organs
nearly glabrous, or besprinkled with fine, simple or stellate hairs.
The leaves are alternate, simple, serrate, often cordate and unsym-
Tilia sylvestris.
Fie. 183.
Seed (2).
Fra. 182.
Fruits.
Fie. 184.
Long. sect. of seed.
metrical at the base. The petiole is accompanied by two lateral
stipules. The flowers’ are united in racemes terminated by a flower,
or in racemes of terminal or axillary cymes* The principal axis of
the inflorescence bears several bracts, the lowest of which, much
more developed than the others, elongated and foliaceous, remains
adnate to the axis for a considerable distance, often nearly to the
middle of its height. This genus, in which a great many species*
Sect. Lindnera (Rutcus., Consp., 299).
White or yellowish, aromatic.
The inflorescence of the Limes has been, says
rescence, “one more developed than the others,
which terminated the principal axis, and six
others, all of the same generation, which are
wwe
Payer (Organog., 20), “ the object of deep dis-
cussion between WYDLER and BRUNNER: the
latter maintaining that the cluster of flowers is
a prolongation of the principal axis, and that
the foliaceous bud to be seen at the base is only
a lateral production ; the former holding, on the
contrary, that the foliaceous bud is the prolonga-
tion of the principal axis, and that the cluster
of flowers is only a secondary order.” The same
author bas shown that the bud is secondary and
that the axis terminated by the flower is the
principal. He saw in the species studied by
him, seven flowers at a given time in one inflo-
lodged in the axil of two stipulate bracts and
their stipules,’ and decided that “if a greater
number are seen afterwards, it is because each of
these six flowers is accompanied in its turn by
two new bracts, which are sterile or fertile.”
The bracts are distichous. We find first a large
bract, later on back to back with the axis, and
always destitute of stipules on the other side,
the bract with germeniferous axil which also
bears no stipules on its side. The bracts 3 and
4 superposed reciprocally to bracts 1 and 2, are
accompanied by two small lateral stipules.
4 Reicus., Ze. Fl. Germ., vi. 311-324,—
172 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
have been described, probably only contains from eight to ten at the
most, all natives of the north temperate regions of the two Worlds.
Beside the Limes is placed Schoutenia and
Muntingia, which also have indehiscent fruits.
In the former it is dry and monospermous,
but the calyx is accrescent round it, and form-
ing at the base a kind of large membranous
reticulate involucre. In the latter the peri-
carp surrounds numerous seeds, but it is
fleshy. Glyphea has also a dry fruit, inde-
hiscent or nearly so, elongated and polysper-
mous; the ovary is divided into a variable
number of cells: there may be as many as ten.
It is the same in Apeiba; as many as thirty cells have been
counted in the indehiscent fruit (fig. 185); but it is circular, de-
pressed, muricate, or covered with prickles or hairs. In Awcistro-
carpus the tetramerous flower has an ovary with six incomplete cells,
a 5-adelphous androceum, a coriaceous globular fruit covered with
hooked prickles (indehiscent?). In Zu/ea the fruit is capsular,
dehiscent, with winged seeds, but the exterior stamens are sterile,
and the flower is surrounded by a variable number of bracts forming
an epicalyx. Græffea has also an epicalyx formed only of three val-
vate leaves, two multiovulate cells in the ovary, and the stamens all
fertile. In Mollia the epicalyx disappears, the stamens are united for
a great distance into ten bundles, superposed five to the sepals and
five to the petals, while the capsular fruit remains two-celled. Spar-
mannia (figs. 186-190) and Zytelea generally have tetramerous
flowers. In the former the exterior stamens are sterile, undulate-
glandular or moniliform, and the fruit is an almost globose capsule
with 4-8 cells, all outwardly bristling with prickles. Zrtelea (fig. 191)
has nearly the same flowers and fruit, but all its stamens are fertile.
Honckenya has a small number of interior fertile stamens, the
others being reduced to slender filaments. ‘The fruit is an elongated,
echinate, loculicidal capsule, the valves, from four to eight in number,
Apeiba Tibourbou.
Fia. 185,
Fruit (1).
DuxAM., Arbr., i. t. 50-52.—Watpst. & Kir, & Gopr., Fl. de Fr., i, 285.—A. Gray, Man.,
Pl. Rar. Hung., t. 3.—VeENTEN., Monogr. Til., ed. 5, 103.—C. Kocu, Bot. W. Schr, (1865),
Paris (1802), in-4.—Spacu, Rev. Gen. Til.,in 267, 277.—Watp., Rep., i. 357 ; ii. 799; Ann.
Ann. Sc, Nat., sér. 2, iii, 331, t. 15.—GREN. vii. 449.
TILIACE A. 173
having transverse false partitions between the seeds. Corchorus
(figs. 192-194) has the same flowers as Honckenya, but generally of
Sparmannia africana.
Fie, 189.
Seed (5).
Fra. 188.
Fertile stamen (5).
Fra. 186. Fie. 190,
Floriferous branch (2). Long. section of seed.
smaller dimensions. All the stamens are fertile in most cases, and
the anthers, at first introrse, re-
main so until the end, or their
upper extremity or even both are
reflexed and finally look towards
the exterior side of the flower
(fig. 193).
In certain species of the genus
Corchorus the number of stamens
Sparmannia africana.
7 : Fre. 187.
1S definite, or nearly so. There Longitudinal section of flower (4).
174 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
are, for example, four or five superposed to the sepals and a like
number alternate. In a Japanese species, the type of the genus
Corchoropsis, the stamens with anthers definitely
extrorse are not only limited in number, five
among them being superposed to the sepals and
five or sometimes ten to the petals; but five of the
most interior stamens superposed to the petals
become sterile, petaloid, with the form of sub-
spathulate tongues. But it is not more necessary
to generically distinguish this species from Cor-
chorus than it seems to be to separate from the
other Limes those species of this latter genus which have petaloid
plates within the fertile stamens.
Another extremely variable character in the
genus Corchorus is the form of the fruit. This is
generally elongated and siliquiform, the cells
having single cavities; but sometimes it becomes
short, even globular, or nearly so, and its cells may
be divided by false partitions into demi-cells, or
ÆEntelea arborescens.
Fra. 191.
Flower,
Corchorus nitens.
into small secondary cells which separate the seeds
one from another.
The form of the floral receptacle is variable in
this genus. Most generally it is raised but very little above the
insertion of the perianth, so that the stamens are inserted almost on
a level with it. But in a certain number of species,
Corchorus hirsutus. œenerally inseparable however from the others, as
C. hirsutus (fig. 193), the receptacle, after bearing
the corolla, is elevated in the form of a cylindrical
column, the summit being dilated into a kind of
flattened capital or circular disk, upon which the
Fia. 192.
Flower.
gynæceum is placed, surrounded by the insertion of
the stamens. It is by this character that the
genus Corchorus intimately connects the preceding
types with those which, like Grewia and other
genera, that we shall now proceed to study, and
which have been united into the section of Grewiee,
Be ae believed to be especially characterized by this parti-
Flower, without the 3 ?
perianth (3). cular form of the receptacle, and in which the
TILIACEÆ.
175
interval between the insertion of the corolla and that of the andro-
ceum is generally pretty considerable. This singular form of the
receptacle, causing the insertion of the stamens to be separated from
that of the petals by a kind of internode with
summit more or less dilated and often covered by a
glandular dise, is particularly noticeable in Grewia
(figs. 195, 196), and it is for this reason that this
genus has been made the type of a series which it
is impossible for us to preserve as distinct after
what we have just seen in Corchorus. It is only
artificially that we can make a subseries Grewiee.
Grewia has a drupaceous indehiscent fruit, entire or
more or less deeply lobed. In Desplatsia and
Duboscia it is also indehiscent, but suberose-
ligneous, ovoid, and with four or five cells in the
former, almost globular, with prominent ribs, and
more numerous cells (from eight to ten) in the
latter. In Columbia the fruit is dry and provided
with from three to five vertical wings. Sometimes
it is completely indehiscent, its wings remaining
intact ; sometimes, on the contrary, it is divided
into two indehiscent shells, so that each of the
Corchorus olitorius.
Fra. 194.
Dehiscent fruit (+).
wings cloven in two through its thickness leaves one of its halves
upon each edge of the carpels. In 7richospermum, which derives its
Grewia paniculata.
Fie. 195. Fie. 196.
Flower. Longitudinal section of flower.
name from the hairs with which the seeds are covered, the fruit is
dry, smooth, but capsular, two-celled and loculicidal, wider than it is
long, and compressed perpendicularly to the partition.
The pericarp
remains dry in Ærinocarpus and Triumfetta, but its exterior is covered
176 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
with prickles or bristling with hairs. In the former of these
genera it does not open, and presents nearly the form of a triangular
pyramid, the edges of which are prolonged in longitudinal wings,
and the surfaces muricate. Triumfetta has a globular or slightly
triangular fruit, or two-celled and compressed parallel to the
partition, and quite covered with hairs more or less rigid, sometimes
ciliate or feathery. Sometimes it is indehiscent, sometimes, on the
contrary, the cells separate from each other or open incompletely by
their midrib. It is seen that all these genera are distinguished by
the character of their fruit. They could not be so by their flowers, for
all have really the same calyx and the same gynæceum, and all have
valvate petals, the base moulding itself upon the faces of the inter-
nodes interposed to the androceum and the corolla, and presenting
at this height a more or less concave and glandular plate, often
edged with a fine down. This organ becomes little noticeable in
Vasivea, and only exists in the male flowers, for in these the andro-
ceum is borne by a short column, but at some distance from the
corolla, while the gynæceum is nearly sessile in the female flower.
By the separation of the sexes on different stalks this genus recalls
Cardodiptera, the dicecious type of Brownlowiee, to which the other
characters are mostly very analogous.
III. PROCKIA SERIES.
Prockia (figs. 197, 198) have regular hermaphrodite flowers,
rarely constructed upon four or five part types, generally upon the
three part. In the latter case the
slightly convex receptacle bears
first three free sepals, valvate-
reduplicate in the bud. Then come
three alternate petals of nearly the
same consistence and colour as
| | the sepals, large, imbricated in the
Fra, 197. Fra. 198. bud, or only represented by narrow
Flower (2). Long. sect, of flower. tongues not even touching by
Prockia crucis,
1 P.Be., ex L., Gen., n. 647.—Apans., Fam. v. 625; IU., t. 465.—DC., Prodr., i, 260,—
des Pl., ii. 422.—J., Gen., 340.—Lamx., Dict., ENDL., Gen., n. 5072,—Czos., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
TILTACEÆ. 177
their edges. All or part of them are sometimes wanting. The an-
droceum is formed of an indefinite number of hypogynous stamens,
with free filaments and two-celled anthers, extrorse, or partly introrse,
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The gynæceum is composed
of a free ovary, and surmounted by a simple, entire style with stig-
matiferous scarcely dilated apex. The ovary contains three oppositi-
petalous cells, or from four to six cells, in the internal angle of which
a large descending bilobed placenta is seen loaded with anatropous
ovules. The fruit is a polyspermous berry, accompanied at the base
by the persistent calyx ; and the seeds lodged in a fleshy pulp, con-
tain under their resistant coats a fleshy albumen surrounding a
straight embryo, with thick cotyledons a little larger than the radicle.
Prockia also consists of shrubs of tropical America, of which five or
six species' have been described. The leaves are alternate, often
dentate like a saw, multinerved at the base, accompanied by two
lateral stipules. The flowers are terminal, disposed in simple racemes,
or in racemose cymes.
After Prockia we range Hasseltia, which has very similar flowers
in four or five parts, and an ovary with two or three cells, each
having in its internal angle a placenta covered outwardly with nu-
merous ovules; Plagiopteron having biovulate ovary cells and a
fruit in the shape of a reversed triangular pyramid, surmounted by
three horizontal rings; and So/msia, apetalous diclinous flowers,
with an indefinite number of stamens, sterile in the female flower.
IV. ELÆOCARPUS SERIES.
The flowers of Ææocarpus’ are hermaphrodite, or more rarely
unisexual, pentamerous or less frequently tetramerous. If we study
sér. 4, viii. 268.—B. H., Gen., 237, 986, n. 29.
—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 41.—Trilix L.,
Mantiss., ii. n. 18313.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5381.—
Jacquinia Mur., mss, (ex ENDL., nec alior.)—
Tinea SPRENG., N. Entd., ii. 165.—LAMK., Z/L.,
t, 465, figs. 1-3.—Kelletia SEEM., Voy. Her.,
Bot., 85, 254.
1 «Spec. 2 v. 3, nisi omn. P. erucis var.” (B.
H., Gen., 238). Vaut, Symb., iii. 69, t. 64.—
Hook., Icon. t. 94.—BENN., Pl, Jav. Rar.,
VOL. IV.
191.—Grisrs., Veg. d. Kar. Ins., 17 (Banara) ;
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind.,.21 (Trilix)—Karsr, Fl
Columb., 79, t. 111.—Tr. & Pu, in Ann, Se.
Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 855.—Watpe., Ann, vii.
451.
2 L., Gen., n. 663.—J., Gen., 258.—GÆRTN.,
Fruct., i. 202, t. 43.—Lamx., Dict., ii. 603;
Suppl. ii. 703; ZU., t. 459.—DC., Prodr., i.
519.—Turp., in Dict. Se. Nat., Atl., t. 148.—
Enpu., Gen., n. 5384.—H. Bx., in Adansonia,
N
178 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
first those of some of the few species cultivated in our greenhouses,
such as Z. cyaneus (figs. 199-201), we shall see that their receptacle
is convex and considerably elongated. It bears in succession five
pointed sepals, valvate in the bud, five alternate petals, induplicate
in the bud, furnished inside the base with a small, glandular, laciniate
projection unequally cut towards the summit. Above the perianth
the receptacle is raised a little in the form of a short column, thick-
ened in the upper part into a circular, glandular, crenate, mammæ-
form disk, above which the stamens are inserted. These are super-
Elæocarpus cyaneus.
Fie. 200,
Diagram.
F1@. 201.
Long. section of flower (3).
Fra. 199.
Bud (3).
posed in phalanges to the petals in the concavity of which they are
found lodged in the bud ;' each phalanx is composed of seven or
eight stamens, with free filaments, and two-celled anthers, whose
linear cells are surmounted by a pointed prolongation of the connec-
tive, within which they open in their upper part only, by two short
clefts, confluent at the upper extremity... Within the stamens the
apex of the receptacle bears the gynzeceum, formed of an ovary with
two incomplete cells, each containing an indetinite number of anatro-
ii. 25; in Payer Fam. Nat., 277.—B. H., Gen.,
239, 987, n. 38.—BocaQ., in Adansonia, vii. 52.
—LEM. & Dene. Tr. Gén. 341.— Ganitrus
GÆRIN., Fruct., ii. 271, t. 1389.—Dicera Forst.,
Char. Gen., 79, t. 40.—DC., Prodr., i. 520.—
Craspedum Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 336.—Ade-
nodus LOUR., loc. cit., 294,—Lochneria Scor.,
Introd., 1232.—Aceratium DC., Prodr., i, 529.
—Acronodia Bu., Bijdr., 128. — Acrozus
SPRENG., Syst. Cur. Post., 149.—Monocera
Jack, Mal. Mise. (ex Hoox., Bot. Misc., ii.
85).—Wiant & ARN., Prodr., i. 83.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5387.— Beythea ENDL., Gen., n. 5386.—
Perinkara ADANS., Fam. des Pl., ii, 447, Sikki-
mensisand glabrescens.—M ast. F1. B. Ind.,ii.403.
1 In many other species, there is besides, a
stamen in the interval of each bundle, that is to
say, opposite each sepal.
? These clefts are generally slightly introrse,
sometimes quite lateral,
TILIACEÆ. 179
pous ovules inserted towards the internal angle,’ surmounted by a
subulate style, with simple .stigmatiferous extremity. The fruit is
an almost globular or elongated’ drupe with a hard rugose stone
Antholoma montana.
Fie. 203.
Flower.
Fra. 204,
Longitudinal section of flower.
oy
res
Fie. 205. Fie. 206. Fie. 207.
Flower, without the perianth (2). Stamen (4). Gynæceum (5).
containing a single seed, whose fleshy albumen surrounds an embryo
with flat cotyledons, tolerably large, and more or less undulate.
In the other species of Ææocarpus, the receptacle becomes very
short, thick and surbased ; so that the insertion of the androceum is
1 They have a double coat. carene islands, which we have only seen when
2 It seems that it ought to be very long and young, and whose flower moreover is quite like
fusiform in Cerea (Dup.-TH., mss.), of the Mas- that of the other species of Eleocarpus.
N 2
180 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
very near that of the corolla, only being separated from it by a
narrow glandular cushion. The sepals may be slightly imbricated ;
and the petals, sometimes thick and coriaceous, may be but little cut,
or even entire at the summit, sometimes covered with silky hairs.
The stamens are sometimes muticous; the number of the ovary
cells, often incomplete, may rise to three, four or five; and each
one can only contain two ascending ovules, with exterior and in-
ferior micropyle. In the fruit, the wrinkles of the endocarp, which
is generally very hard, woody or bony, may become so deep as to
appear carved, The number of the cells contained in the stone
may be from two to five, generally monospermous, the fertile
seed being either ascending or descending, and the others aborting
early. /ocarpus consists of trees or shrubs, hitherto only observed
in the warm regions of Asia, Oceania, and in the tropical islands
of eastern Africa. The leaves are alternate or rarely opposite, entire
or dentate, generally accompanied by two small lateral stipules.’
The flowers are axillary or terminal, usually arranged in racemes,
and each placed in the axil of a bract, with two lateral bractlets.
Some sixty species are known.’
Beside Hlzocarpus is found Crinodendron, which only differs from
it essentially by the consistence of the capsular fruit. These two
genera represent the Æ/æocarpeæ proper, in which the receptacle
displays, between the insertion of the androceum and that of the
perianth, a more or less considerable elongation, the surface being
furnished with a layer of glandular tissue of greater or lesser thick-
ness. S/oanea has given its name to another group, or subseries,
in which, on the contrary, the receptacle is not at all elevated
between the insertion of the corolla and the stamens; or it takes the
form of a cushion or of a thick dome, in the infractuous parts of
which the stamens are inserted. Beside Val/ea is placed, only
differing from it very slightly; it has thin three-lobed petals,
1 Sometimes the limb is black punctuate in
its lower part.
2 Cav., Icon, t. 501.—Wieut & ARN,
Prodr., i. 83.—WIGuT, TJil., t. 35; Icon. t.
46, 61-66, 205, 952.—Cozr., Hort. Rip., t. 30.
(Zriostemon). — Hook. & Arn., Voy. Beech,
Bot., t. 24, 53.—Hoox., Zcon., t. 154, 155, 602.
—Raouz., Ch. de Pl. Nouv.-Zél., t. 25.—MrQ.,
Fl. Ind.-Bat.,i. p. ii. 307; Suppl, i. 406.—
Turez., in Bull, Mose. (1858), i. 235.—BENTH.,
Fil, Austral,, i. 280.—SrEM., in Bonplandia,
x. 154, 295; Fl. Vit., 27, t. 78.—A. Gray,
Amer, Expl. Exped., Bot., 202.—Ap. Br. &
Gr., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., viii. 201; in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 5, i. 355.—Watp., Rep.,
i. 363, 364; ii. 800; v. 120,121; Ann., i. 112,
959; ii, 173; iv. 330; vii. 455,
TILIACEÆ. 181
imbricated in two series, with a muricate capsular fruit; 4x/holoma
(figs. 202-207), having a gamopetalous corolla in the form of a
truncate cone, or of a slightly quadrangular pyramid, with an upper
dentate orifice, and a smooth, capsular fruit, irregularly dehiscing at
maturity.
Aristotelia (figs. 208-210) forms a third subseries, characterized
Aristotelia Maqui.
CON Py)
ONE
Fie, 209.
Flower (5).
OEY
PSS CERN
Fie, 208. Fia. 210.
Floriferous branch. Long. section of flower.
by the form of the receptacle representing a porringer, lined by a
glandular disk, at the bottom of which the gynæceum is inserted,
while the perianth and androceum are perigynous (fig. 210). The
number of ovules is certain, and the fruit is a berry. It consists
of shrubs, the leaves being generally opposite.
B. pe Jussieu had, in 1759, distinguished an order Zilia ; but
this was a heterogeneous assembly, which besides the Limes, only
1 In A, L, Juss, Gen., Ixviu.
182 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
included three of the genera which we have just described (Grewia,
Triumfetta, and Corchorus), with the Teas (Fr., 7%és), Arnattos (Fr.,
Roucouyers), Magnolias, Helicteres and Tribulus. Avanson’ divided his
order of Limes into two sections, of which the first included those
of our Ziliacee known in his time, together with some Buettneriee, and
Biva. Unhappily, A. L. pe Jussieu, returning to the errors of his
uncle, and even making them worse, assembled in Zi/iacee some
Hermanniee and Ternstræmiaceæ, such as Stewartia, most of the
Bivacee and the Samydeæ described at that time. He was con-
strained in 1819* to modify the limits of Zi/iacee@, and to separate
from them Hermanniee and Flacourtia; but he still left there a
great many strange genera. At the same time he distinguished
some genera as having elongated anthers and others as having
short ones. These became in the classification of Dz CANDOILE*
the order Eleocarpee, with the Tiliacee proper comprising
seventeen genera, which we have maintained as distinct, that is to
say : Sparmannia, Corchorus, Honckenya, Triumfetta, Grewia, Columbia,
Tilia, Muntingia, Apeiba, Sloanea, Christiana, Luhea, Berrya, Elæeo-
carpus, Aristotelia (Friesia), Vallea, Crinodendron (Tricuspidaria),
besides the genera doubly employed, with Gyrostemon, a Diptero-
carpee: Vatica, and doubtfully A4atia. Expricner* added, in
1838, Hasseltia of Kuntp,’ Mollia of Martius,’ Entelea of R. Brown,’
Prockia (Triliz) of Lannæus, and Brownlowia of Roxpurcu.” After
that KorrnaLs established the genus Schoutenia, and BLume Trichosper-
mum. Finally the following genera were published: Diplodiscus,
by Turczantnow,” and Pentace, by HasskarL.® In England the
genera Glyphea,*® Plagiopteron,’ Erinocarpus,* Pityranthe,” Carpo-
diptera,” Greffea,*® and Ancistrocarpus," were described. The genus
Antholoma of LABILLARDIÈRE" was definitely connected” with Zihacee.
92
M. BocquizLon, in a special work” upon this family, added the
1 Fam. des P1., ii. 378, ord. 48. 18 Niger, 237 (1849).
2 Gen., 289, ord. 19. MW Grirr., in Cale. Journ., iv. (1844).
3 In Mém. Mus., v. 283. 15 Nimmo, ex Hassk., Retzia (1855).
4 Prodr., i. (1824), ord. 27. 16 Ænum. PI. Zeyl. (1864).
5 Op. cit., 519, ord. 28, WV In Mem. Amer. Acad., viii, (1860).
6 Gen., 1004, ord, 212, 18 SEEM., Ll. Vit. (1865).
7 Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii, (1825). 19 Oxxv., in Journ, Linn. Soc., ix. (1867).
5 Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. (1824). 20 See (1799).
9 In Bot. Mag., t. 2480 (1824). 21 Pr, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér., 4, ii. 260
10 Pl. Coromand., iii. (1819). (1854).—H. By., in Adansonia, ii. 26 (1861).
1 In Bull. Mose, (1858). 2? Mém. sur le Gr. des Tiliacées, in Adan-
? Hort. Bogor., i. ed, 1858. sonia, vii. 16 (1866). This memoir commenced
TILIACE®. 183
African genera Desplatsia and Duboscia ; and we have made the
total number of distinct genera thirty-eight, in describing recently
the two exceptional types So/msia' and Vasivea?
The latest authors who have completely studied this group, Brn-
THAM and Hooker,‘ have divided it into seven tribes,‘ which we have
thought necessary to reduce to four, by uniting two and two, those
which are only founded upon the difference of form presented by
the internodes of the receptacle, in the interval which separates the
insertion of the corolla from that of the androceum.’ The special
character of these series consequently become the following :—
L Browntowima. — Calyx gamosepalous, campanulate, with
three, four or five valvate divisions. Internodes little developed
or wanting in the interval of the petals and the androceum. Petals
coloured. Anthers short, generally globular or didymous, with the
lines of dehiscence confluent at the summit.—(7 genera.)
IL. Trieæ.—Calyx with distinct sepals. Petals coloured, inserted
against the stamens’ or separated from their insertion by a more or
less elongated internode, glandular in its upper portion, and in this
ease furnished within their base with a dimple or plate, which
moulds itself upon a corresponding face of the receptacle.—
(21 genera.)
III. Procxixx.—Calyx with distinct sepals. Petals not at all, or
but little developed, sepaloid, often in the form of tongues or teeth.
Anthers short, subglobular or didymous, dehiscing by longitudinal
clefts.—(4 genera.)
JV. Ezæocarreæ.—Calyx valvate, or more rarely imbricated.
Petals wanting or incised, lobed. Anthers linear, dehiscing from
the summit for a variable distance, often inconsiderable. Andro-
3 Gen., 228, ord. 33.
by an almost complete picture of the history of
4 Viz., Brownlowia, Grewiee, Tiliee, and
this family. Tiliaceæ is there divided into
eleven sections, whose differential characters do
not seem to us sufficiently indicated to preserve
them as distinct. On the other hand, Mollia and
Trichospermum are separated from it in order to be
connected with Biraceæ, while Belotia is kept
among the Tiliacee; and although Berrya
forms there a section of these latter, Brown-
lowia, Pentace, Pityranthe, and Christiana ave
rejected and placed among the Sterculiaceæ,
where we have not been able to leave them.
1 In Adansonia, x. 34 (1871).
2 Loc. cit., 19 (1872).
Apeibeæ (forming by their union a first series of
Holopetaleæ) ; Prockieæ, Sloaneæ, and Elæocar-
pee (which together form the series Hetero-
petaleæ).
5 See, relative to the value of this character,
Adansonia, x. 191.
5 Character particular to the subseries Hu-
liliee.
7 This is the characteristic of Grewieæ, which
cannot always be certainly distinguished from
the preceding.
184 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ceum inserted quite against the corolla’ or separated from the inser-
tion of the petals by a more or less elevated internode, glandular
towards its summit.°—(6 genera.)
All have common characters, of which the principal ones serve to
distinguish the Ziliacee (rather artificially) from the families most
nearly related to them, that is to say, MJalvacee (comprising the
Sterculieæ and Buettnerieæ) and Dipterocarpacee, Chlenacee, bixacee,
and Terastremiacee. It is certainly too absolute, but it is frequently
correct to say that Zilacee differs from Malvaceae,’ by its stamens,
generally free, or scarcely monadelphous or polyadelphous at the base,”
from Malvee, Hibiscee, Bombacee, &e., by its two-celled anthers, and
inasmuch as the descending ovules, with ventral raphe, which are
often observed in the Ziliacee, are scarcely ever met with among the
Malvacee Vt is true, almost within the same limit, to say the Pivaceæ
and the Samydee, very similar to the Til/acee, are separated from them
by their parietal placentation.’ The preefloration of the calyx also suffices
almost always to distinguish the Zi//acee from the Dipterocarpacee,
where it is generally imbricated,’ and from the C//enacee, which are
characterized bya sort of disk in the form of a circular enclosure, within
which the stamens are inserted, and by the involucre, by which the
flowers are surrounded. The 7ernstræmiaceæ, scarcely separable from
the Tiliaceæ, have also a calyx imbricated* at præfloration. But we
must say that if we were not obliged to have recourse to artificial
modes of distinction to render study possible, none of the types could
be logically separated into absolutely distinct groups. k
By what is known of the histological organization of the 7i/iacee-
they approach very nearly the vast group J/alvacee, as we have de-
fined it. The structure of the wood of the Limes (7%/ia) is one of
those which has often been taken as a type among dicotyledonous
1 Mode of insertion which belongs particu-
larly to the subseries Sloanee.
2 Character which only serves imperfectly to
separate the subseries of Ælæocarpeæ proper
from the preceding.
3 Kunrx (Walvac., 14) admits in one and the
same group with equal title, three large fa-
milies; Malvaceæ, Buettneriacee, and Tiliacee,
and distinguishes these last from the preceding
by their two-celled introrse anthers; a character
evidently much too absolute.
4 In Mollia,a genus nearly allied tothe Mal-
vaceæ, the polyadelphous character exists for a
great distance.
5 But it has generally, especially in the Brown-
lowia series, descending ovules with ventral
raphe. (See Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 63.)
6 The Tiliacee have very frequently incom-
plete cells. (See Adansonia, vi. 238; vii. 63;
x, 192.)
7 It is, bowever, well known that the imbri-
cation of the calyx is very pronounced in Æchino-
carpus, generically inseparable from Sloanea.
8 See Adansonia, x. 84.
TILIACEÆ. 185
trees; their liber also, on account of its great development and
peculiarities, which render it solid and more or less textile, has often
been studied and described.' The fascicles which constitute it are
undulate and tangential between themselves, to the level of the
summit of their most marked curvature, and they are more abundant,
as the layers of liber are nearer the interior.?. The parenchyma is
often the seat of abundant mucilaginous deposits, and here, as in a
great many ÂMalvaceæ, we meet with special mucilaginous cells,
in which there may be “the procreation of other cells, having
their own stratification,”* and the plasma of mucilage may offer two
aspects: “ sometimes it spreads itself round the cells, and sepa-
rates afterwards into more or less numerous strata; sometimes it
fills the whole cavity, and produces strata separating from the cir-
cumference to the centre.” The particular cells in the middle of the
mucilaginous liquid may in Zi/ia corallina give birth to nuclei, at
first homogeneous, afterwards hollowed into a central cavity. From
these facts T'rEcuL has concluded that in the Limes, as in many
other Malvoidee, the mucilage “does not result from a metamor-
phosis of the cellular membranes.”
At most about three hundred and fifty species are known, of
which two-thirds belong to the Old World. The Brownlowiee series,
formed of fourteen or fifteen species, would belong entirely to the
tropical regions of the Old World if it did not contain two American
Carpodipteras. The Prockiee, on the contrary, are natives of tro-
pical America, except Plagiopteron, which can only doubtfully be said
to belong to these, and which is Indian. All the species of “/@ocarpus
belong to the warm regions of the Old World; and all the Soaneas
were formerly American; but it is necessary to associate with this
genus the Asiatic and Oceanic species with imbricated calyx, compos-
ing the section Lehinocarpus. All the species of Crinodendron were
1 Upon these questions see Kieser, Mem.
upon the Orig. of Plt. (1814), t.17,—Muns., The
Orig. of Liber and Wood [in Mém. Mus. (1828),
xvi. 26, fig.]; Elém. de Phys. Vég., t. xiv. 19,
20.—H. Mout., Ueb. d, Bau d, Por. Gef. des
Dicot. (in Abh. Akad, Wissench. Miinch., i.
445, fig.); in Bot. Zeit. (1855), 878.—LINK.,
Ie, Sel. (1840), fase. 2, ii, 7, 12.—C. H.
Scnuztrz, Die Cyclose [in Nov. Act, Nat. Cur.
(1841), xviii, Suppl, ii. t. 33]. — Scxaour,
Lehrbuch, i. 338; Der Baum, 95, 199.—
Henrr., Micr. Dicr., art. Wood.—Outv., Stem
in Dicot., 8.
2 See Ricx., Hlém., éd. 7, 114, fig. 62.
3 TrfcuL, in Adansonia, vii. 248. MEYEN
believed the mucilage of the Limes to be con-
tained in the intercellular channels,
186 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Chilian ; but the three species of the section Dubouzetia grow in New
Caledonia. In this way this genus is nearly like 4ristotelia, represented
by one species in Chili, a second in Australia, and by two others in New
Zealand. Vallea is confined to the western zone of South America,
and Antholoma to New Caledonia. On the contrary, Zrichospermum,
comprising 7! mexicanum,’ should be represented by an American
species, a Javanese, and a third, Diclidocarpus, observed in the Fiji
isles. Apeiba, Mollia, Muntingia, Luhea, are all American, while
Christiana, Honckenya, Sparmannia, Glyphea, Duboscia, Desplatsia,
Ancistrocarpus, have only been observed in Africa ; Lrinocarpus,
Columbia, Diplodiscus, Berrya, Brownlowia, Pentace, Pityranthe, Schou-
tenia, in tropical Asia only, and in the neighbouring oceanic regions.
Græffea is limited to the islands of Fiji; Hntelea to New Zealand.
The Limes are met with in both Worlds, but only in the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere. Grewia is spread all over the
warm regions of the Old World, but is not met with in America.
The two most widely spread genera are without doubt Corchorus and
Triumfetta ; for there is scarcely a warm region in the world where
they do not grow more or less abundantly.
Their uses,? not very numerous, also indicate a great analogy to
Malvaceae. Vike them the Ziliacee@ are also remarkable for the pro-
duction of mucilage, for the textile qualities of their liber fibres, and
often by a certain degree of astringency due to the development of
tannin or substances analogous to it. The mucilaginous decoctions
obtained from the internal bark, and occasionally from the leaves and
flowers of the Lime,‘ are used as emollients and pectorals. 7%/ia syl-
vestris (figs. 176, 179-184), and with it 7° grandiflora Kur., and parvi-
flora Eur., in Western Europe; in Hungary, 7. argentia, Dxsr.; in
America, 7. americana L., and the other species of the same country
are most frequently used in the same way.‘ At the Cape the Spar-
mannia africana L. (figs. 186-190) ; inthe Antilles, M/untingia, Cala-
1 Grewia mexicana DC., Prodr., i. 510, n.
18.— Belotia grewiæfolia A. RicH., Fl. Cub., i.
207, t. 21.—Adenodiscus mexicanus TURCZ., in
740.—Rév., in Fl, Méd. of the 19th Century,
iii, 408.
4 There are also quoted the species and
Bull. Mose. (1846), ii. 504.
2 Enpu., Enchirid., 524—Linpu., Fl. Med.,
147; Veg. Kingd., 372.—ROSENTH., Syn. Pl.
Diaphor., 728, 1148,
3 Guis., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii, 634, fig.
varieties named 2, vulgaris Hayn., ulmifolia
Scor., heterophylla VENT, TY. canadensis
Micux., caroliniana Mitt., mexicana SCHLTL.
syn. (?) of Z. americana, (See ROSENTH., op. cit.,
732.—Berra, & Soum., Off. Gew., iii. t. 18 b.).
TILIACE. 187
bura Li; in all the warm regions of the globe a great many Trium-
fettas and herbaceous species of Corchorus have the same reputation.
These last, rich in water or in syrup of a gummy consistence, and
without other flavour than that given to them by various sauces, are
used as vegetables under the name of Cvretes, like our spinage and
lettuce ; such are principally C. olitorius L. (fig. 194), acutangulus L.,
tridens Li, capsularis Li, depressus, &c. The flowers are often
slightly odoriferous in the preceding genera; those of the Limes
have a soft fragrance, often ethereal. The bees pillage them of
an aromatic juice much used in medicine, in infusions, in dis-
tilled waters, as digestives, diaphoretics, sedatives, and antispasmo-
dics. In Grewia the fruit is often partly fleshy and edible, sweet and
acidulate, sometimes employed* in tropical countries in the prepara-
tion of cooling drinks and sherbet. The flesh of several Asiatic*
species of E/eocarpus have the same reputation ; it is eaten alone, or
confected with sugar. But in most of the species of the two last
genera the leaves are astringent, and the bark tonic, aromatic, or
bitter, containing a certain amount of tannin. In Asia Grewia Mi-
crocos L. and orientalis L., are also valued as astringents.’
Some species serve, for the same reason, in the preparation of skins
and leather. In Brazil, the Zuheas are used in the same way.’ In
the Limes themselves, the bracts which accompany the flowers are
considered to give to the infusions a slight degree of astringency.
Several American species of 7riumfetta’ are both astringent and muci-
1 Especially 7. angulata Lamx., in India
lanceolatus Bu., tuberculatus RoxB., tectorius
and Tropical Africa; in Java, 7. annua Li,
(Craspedum tectorium LoUR.), macrophyllus Bu.
spicata Bu., pseudo-angulata Bu,; in India, 7!
pilosa Rotu, oblongata Lamx., trilocularis
Roxs.; in America, 7. havannensis H. B. K.
and altheoides LAMXK.
2 C. Antichorus RœusoH (ex DC. — Anti-
chorus depressus Li. FIL, Mantiss., 64.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 504.—Jussiæa edulis Forsk., Æg-
arab., 210.—Carrictera Scor.
3 Among others, those of G. asiatica L.,
sapida RoxB., hirsuta Vaut, tiliæfolia Van,
in India; of G. megalocarpa P, BEAUV., in
Guinea. In Abyssinia those of G. echinulata
Det., and of G. discolor FRes. (vulg. Somaya)
are eaten. Those of a Grewia, named in
the country Matangourré, are astringent and
used in making ink.
4 Especially Æ. Ganitrus Roxs.,
tus L., Perim-kara DC.
serra-
Tulpai of. India),
(Ganitrus oblongum RUMPx.), angustifolius Bu.,
and Æ. cyaneus SIMS (figs. 199-201), Austra-
lian species (see ROSENTH., op. cit., 733, 1148).
The Andjang-annjanc of India, a plant with
oleaginous seeds, is an Eleocarpus.
5 G. columnaris SM., and asiatica L., are dis-
tinguished as such; the latter is valued as an
antisyphilitic. In Abyssiuia some species are
used as astringents.
§ Principally Z. paniculata Marv. and Azoite
cavallos, that is to say, LZ. grandiflora Marr.
and divaricata Mart, The former is used in
making gun stocks; the two latter furnish
crooks used in keeping sheep.
7 «Plores..., dum infunduntur,
validius adstringentibus caule
(EnDt., loc. cit.)
8 Principally 7.
a bracteis
separandi.”
semitriloba L., sepium
188 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
laginous. The fleshy fruits of Aristotelia Maqui (figs. 208-210)! are
eaten in Chili, and also used in making a kind of wine. In spite of
the generic name of Æ/eocarpus, it is a mistake to say that the peri-
carp contains oil, like that of the Olives. But the seeds of some
species certainly contain it; as do also those of the Limes, some-
times roasted, and used as asubstitute for cocoa. The seeds of Cor-
chorus olitorius are purgative.
As a textile substance the liber of the Limes has been used for
centuries in the manufacture of mats, cordage, cables, string, coarse
stuffs and even paper. The thread of Jute or Paat, which is imported
so largely by Europe from Asia and tropical Africa, is furnished by
the bark of Corchorus olitorius and some neighbouring species.* The
arborescent Ziliacee have often a useful wood. That of the Euro-
pean and American Limes is employed for many domestic purposes,
in building, carving, &c.; charcoal of a good quality is prepared
from it. Some species of Grewia in the Old World, particularly the
Dhamnoo of India, or G. elastica RoY1r,' some Hle@ocarpus ; in Brazil,
Luhea ; in Asia and tropical Australia, Berrya Amomilla,’ has also a
useful wood, often solid, enduring, elastic, good for carpenters’ and
wheelwrights work, &c. Some species of Corchorus are mentioned in
the Eastas tinctorial plants. In Peru, Vallea cordifolia KR. & Pav.
is said to furnish a yellow dye. The nuts of several species of
Indian Æeocarpus, particularly those of #. Ganitrus,’ are known to
collectors by their hardness, and the use that is made of them for
the toilette; they are carved more or less finely, set in gold, or in-
crusted with stones and jewels. Collars and chaplets are made of
them which are sometimes of a high price. Several species of H/go-
carpus have charming flowers,’ white, red or yellowish, whose laci-
A. S. H. and eriocarpa A. S. H., which grow in
Brazil by the wayside and are used in the treat-
ment of gonorrhea. They bear the common
name of Carapixo de caleada (Linvu., F1.
Med., 148).
1 Lufr., Stirp., ii. 31, t. 16.—Mér. & Dex,
Dict. Mat. Méd., i. 417.—H. EN, in Dict.
Encyel. Se. Méd., vi. 125. This plant is used
in dyeing black.
2 RoxBURGH is said not to have succeeded in
extracting it. The fruits bear in India the
common names of Tulpai, Julpai.
3 That is to say, C. capsularis L, (Spec.,
746.—GzRTN., Fruct., t. 129), acutangulus
Lamx.,(Dict.,ii. 104),trilocularis L., tridens L.,&c.
4 From it are made very flexible bows, the
shafts of carriages, handles of whips, &e.
5 Roxs., Cat. Hort. Cale., 42.—DC., Prod»,
i. 518. Its light wood, named by the English
Trincomale wood, is used in Madras in the con-
struction of craft, called Massoola boats.
6 Fl. Per., 182.—DC., Prodr., i. 520, n. 2.
It is probably only a variety of V. stipularis
Mur. (ex L. ¥., Suppl., 266).
7 Ganitrus spherica GERIN., Fruct., ii. 271,
t. 189, fig. 6(?). See Rumpn., Herb. Amboin.,
t. 101.—Burm., Zeyl., 30, t. 40.
8 See Bot, Mag., t. 4680.
TILIACE Æ. 189
niate. petals make such an effect in our greenhouses. Their fruits are
also remarkable for an azure tint, or an almost metallic lustre.
Tn our orangeries and greenhouses, Sparmannia, and several species
of Grewia and Entelea arborescens, are cultivated for their white flowers
and spinose fruits. The Zv/eas are also cultivated, but rarely bloom.
Aristotelia Maqui supports in the open air the climate of the south
and west of France. The Limes are valued more than any
other genus of this family for planting in parks, on promenades
and by-roads, for the beauty of their foliage, the grace of their form
and the fragrant odour of their flowers.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
I. BROWNLOWIEÆ.
1. Brownlowia Roxs.—Flowers regular hermaphrodite ; calyx sub-
campanulate, regularly or irregularly 3—5-dentate or 3—5-fid, valvate.
Petals 5, narrow at base, unequal at apex ; preefloration contorted or
imbricated. Stamens w, produced with the summit of the receptacle
beyond the perianth in a small cylindrical column inserted below the
germen, 5 of which are antherless, oppositipetalous elongated-peta-
loid ; others disposed in 5 phalanges, alternate ; filaments thin, free or
connate at base ; anthers 2-locular extrorse ; cells subglobose, rimose,
finally confluent at apex. Carpels 3-5, alternipetalous, free; ger-
mens J-locular ; ovules 2, ascending ; micropyle extrorse inferior
style subulate ; apex stigmatiferous not thickened. Carpels in fruit
1-5 (usually solitary, others abortive), free subglobose thick, 2-
valved. Seed solitary, largely umbilicate ; embryo exalbuminous ;
cotyledons thick fleshy plano-convex, decurrent below round
radicle-—Trees ; hairs stellate or lepidote ; leaves alternate entire
petiolate ;
entire penniverved, base 3—5-nerved ; flowers in ramified cymiferous
racemes, terminal or in axils of upper leaves (Zrop. Asia). See
pe 167:
stipules small, little conspicuous or caducous; limb
2. Christiana DC.'—Flowers nearly of Brownlowia ; stamens all
fertile. Carpels 5 (or fewer) free at maturity, 2-valved. Seeds so-
litary pisiform ; testa crustaceous; cotyledons of coloured embryo
foliaceous ; albumen fleshy.—A tree ; leaves and inflorescence nearly
of Brownlowia (Trop. West Africa’).
5-merous, 3-lobed. It is doubtful whether the
4-lobes, as frequently in Brownlowia, are more
1 Prodr., i, 516.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5375.—
B. H., Gen., 232, n. 5.—Bocg., in Adansonia,
vii. 61.
The genus is discussed by R. Br., Congo,
428; Mise. Works (ed. Brnn.), i. 108; the
calyx is said to be little known, with gynæceum
or less united for some distance in pairs.
3 Spec. 1. C. africana DC., loc. cit.—Masr.,
in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 241.— C. cordifolia
Hook, r., Niger, 238.— Watp., Ann., ii, 171.
TILIACEÆ. 191
3. Diplodiscus Turcz.'—Flowers nearly of Brownlowia ; stamens
5 together, antherless. Carpels 5, connate at base in 5-locular
germen; cells 2-ovulate. Capsule tomentose (5-valved ?)—Trees ;
leaves oblong penninerved, base scarcely 3-nerved coriaceous ; flowers
in ramified racemose cymes, terminal and lateral (Philippine Islands’).
4. Pentace Hassk.—Flowers of Brown/lowia ; carpels 3-5, coal-
escent in flower. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 3-5-winged, wide, vertical,
appendiculate. Seed abortive 1, albuminous.—Trees; leaves 3-5-
nerved at base, and inflorescence of Brownlowia' (Java, Malaya’).
5. Pityranthe Tuw.'’—Flowers of Brownlowia ; ovules in each cell
2, descendent. Capsule subturbinate, 5-angular, shortly 5-winged,
5-valved.—A tree; flowers and inflorescence nearly of Brownlowia
(Zeylania’).
6. Berrya Roxs.'—Flowers nearly of Christiana ; stamens all fer-
tile. Germen 5-lobed, 3-locular ;? ovules in each cell 4-w , 2-seriate.
Capsule loculicidal, 3, 4-valved; valves dorsally 2-winged, vertical
divergent above, appendiculate. Seeds l—o, rigid pilose; em-
bryo albuminous, cotyledons foliaceous (virescent).—A tree ; leaves
5-7-nerved at base, and inflorescence of Brownlowia (Trop. Asia and
Australia’).
7. Carpodiptera Griszs."—Flowers polygamo-diæcious, nearly
of Berrya ; germen 2-locular ;” style afterwards divided into 2-lobes,
1 In Bull. Mose. (1858), i.
Gen., 232, n. 3.
2 Spec. 1 v. 2. WaALP., Ann., vii. 442.
3 Hort. Bogor., ed. 2, i. 110.—B. H., Gen.,
231, n. 2.—Boca., in Adansonia, vii. 60.
4 To this is to be referred (ex B. H., Gen.,
985) Pterocelion Turcz. [in Bull. Mose.
(1863), i. 575], a Javanese tree, flowers 4 or 5-
merous, “capsule 10-celled, 10-winged,” by
authors referred to Dombeyæ, and seeming to
have some affinity with Berryæ.
5 Spec. 2 v. 3.
6 Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 29.—B. H., Gen., 232, n.
4,—BocqQ., in Adansonia, vii. 60.
7 Spec. 1. P. verrucosa Tuw., loc. cit.—
WALP., vii. 442.— Kleinhovia verrucosa GARDN.
5 Roxs., Pl. Coromand., iii, 60, t. 264.—
235.—B. H.,
DC., Prodr., i. 517.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5379.—
H. Bn., in Payer Fam. Nat. 276.—B. H.,
Gen., 232, 985, n. 6.—Boca., in Adansonia,
vii. 56.—Espera W., in Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.
N. Schr, iii. 449—DC., Prodr., i. 517.—
Hexagonotheca Turcz., in Bull, Mose. (1846),
ii. 505.
® Sometimes, but more rarely, 4-merous.
10 Spec. 1. B. Amomilla Roxs., loc. cit.—
Wieut & ARN., Prodr., i. 81—Wraut, Z/.,
t. 34.—BrntH., Fl. Austral., i. 268.—Aexa-
gonotheca cordata Turcz., loc. cit.—Watp.,
Ann., i, 111.
1 Pl. Cub., in Mem. Amer, Acad., viii, 163.—
B. H., Gen., 232, 985, n. 8.—H. BN., in Adan-
sonia, x. 192.
12 Sometimes 3-4-merous.
192 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
wide subsessile subpetaloid lacerate; avule in each cell solitary
descending. Capsule subglobose, with 2-valved dehiscence ; each
valve (as in Berrya) 2-winged. Seeds rigid, hairy albuminous P—
Trees; leaves and inflorescence of Brownlowia (Trop. America, conti-
nent and insular eastern Africa’).
II. TILIEÆ.
8. Tilia T.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle shortly conical.
Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, alternate, base naked or squamose en-
larged, imbricated. Stamens ©, inserted with perianth, filaments
subfree or connate at base in 5 phalanges, oppositipetalous ; anthers
extrorse ; cells distinct, longitudinally rimose, either all fertile or
1 terminal in each interior bundle sterile, petaloid-elongate,
oppositipetalous, imbricated. Germen sessile; cells 5, alternipeta-
lous; style erect; apex dilated stigmatiferous, 5-dentate; teeth
connivent, divergent or patent ; ovules in each cell 2, ascending ;
micropyle extrorse inferior. Fruit subglose nut-shaped, indehiscent.
Seeds 1, or few, ascending; albumen fleshy; embryo usually
curved ; cotyledons widely foliaceous sublobed corrugate, involute
at margin.—Trees ; hairs simple or stellate ; leaves alternate; often
oblique, cordate, serrate at base ; stipules 2, lateral; flowers terminal
on twigs or axillary, subracemose; terminal | ; others lateral,
bracteate ; inferior bract foliaceous, wing-shaped, rather large, adnate
to peduncle at middle (47 the northern temp. regions of the Globe).
See p. 169.
9. Schoutena Korru.’—Sepals 5° connate at base, valvate, reti-
culate, persistent, accrescent after anthesis. Petals 5, shorter, linear,
naked at base or very shortly sublanceolate, caducous. Stamens
oo,‘ inserted in receptacle shortly under germen; filaments filiform
1 Spee. 4, of which are Amer. 2. GrisEB., Gen., 237, n, 26.— Actinophora Watt., Cat.
Cat. Pl. Cub,, 29.—Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. n. 1168.
Afr., i. 241.—H. BN, in Adansonia, x. 180, 3 Stellate pubescent.
181.—Watp., Ann., vii. 442. * Often from 15-20.
2 In Ned. Kruidk. Arch., i. 313.—B. H.,
TILIACEÆ. 193
short free persistent; anthers ovate-oblong, 2-locular, subintrorsely
Germen 3—5-locular; cells incomplete; ovules in each
micropyle extrorse inferior; style slender, apex
thickened stigmatiferous 3-5-sulcate, 3-5-fid. Capsule globose,
furnished with stellate-patent calyx, by abortion l-spermous. ‘Testa
of ascending seed thin ; embryo albuminous ; cotyledons wide, invo-
lute at margin.—A_ tree ; hairs stellate; leaves alternate serrate,
oblique 3-5-nerved at base; flowers in short axillary cymes (zd.
Arch.’),
rimorse.'
cell 2, ascending ;
10? Muntingia Prum.*—-Flowers 5- or more rarely 6—7-merous ;
receptacle convex. Sepals valvate and petals same in number,
alternate, naked at base, imbricate. Stamens o, inserted round
the hypogynous cupuliform sometimes villous or glandular-
pilose disk; filaments free; anthers introrse, sooner or later
partly reflexed, versatile, 2-rimose. Germen free, 5-7-locular ;
ovules o, inserted on a 2-lobed descending placenta (otherwise
free) ; style short tubular,’ apex stigmatiferous, 5—7-sulcate-lobed.
Berry irregularly c-locular. Seeds ©, small, imbedded in pulp ;
embryo albuminous straight ; cotyledons small ; radicle thick.—A
small tree; hairs stellate; leaves alternate, unequally dentate at
base; flowers’ pedunculate axillary, solitary or in few-flowered
cymes (Zrop. America‘). See p. 172.
11. Glyphæa Hook. r.’—Flowers 4, 5-merous ; receptacle shortly
conical. Sepals valvate. Petals alternate, at base naked sessile,
imbricate or more rarely contorted. Stamens ow; filaments free
erect short ; anthers 2-locular introrse; cells linear; rimose ; con-
nective shortly produced beyond cells. Germen free; cells 4-10,
1 Cells sublateral adnate to lanceolate con-
nective (darkened in drying).
? Spee. 1. S. ovata Korvu., loc. cit.—Acti-
nophora fragrans Wauu., loc. cit.—Brnn., Pl,
Jav. Rar., t. 46. There may be two species of
Schoutenia, one of which, from Borneo, is un-
described.
3 Gen., 6, t. 14.—L., Gen., n. 651.—GÆRIN.,
Fruct., i. 285, t. 59.—DC., Prodr., i. 514.—
SPACH, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 38.—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5380.—B. H., Gen., 236, 986, n. 28.—Bocg.,
VOL. IV.
in Adansonia, vii. 40.—Calabura PiuK., Mant.,
t. 152, fig. 4.
4 Longitudinally traversed within by thick
apices of dissepiments,
5 White.
6 Spec. 1. M. Calabura L., Spec., 728.—
JACQ., Amer., i. t. 107.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen.
et Spec., v. 348.—Kanst., Fl. Columb., ii. 55,
t.128.—Tr. & PL., in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4,
Xvii. 355.—WaAtP., Rep., 1. 363; Ann., vii. 448,
7 Niger., 237, t. 22.—B. H., Gen., 237, n.
27.—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii, 43.
O
194 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
-ovulate in internal angle; style short hollow, apex stigmatiferous
pulpous, subentire or unequally crenate. Fruit oblong-fusiform
dry inermis, 4—10-lobular, 4-10-sulcate ; cells with difficulty septicidal
# -spermous, and transversely septate between seeds. Seeds finally
sub-l-seriate, unequally-compressed ; testa crustaceous; albumen
fleshy ; embryo axile ; cotyledons orbicular-cordate.—Shrubs ;. leaves
of Grewia, denticulate 3-plinerved, stipules minute subulate very
caducous; flowers’ in pedunculate, subaxillary lateral or terminal
cymes (Zrop. Africa’). See p. 172.
12. Apeiba AvusBL.’—Flowers 5- or more rarely 4-merous ; recep-
tacle conical. Sepals valvate and petals same in number, alternate,
imbricate or subvalvate. Stamens ©, free, w-seriate; exterior
often sterile, dilated in petaloid lamina; interior fertile ; anthers
introrse ; cells linear, longitudinally rimose; connective sometimes
produced beyond cells. Germen &-locular; cells‘ æ-ovulate ; style
tubular or long obconical, interior hollow, apex stigmatiferous o-
denticulate, or more rarely straight cut. Fruit depressed-globose,
coriaceous or subligneous, tuberculate or echinate, indehiscent or
dehiscing with difficulty. Seeds , nidulant in pulp, suborbiculate
or compressed ; albumen fleshy; embryo straight ; cotyledons orbicu-
late-subcordate.—Trees or small trees ; leaves alternate, large, 3-5-
nerved; flowers’ in cymes 2- or 3-chotomous; peduncle terminal,
lateral or subleaf-opposed ; bracts often stipuliform deciduous (7rop.
America’). See p. 172.
13, Ancistrocarpus O1iv.’—“ Sepals 4, free. Petals 4, naked at
base. Stamens o, inserted on non-elevated torus, coalescing in 4
phalanges, opposite sepals; phalanges connected at base by a mem-
brane; anthers linear muticous. Germen sub-6-locular ; dissepi-
1 Yellow ; bud nearly of Grewia. Elem., n. 1005.— Sloanea La@ru., It, 311
2 Spec. 2. Don, Gen. Syst., i, 549 (Grewia). (nec. L.).
—Hoox. Fr. in Bot. Mag., t. 5610.—Masr., 4 Sometimes 30-40.
in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr., i, 267.—H. BN., in 5 « Flavescentibus v. virescentibus.”
Adansonia, x. 175.—Watp., Ann., i. 111; ii. § Spec. ad 5. Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ., t. 16, f. 1
172; vii. 450. (Aubletia)—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v.
3 Guian., 537, t. 213-216.—J. Gen., 291.—- 347,—Burntu., in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Suppl.,
Gzrtn., Fruct., ii. 188, t. 121.—Lamx., Dict., 60.—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 98—Tr. &
Suppl., i. 406; ZU., t. 470.—DC., Prodr., i. Pu, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 346.—WALP.,
514.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5364.—H. Bn., in Payer Rep., ii. 798; v. 116; vii. 450.
Fam. Nat., 276.—B. H., Gen., 237, n. 28.— 7 In Journ, Linn. Soc. ix. 173.—B. H., Gen.,
Boca, in Adansonia, vii. 39, — Aubletia 986, n. 28 a.
Scurrs., Gen. 353. — Oxytandrum NECK.,
TILIACEÆ. 195
ments scarcely coalescing at centre ; cells œ-ovulate; style simple ;
stigma obtuse. Fruit globose coriaceous uncinate-echinate (loculicidal
3-valved?). Seeds o, nidulant in pulp; embryo. ..?—Small trees or
shrubs ; leaves alternate glabrous, or glabrescent rigidly membranous
denticulate, sub-3-plinerved at base; flowers' in umbelliferous pe-
dunculate few-flowered lateral or terminal cymes ; fructiferous
peduncles recurved” (Zrop. West Africa’). See p. 172.
14. Luhea W.*-—Flowers calyculate; sepals 5, thick valvate.
Petals 5, base naked or glandular-thickened, sometimes connate
with base of androceum, imbricated or contorted. Stamens «, free
or shortly connate at base in 5 phalanges, alternipetalous, or in 10;
exterior ones antherless, generally filiform ; interior fertile; anthers
extrorse, sometimes subsagittate, longitudinally rimose. Germen free ;
cells 5, æ-ovulate, sometimes falsely septate within ; ovules 2-seriate,
ascending, imbricate ; style erect, obscurely 5-lobed at apex. Capsule
ligneous, loculicidal semi-5-valved. Seeds o, imbricate, ascending,
upper part produced in a wing; embryo albuminous; cotyledons plano-
foliaceous.—T ees or shrubs; hairs simple and stellate; leaves alternate,
sometimes oblique at base, serrate, reticulate; stipules 2-nate, deci-
duous ; flowers' solitary, or oftener in ramified cymiferous racemes ;
bracts under flower 5-8, often longer than calyx, sometimes connate,
deciduous, simulating an exterior calyx (Hot regions of N. and 8.
See p. 172.
America).”
15? Greeffea Sevm.'—“ Flowers hermaphrodite; sepals 5, val-
vate. Petals 5, naked at base, imbricate. Stamens , inserted on the
receptacle produced in a cone beyond perianth, œ-seriate ; filaments
free ; anthers oblong, 2-locular versatile rimose. Germen 2-locular ;
style short, stigmatiferous at apex, dilated hollow, unequally denti-
culate ; cells œ-ovulate. Fruit...?—A glabrous tree; leaves alternate,
1 Mediocritibus, albis.”
2 Spec. 2. Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
265. 4
3 In Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. N. Schr., iii. 409,
t. 5.—DC., Prodr., i. 517.—ENDL., Gen., n.
5365.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 39.—B. H.,
Gen., 235, n. 20.—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii.
45.—Brotera VEtoz., Fl. Flum., vii. t. 163.—
Alegria Mog. & Sess., Fl. Mex, Med, (ex DC.,
Prodr., i. 516).
* White or pink, beautiful.
5 Spec. ad 15. Mart. & Zucc., Nov. Gen.
et Spec., 1. 98, t. 61-63.—A.S. H., Pl. Us.
Bras., t.66; Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 289, t. 57, 58.
—Pout., Pl. Bras., t. 186, 187.—BENTEH., in
Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 58.—Tr. & Pr,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 347.— War.
Rep., i. 352; ii. 798; v. 116; Ann., vii. 448.
5 Journ. of Bot. (1864), 71, t.6; Fl. Vit.,
27, t. 6.— Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 52.—B. H.,
Gen., 986, n. 22 a.
196 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
petiolate ovate-oblong serrate acuminate, base cordate 3—5-nerved ;
stipules large obovate connate in a persistent ocreiform cupule ;
flowers in pedunculate axillary cymes ; peduncles 2-chotomous ; pedi-
cels 2-bracteolate at base ; bractlets 3, formed into an involucel under
flower” (Fiji Islands'). See p. 172.
16. Mollia Marr. & Zucc.2—Flowers 5-merous; sepals valvate.
Petals alternate, naked at base, subentire, valvate, or more or less 3-fid
and subimbricate at apex ; ribs sometimes rather prominent within.
Stamens o, inserted with petals, 10-adelphous; phalanges 5
oppositipetalous and 5 alternate, large; filaments finally free ;*
anthers narrow, subsagittate; cells linear-introrse or sublateral,
longitudinally rimose, connective sometimes apiculate. Germen
superior ; cells 2, complete or incomplete, o-ovulate ; style slender ;
apex stigmatiferous, obtuse. Capsule 2-locular, elongate, expanded
at apex into short curved marginal wing, compressed contrarily to
narrow septum, loculicidal, semi-2-valved, falsely septate between
seeds. Seeds transverse compressed; albumen? ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons flat, membranous.—Trees ; leaves alternate, entire or
serrate; stipules laterally 2-nate; flowers‘ axillary, solitary, or in
eymes, sometimes l-parous (Zropical America’). See p. 172.
17. Sparmannia L. r.'—Sepals 4, of which 2 are lateral, some-
times petaloid, valvate. Petals 4, alternate, naked at base, imbricate.
Stamens o, inserted with perianth ; filaments at base connate in
4 alternipetalous phalanges, otherwise free; exterior, antherless,
glandular-undulate or moniliform above, interior longer, torulose,
fertile; anthers introrse, finally versatile, 2-rimose. Germen
superior ; cells 4 or more rarely 5-8, complete or incomplete, oc-ovu-
Spec. 1. G. calyculata SEE. loc. cif.
Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 96, t. 60—SPACH,
Suit. à Buffon, iv. 42,—EnpDu., Gen., n. 5366.
— BENTH., in Journ. Linn, Soc., v. Suppl, 59.—
B. H., Gen., 236, n. 21.—H. BN., in Payer Fam.
Nat., 276.—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 58.—
Schlechtendalia SPRENG., Syst. Cur, Post., 295
(nec W., nec LEss.).
3 A few sterile ones sometimes intermixed.
1
2
4 White, beautiful.
5 Spec. ad 6. Watp., Rep. i. 353; v. 117.
6 Suppl., 41.—J., Gen., 290.—LaAMK. Dict.,
vii. 308; ZE, t. 468.—RETz.,, Obs., v. t. 3.—
DC., Prodr., i, 503.—Sracn, Suit. à Buffon,
iv. 5.—Enpt., Gen., n. 5369.— PAYER, Or-
ganog., 22, t. 5.—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat.
275.—B. H., Gen, 235, n. 16.—BocQ. in
Adansonia, vii. 38.
TILIACEÆ. 197
late ;' style simple; apex stigmatiferous, rimose, ramified-papillose.
Capsule subglobose, rigid echinate, loculicidal ; cells 1-c -spermous.
Seeds unequally obovoid ; testa crustaceous, sometimes rugose ;
embryo albuminous, nearly straight, curved or folded; cotyledons
suborbiculate, subplane.—Trees or shrubs ; hairs stellate, soft ; leaves
petiolate, alternate, cordate, dentate, or lobed ; stipules lateral; flowers*
in many |-parous cymes, inserted at the top of peduncle (terminal or
axillary to upper leaves) subumbellate (Zyopical and Southern Africa’).
See p. 172.
18. Entelea R. Br.'—Flowers nearly of Sparmannia, 4- or more
rarely 5-merous; sepals valvate; apex acuminate. Stamens ©, all
fertile, free; anthers versatile. Germen 4—8-locular; cells -ovu-
late; style stigmatiferous, dilated, denticulate at apex. Capsule
globose, rigid echinate, above loculicidalhians 4—8-valved; septa
solute at apex. Seeds «, obovoid; testa glabrous, coriaceous ;
embryo albuminous, almost straight or curved ; cotyledons cordate-
orbiculate—A tree; hairs stellate ; leaves alternate, dentate, sub-
3-lobed, base 5—7-nerved ; stipules lateral; flowers’ in cymiferous
racemes subumbellate, terminal and axillary to upper leaves, brac-
teate (New Zealand‘). See p. 172.
19. Honckenya W.’—F lowers 4, 5-merous; receptacle scarcely
elongated beyond perianth. Sepals valvate, externally below the
apex produced in a point sometimes glandular. Petals same in
number, naked at base, imbricate. Stamens ©, inserted round a
disk scarcely visible and scarcely higher than the perianth, free ;
exterior o antherless, filiform; interior few (7-10) fertile ; anthers
introrse, 2-locular; cells linear, separate on both sides, longitudi-
nally rimose. Germen 4-8-locular ; cells «-ovulate ; style simple,
1 Coat of ovules double.
2 White, sometimes beautiful, resembling
5 White, ordinary.
5 Spec. 1. Æ. arborescens R. BR., loc. cit.—
those of Dombeyeæ, stamens 2-coloured, pale
yellow and dusky purple.
3 Spee. 3. Venv., Malmais., t. 78.—MAasr.,
in Oliv, Fl, Trop. Afr., i. 260,—Harv. &
SOND., Fl. Cap., i. 223.—Bot, Mag., t. 516.-—
Watp., Ann., i. 110; ii. 169 ; vii. 447.
4 In Bot. Mag., t. 2480.—Spacu, Suit à
Buffon, iv. 4.—ExDz., Gen., n. 5368.—B. H.,
Gen., 234, n. 15.—H. BN., in Payer Fam.
Nat., 275.—Bocg.. in Adansonia, vii. 37.
A. Gray, in Amer, Expl. Exped., Bot., 195.—
Watr., Rep., v. 117. — Apeiba australis A,
Ricu., Fl. N.-Zel., t. 34.
7 In Ulster. Del. ii. 200, t. 4; Spec. PL, ii.
325.—DC., Prodr., i, 506.—ENDL., Gen., n.
5370.—B. H., Gen., 235, n. 17.—H. BN., in
Payer Fam. Nat., 275.—Bocg., in Adansonia,
vii. 38. — Clappertonia Mutssn., Gen., 35;
Comm., 28.—ENDL., Gen., n, 5370+
198 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
tubular at apex, hians stigmatiferous, 4—8-denticulate. Capsule
oblong, echinate, loculicidal; valves 4-8, transversely falsely septate
between seeds. Seeds obovate compressed ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
rather thick ; cotyledons flat.—Trees or small shrubs ; hairs stellate ;
leaves alternate, dentate, or unequally 3-5-lobed; stipules small,
lanceolate or setaceous ; flowers' in terminal cymes, 1-parous, simple,
or little ramified, few; bracts 1-lateral, sometimes incised’ (7/ropical
Western Africa’). See p. 172.
20. Corchorus L.'—Flowers 4, 5-merous; receptacle often short
or elongated between the insertion of stamens and perianth, or more
rarely (Guazumoides’) produced beyond perianth in a slender column
dilated at apex, disciform, bearing the sexual organs.’ Sepals val-
vate and petals alternate, naked at base, imbricate or more rarely
contorted. Stamens either 2 or 3 times as many as petals ;’ all fertile,
or the interior 4, 5, oppositipetalous, antherless, petaloid (Corcho-
ropsis), or of, all fertile; filaments free; anthers introrse or
versatile, and finally extrorse (Corchoropsis) 2-locular, longitudi-
nally rimose. Germen 2—5-locular ; cells complete or very incom-
plete, 1-locular; placentas sometimes not quite touching the middle
of cell œ-ovulate; style simple; apex dilated hollow, truncate,
denticulate or crenulate stigmatiferous. Capsule short, subglobose
(Ganja) or much oftener elongate-siliquiform, naked, not horned at
apex, 2-valved (Corefa"), or loculicidal and septicidal 3—10-valved
(Corctoides’), afterwards at apex divergent in 2-5 horns (Cerato-
corela*), sometimes ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, velvety or muricate
1 Sometimes large, bluish violet. 5 Whence the section presents a transition to
? Gen. scarcely distinct from Corcho- Triumfetta.
Tus. 7 Often 8,in4-merousflowersof Antichorus (L.,
S
3 Spec. 2 (v.3?). Done. in Deless Ic, Sel.
v. t. 1.—Masr., in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 260.
—H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. 183,—WALP., Ann.,
i. 110,
4 Gen., n. 675 (nec T.).—J., Gen., 290.—
GZÆRTN., Fruct., i. 8307; ii. 482.—Lamx., Dict.,
ii. 103; Suppl., iii. 349; JZUL., t. 478.— DC.
Prodr., i. 504.—Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 7.
—Enpu., Gen., n. 5871.—B. H., Gen., 235,
986, n. 18.— PAYER, Organog., 23.—A. Gray,
Gen. Ill., t. 1387.—Bocq., in Adansenia, vii.
42.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 192.—Merlensia
VErLOZ., Fl. Flum., v. t. 112.—Coreta P. Br.,
Jam., 147. (incl.: Antichorus L., Corchoropsis
Sres. & Zucc., Nettoa H. By.).
5 DC, Prodr., i. 505 (sect. v.).
Mantiss., n.1257). Stirps and aspect distinct,
8 Sirs. & Zucc., in Abh, Akad. Münch., iii.
37, t. 4.—B. H., Gen., 235, 986, n. 18.—
Boca., in Adansonia, vii. 36.
% South American and Australian species.
W Whence Nettoa (H. BN., in Adansonia, vi.
238, t. 7 ;—B. H., Gen., 286, n. 16 a) better
made a section of Corchorusis ; receptacle as in
-Guazumoides, elevated beyond perianth and
dilated at apex. The plant affords also an easy
transition to the Triumfettas. Petals inserted
with stamens.
1 Rumpx., Herb. Amboin., v. t. 78, fig. 1.—
DC, Loc. cit. (sect. iv.).
12 P, Br. Jam. (ex DC.).
13 DC., Prodr., 504 (sect. ii.).
TILIACEÆ. 199
with soft, setose-echinate aculei (Guazumoides'), rarely septate be-
tween seeds. Seeds ™, horizontal or descending; embryo albuminous,
often incurved ; cotyledons foliaceous.— Herbs, undershrubs, or small
shrubs; hairs simple or sometimes stellate ; leaves alternate, serrate ;
stipules small ; flowers® solitary or in scanty cymes, terminal, lateral,
subleaf-opposed or subaxillary, bracteate® (47 warm regions of the
globe). See p. 173.
21. Grewia L.°—F lowers usually 5- rarely 4-merous; sepals 5, often
coloured, valvate. Petals same in number, inserted with the sepals
and alternate to them, rarely very smali or 0, sessile, and base in-
wardly foveolate or glandiferous, valvate or imbricate. Receptacle
produced in column more or less elongated beyond the insertion
of perianth, impressed to foveolate or glandular base of petals,
beyond glandular-dilated into disk bearing sexual-organs. Stamens ©,
hypogynous, inserted with pistil; filaments free or connate at
base; anthers introrse, 2-locular, finally reflexed or versatile, lon-
Germen 4, 5-locular; cells oppositipetalous
3-locular; style erect stigmatiferous at apex,
Ovules in
gitudinally 2-rimose.
or more rarely 2,
more or less dilated, subentire or minute 2—5-lobed.
each cell 2, g, , 2-seriate, inserted in internal angle ;
micropyle extrorse ... erior. Fruit drupaceous, either entire 2,
3-locular. (J/icrocos’) or within 2, 3-pyrenous (Vincentia’), usually
ascending, or
1 DC. loc, cit., 505 (sect. iii.).
2 Yellow, usually small, sometimes rather
large; cymes sometimes 1-parous.
3 Sect. (according to several authors) 4 cer-
tain: 1. Antichorus (L.r.);—2. Coreta P. Br.
(incl., ex ENpL.: a ÆEucoreta (ENDL.), 6 Core-
5 Gen., n. 1026 (part.)—Apans., Fam. des
PL, ii. 382.—J., in Ann, Mus., iv. 82, t. 47-51;
Gen., 292, 453.—GæRTN., Fruct., i, 273, t. 57.
Laux., Dict., iii, 42; Suppl, ii. 845; ZIL., t.
467.—DC., Prodr., i. 75.—Spacu, Suit. à
Buffon, iv. 9.—Envu., Gen., n. 5376.—B. H.,
toides (DC.), y Ceratocoreta (DC.) ;—3. Ganja
(DC.); — 4. Guazumoides (DC.); add.: 5.
Nettoa (H. By.) ;—6. Corchoropsis (Sirs. &
Zuoo.).
4 Spec. about 30, of which 8-10 are Oceanian,
H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v.335.—A.S.H., F1.
Bras. Mer., i. 279.—Wieut & ARN., Prodr., i.
72.—Wicut, Icon., t. 311, 739, 1073. Harv.
&Sonv., Fl. Cap., i. 228.—Berntu., Fl. Austral.
i. 275.—Tr. & PL., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4,
xvii. 350.—Griszes., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 97.—
A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exped., Bot., i. 195.—
Mast,, in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 261.—Waxr.,
Rep., i. 354; ii. 798; v. 117, 118 (Corcho-
ropsis); Ann., ii. 169; iv. 830 ; vii. 447.
Gen., 233, 985, n. 8.—H. BN., in Payer Fam.
Nat., 276.—GAROKE, in Bot. Zeit. (1864), 345.
— Boca. in Adansonia, vii. 46 (incl.: Arsis
Lour., Chadara Forsk., Mallococca Forsr.,
Microcos L., Omphacarpus KORTH., Siphomeria
Bos., Vincentia BoJ.).
6 L., Gen., n. 662.—Arsis Lour., Fl. Co-
chinch., 335 (Spec. 2, 3, Asiat. & Afr. Trop.
Wieurt, Jil., t. 33; Icon., t. 84.—Hoox., in
Bot. Mise., i. t. 69).
7 Bos., in Hook. Bot, Misc., i. 293, t. 62.—
Vinticena Steup., Nomencl., ed. 2 (Spec. Afr.
Trop. Or. Cont. & Ins, & Austral. GÆRTK., loc.
cit., t. 106, fig. 3— Harv. & SOND., Fl. Cap.,
i, 225, n. 2).
200 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
more or less deeply 2—5-lobed; lobes each constituting a subdistinct
drupe (Hugrewia'); mesocarp sometimes fibrous-subexsuccous
(Omphacarpus’). Seeds ascending or subhorizontal; albumen fleshy,
copious, scanty or 0; embryo straight; radicle conical ; cotyledons
flat, foliaceous or fleshy plano-convex, often cordate, 3-nerved at
base.—Trees or shrubs; hairs usually stellate; leaves alternate,
entire or serrate, often obliquely 3—7-nerved at base ; stipules rather
large, small or 0; flowers* axillary or terminal, solitary or cymose,
more rarely cymose-racemose ; bracts usually small, often caducous
(All warm regions of the globe’), See p. 175.
22. Desplatsia Bocq.—Flowers nearly of Grewia; sepals’ and
petals 4, 5. Stamens «, inserted as in Grewia; filaments 1-adel-
phous at base. Germen 4, 5-locular; cells o-ovulate; style in
column ; apex stigmatiferous, minute, dilated, 4, 5-lobulate. Fruit
large oblong or ovoid, externally coriaceous, internally fibrous-
suberous, indehiscent. Seeds ©, immersed in fibrous pericarp,
oblong, surrounded by a narrow membranous wing.®—A subglabrous
shrub ;° habit and leaves of Grewia, oblong, 3-nerved at base, some-
times slightly oblique, acuminate, serrate; stipules linear-pluri-
partite ; flowers” in axillary and terminal cymes (Zropical Western
Africa”). See p. 175.
23. Duboscia Bocg."—Flowers nearly of Grewia, 4, 5-merous ;
petals short, glandular-thickened at base, acute at apex.
inserted as in Grewia ; anthers sub-2-dymous.
Stamens
Germen 4—8-locular ;
1 € Grewia vern.”’ B. H., loc. cit., i. 799; v. 119; Ann. ii. 171; iv. 330; vii.
* Korru., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot., 192, t. 42
(Spec. 2, 3. Afr. Trop. & Arch. Ind.).
3 Rather large or moderate, purple, yellow,
white, or greenish.
4 Spec. ad 60. P. Bravv., Fl. Ow. et Ben.,
i. t. 30 ; ii. 102, 108.—Wranr & ARN., Prodr.,
i. 75.—Wiaur, Icon., t. 44, 45, 76, 82, 83, 89.
—Gvizz. & PErr., F1. Sen. Tent., i.t. 20.—
Harv. & SonD., Fl. Cap., i. 224.— A, Gray,
Amer, Expl. Exped., Bot., i. 197.—Srrm., F1.
Vit., 26.—Bentn., Fl, Austral., i. 269.—MrQ,
Fl. Ind.-Bat., i, p. ii. 204,—Masr., in Oliv. Fl.
Trop. Afr, i. 242.—Watp., Rep. i. 360; ii.
442.
5 In Adansonia, vii. 51.—B. H., Gen., 985,
n. 8a.
5 Outwardly slightly stellate-pubescent, in-
wardly induplicate-fimbriate at base.
7 «3, 4 inches long, 2, 3 inches wide.”
5 « Moist gelatinous.”
° Except inflorescence and petioles.
10 Red,
11 Spee. 1. D. subericarpa Bocg., loc. cil —
Masr., in Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 266.
2 In Adansonia, vii. 50.—B. H., Gen., 985,
n. 8 0,
TILIACEZ. 201
style stigmatiferous, fimbriate at apex. Fruit large,’ globose, oblong-
obtuse, longitudinally traversed by 8 rather prominent obtuse angles,
inwardly fibrous-suberous indehiscent ; seeds oo, immersed ; embryo
albuminous.—A tree; leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
slightly stellate-pubescent beneath, oblique cordate at base; stipules
minute or very caducous ; flowers in pedunculate leaf-opposed cymes,
usually 3-nate; bracts 3, wide cordate before anthesis valvate, alter-
nating with flowers, more rarely 4, involucrate (Zropical Western
Africa’). See p. 175.
24, Columbia Purs.*—Flowers nearly of Grewia ; germen 3-5-
locular ; style slender ; apex stigmatiferous, subentire or shortly 5-
dentate. Ovules in each cell (more or less complete) 2—», 2-seriate,
descending. Fruit dry, glabrous, or tomentose, vertically 3-5-
winged, or septicidal 3-5-coccous ; cocci semi-winged at margin
(from the wings being cut into 2 plates), or indehiscent, sometimes
falsely septate between seeds (Diplophractum’). Seeds in coccous 1-» ,
descending or ascending, albuminous.—Trees ; leaves alternate, more
or less oblique at base, 3-nerved, serrate or crenate ; stipules small
or foliaceous, dissimilar, the second 2-lobed setigerous (Diplophractum) ;
flowers in cymiferous racemes, axillary or terminal, sometimes much
ramified (Zropical Asia’). See p. 175.
25. Trichospermum Br.’—Flowers nearly of Grewia; germen
2-locular ; cells complete or incomplete, œ-ovulate; style at apex
stigmatiferous, obconical or sub-fan-shaped, dilated, sub-2-lobed,
much papillose. Capsule 2-locular, transverse, elliptical or sub-
rhomboidal, compressed contrarily to dissepiments, attenuate at
margin or sometimes expanded in a short thick coriaceous wing,
1 « Extus villosus, 2, 3 poll. longus, 1, 2 poll.
latus.”
2 Spee. 1. D. Macrocarpa Bocg., loc. cit.—
Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 266.
3 Enchirid., ii. (1807), 66.—DC., Prodr., i.
512.—Enpt., Gen., n. 5378.—B. H., Gen., 233,
n. 9.—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 47.— Colona
Cav., Icon., iv. 47, t. 370.
4 Sepals generally stellate-pubescent,
5 Desr., in Mém. Mus., v. (1819), 34, t. 1.—
DC., Prodr., i. 514.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon,
iv. 36.—Enp.L., Gen. n. 5377.—B. H., Gen.
233, n, 10.—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 47.—
H. By., in Adansonia, x. 195.
® Spec. 6, 7. Turez. in Bull. Mose. (1858),
i, 233 ; (1863), i. 575.—GAROKE, in Bonplandia,
v. 258.—WatLp., Rep., i. 362; Ann., vii, 444.
7 Bijdr., 56.—ENpDu., Gen., n. 5063.—Ctos,
in Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 4, viii. 265.—B. H. Gen.,
236, n. 22.—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 58.—
H. By., in Adansonia, x. 195.— Diclidocarpus
A. Gray, in Amer, Expl. Exped., Bot., i. 200,
t. 14.
202 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
finally loculicidal, 2-valved. Seeds , inserted in internal angle of
cells, setose, pilose or hairy at margin; embryo albuminous; coty-
ledons flat.—Trees ; leaves entire or serrulate alternate, 3—5-nerved
at base; stipules linear, caducous; flowers in racemes terminal or
axillary to upper leaves cymiferous; cymes sometimes |-parous at apex;
bracts caducous! (Java, Fiji Islands, Mexico, and Antilles’). See p. 175.
26. Erinocarpus Nimm.‘—Flowers nearly of Grewia ;* germen
3-locular. Ovules in each cell 2, descending; micropyle extrorse
superior; cells dorsally somewhat produced in false dissepiments
between ovules; style filiform; apex stigmatiferous. Fruit sub-
ligneous, indehiscent (?), 3-quetrous ; faces cordate-ovate, muricate-
echinate ; angles subwinged; cells 6, 1-spermous, or sterile 1-5.
Seeds descending; testa coriaceous; albumen fleshy ; embryo thick ;
radicle superior ; cotyledons flat, subovate, 3—5-nerved at base.—A
tree; leaves alternate, palminerved, lobate-dentate ; flowers’ in
simple or terminal ramified cymiferous racemes; cymes 1-parous ;
bracts subcordate entire or unequal-fid (Peninsular India’). See p. 175.
27. Triumfetta Prum.’—Flowers nearly of Æonckenya, sometimes
polygamous; receptacle elongated between corolla and stamens,
apex dilated into orbicular disk more or less conspicuously glandu-
lar-4, 5-lobed. Sepals 4, 5, often mucronate or fornicate outwardly
below apex, valvate. Petals 5, imbricated, base inwardly glan-
dular-thickened or foveolate, sometimes dwarf (/eliocarpus*), or
1 We find no generic difference between Tri-
chospermum and Belotian (A. Ricu., Fl. Cub., i.
207, t. 21;—B. H., Gen., 233, n. 11; Boca. in
5 Large, yellow,
6 Spec. 1. Æ. Nimmoanus Dawz., loc. cit —
BENTH., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl.
Adansonia, vii. 47 ;—Adenodiscus Turcz.in Bull.
Mose, (1846), ii. 504, which, in our opinion, should
be regarded an American section of Zrichosper-
mum ; cymes often 1-paris.
2 Species hitherto described 4, of which 2
are of the Old World. DC., Prodr., i. 510,
n. 18 (Grewia).—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 182
(Belotia).—Watpr., Rep., ii. 800; Ann., i. 111
(Diplodiseus); iv. 329 (Diclidocarpus) ; vii. 448.
3 In Hort. Bomb. Cat., mss.—Hassk., in
Reizia, i. 137.—B. H., Gen, 234, n. 12.—
BocaQ., in Adansonia, vii. 45.
4 Sepal inwardly subcristate at middle ; crest
vertical, dilated pilose at base.
7 Gen, t. 8—L., Gen. n. 600.—ADANS.,
Fam. des Pl,, ii, 382.—J., Gen., 290,—GÆRTN.,
Fruct., ii. 137, t. 111.—Porr., Dict., iii, 419;
Suppl. iii, 299.— Lamr., Z{,, t. 400.— DC.,
Prodr., i. 506.—ENDz., Gen., n. 53872.—H. Bn.,
in Payer Fam. Nat., 277.—B. H., Gen., 234,
986, n. 13.—Boca., in Adansonia, vii. 48.
5 L., Hort. Cliff, 211, t.16; Gen., n. 606.—
J., Gen. 290.—TrEw., Pict., t. 45.—LAMx.,
Dict., iii. 89; Ill, t. 409.—DC., Prodr., i,
503.—Spacu, Suit à Buffon, iv. 6.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5367.—B. H., Gen., 234, n. 14.—
Boca., in Adansonia, vii. 44.—Montia Housr.,
(ex Enpu., nec MICHEL).
TILTACEÆ. 203
more rarely 0. Stamens either twice as many as sepals, or oftener o,
inserted at summit of dilated receptacle below germen, free. Germen
2—5-locular; cells more or less complete; style slender, apex stigma-
tiferous 2—5-fid or dentate. Ovules in each cell 2, descending ;
micropyle extrorse superior. Capsule 2—5-merous, externally echi-
nate, setose or plumose-ciliate, sometimes stipitate subclavate (He/io-
carpus), indehiscent (Hutriumfetta'), sometimes subindehiscent or
loculicidal 2-valved (Heliocarpus), or separating into cocci at matu-
rity (Bartramia). Seeds in each cell 1, or 2, sometimes separated
by false septa, descending; embryo albuminous straight; coty-
ledons plano-foliaceous.—Trees, shrubs or herbs; hairs stellate ;
leaves entire serrate, or 3—5-lobed; flowers’ in cymes, sometimes
simple, oftener in simple or ramified terminal aggregate racemes
(All hot regions’). See p. 175.
28. Vasivea H. By.’—Flowers dicecious, usually 4-merous.
Sepals valvate, finally free. Petals 4, alternate, dilated at base
in a subplane, subglandular pit pilose at margin, imbricated.
Male flower m-androus. Stamens inserted on receptacle, slightly
elevated beyond perianth ; filaments free; anthers extrorse; con-
nective suborbiculate (coloured) ; cells submarginal, longitudinally
rimose, not confluent. Stamens in female flower «, sterile, or bearing
anthers 2-locular, more or less perfectly fertile, hypogynous. Germen
(in male flower 0) subsessile subglobose (densely setose), 4-locular ;
style short, afterwards in 4 lobes, unequally lobed, sometimes sub-
petaloid, lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell, descending ; micropyle
extorse superior. Fruit ?—A tree? leaves alternate petiolate ovate-
acute, crenate, cordate 3-nerved at base; stipules small subulate
1 Triumfetta GÆRIN. toc.
DC., loc. cit. (sect. 1.).
cit.—Lappula & SonD., Fl. Cap., i. 227.—Hanv., Thes. Cap.,
t. 52.—GriseB., AT. Brit. W.-Ind., 95.—A.
2 GÆRIN., loc. cit.—Lamx., Il,, t. 400.—
Bartramea DC. loc. cit. (sect. ü.).—? Porpa
Bu., Bijdr., 117 (ex Enpt.).
3 Yellow, or subgolden, in species of Tropical
America often large.
4 Spec. ad 40. H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
v. 341, t. 488.—A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i.
283.—Wieut & ARN., Prodr., i. 73.—WIGHT,
Icon., t. 320.—Guizx. & Perr., Fl. Sen. Tent.,
i. t. 18, 19.—A. Ricu., Fl, Cub., t. 22,— Harv.
Gray, Amer. Expl. Exped., Bot., i, 196.—
Turez., in Bull. Mosc. (1858), i. 227; (1859),
i, 260.—SrEEem,, Fl. Vit., 26—Tr. & Pu, in
Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 351.—BENTH., Fl.
Austral., i. 272.—Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop.
Afr., i. 254.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 175.—
Watp., Rep., i. 355; ii. 799; v. 118; Ann.,
i. 110; ii. 799; v. 118; Ann., i. 110; ii, 169;
iv. 830; vii. 444, 446 (Heliocarpus).
5 In Adansonia, x. 191.
204 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
caducous ; male flowers in terminal cymiferous racemes, bracteate or
minute-leaved ; female flowers few or solitary’ (Zrop. America’). See
p. 176.
III. PROCKIEÆ.
29. Prockia P. Br.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle slightly
convex. Sepals 3, or more rarely 4, 5, valvate, persistent. Petals
same in number or fewer, sepaloid, often small, sometimes imbri-
cate, or 0. Stamens ©, free o-seriate; anthers small, subglobose or
sub-4-agonal, sublaterally 2-rimose. Germen free, 4, 5-locular; style
subulate subentire, stigmatiferous at apex; ovules in each cell ©,
inserted on thick placenta, sometimes 2-lobed. Fruit baccate, in-
dehiscent. Seeds , small, nidulant in pulp; testa crustaceous ; al-
bumen fleshy ; embryo straight ; cotyledons thick, subovate, slightly
wider than straight radicle-—Shrubs ; leaves alternate-serrate, o-
nerved at base; stipules lateral, unequal at base ; flowers in short,
simple or cymose terminal racemes (Zrop. America). See p. 176.
30. Hasseltia H. B. K.*—Flowers nearly of Prockia; sepals 4,
5, more rarely 3, valvate, finally reflexed persistent. Petals same in
number, sepaloid, similarly reflexed and persistent with calyx, valvate
or imbricated at apex in bud. Stamens ; filaments free, inserted on
small discoid receptacle ; anthers small extrorse sub-4-agonal, rimose
at margin. Germen 2- or more rarely 3-locular; cells complete or
finally incomplete, «-ovulate ;* style subulate, stigmatiferous scarcely
dilated, sub-3-lobed. Fruit subbaccate, indehiscent; seeds few, de-
scending ; albumen fleshy ; embryo straight ; cotyledons plano-folia-
ceous.—Trees ; leaves 3-5-nerved, 2-glandular at base; flowers
crowded’ in terminal ramified clusters of corymbiform cymes (77r0p.
America’). See p.176.
1 Genus with dicecious flowers much resembling
Carpodiptera (among Brownlowiæ) ditfering by
its short stipitate androceum, anther-cells not
confluent, and ovary as it seems not winged, and
especially in calyx partite as far as base (not as in
Brownlowiæ campanulate gamophyllous), Cha-
racters afterwards like Grewia; it also resembles
ÆEuphorbiacea in flowers and habit.
* Spec. 1. V. alchorneoides H. Bn., loc. cit.
3 Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii, 231, t. 601,.—
ENDL., Gen., n. 5360.—B. H., Gen., 238, n. 30.
—BocQ., in Adansonia, vii. 41.
4 Ovules inserted on exterior side of obovate
ascending placenta, ascending.
5 Small.
5 Spec. 3. Bentu., Pl. Hartweg., 164.—
Tr. & Pu., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 344,—
Watp., Rep., i, 352; Ann., i. 110.
TILIACEZ. 205
31. Plagiopteron Grirr.'—Sepals 3-5, minute dentiform. Petals
3—5, longer, sepaloid, valvate, finally reflexed. Stamens ~ ; filaments
subfree ; anthers 2-locular, subbasifixed, longitudinally rimose above.
Germen 3, 4-locular ; style subulate, apex stigmatiferous, scarcely
thickened, entire; ovules in each cell 2 ascending; micropyle
extrorse inferior. Fruit dry obpyramidal, oftener turbinate-3-que-
trous, apex expanded in 3, 4 horizontal wings, and finally separating
into 3, 4 cocci (indehiscent ?)—A scandent shrub; leaves usually
opposite,’ petiolate, entire ; stipules minute or 0; flowers’ in pedun-
culate ramified cymiferous racemes (Hast Ind.‘). See p. 176.
32 ? Solmsia H. By.’—F lowers diæcious ; calyx subcampanulate,
4-fid, valvate. Corolla 0. Male flower 8-androus ; stamens 4 oppo-
site calyx lobes; 4 others alternate; filaments under rudimentary
gyneceum hypogynous free; anthers 2-locular, extrorse, longitudi-
nally rimose. Germen sterile, 4-locular ; style small, apex minute
capitate. In female flowers stamens sterile, apex glandular. Germen
4-locular ; ovule solitary in each cell, inserted at the summit of
internal angle, descending; micropyle extrorse superior. Capsule
obpyramidal, tapering at base, surrounded by persistent calyx, loculi-
cidal 3, 4-valved; valves inwardly septiferous at middle. Seeds
oblong compressed, outwardly fleshy, scantily pilose; chalaza produced
below in acute aril; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile cylindrical ; cotyle-
dons oblong slightly wider than tigella.—Small trees or shrubs,
partly fulvous or golden-velvety ; leaves alternate, simple attenuate
at base, exstipulate, penninerved ; primary nerves crowded oblique ;
flowers at the summit of twigs or in axils of upper leaves in small
compound cymiferous racemes (NV. Caledonia’). See p. 176.
IV. ELÆOCARPEZÆ.
33. Elæocarpus L.—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely 1-sex-
ual 4, 5-merous; receptacle produced beyond perianth in a column,
1 In Calcutt. Journ., iv. 244, t. 13.—B. H., ‘ Spec. 1. P. fragrans GRIFF., loc. cit.—
Gen., 238, n. 31.—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. Watp., Rep., v. 370.
35. 5 In Adansonia, x. 34,
? Sometimes certainly alternate, 5 Spec. 2, or 3, unless all varieties of one, H.
3 Small, oderiferous, Br., Adansonia, x, 196.
206 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
sometimes very short, disco-glandular-dilated at apex. Sepals free
(sometimes coloured), valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals alternate,
base inwardly naked or furnished with small glands, either entire or
much oftener lobed, or laciniate, sometimes coriaceous subpetaloid,
induplicate valvate, each involving stamens. Stamens either few
placed in phalanges 2—4-androus before each petal; alternipetalous,
sometimes 4, 5 each; or alternipetalous 0, and 25-30, or placed
in phalanges 4, 5, or 6-androus ; filaments erect ; anthers subbasifixed
elongated, apex muticous or more usually with aristate or cuspidate
connective; cells linear introrse or sublateral, more or less long
rimose from apex ; clefts usually confluent at apex (dehiscing in valves,
afterwards 3-angular). Germen sessile; style subulate entire, stig-
matiferous at apex; cells 2-5, complete or incomplete; ovules 2,
ascending, or ©. Drupe 1-pyrenous; putamen usually ligneous, hard,
or osseous tuberculate, 1-5-locular. Seed usually solitary in each cell,
ascending or descending; testa rather thick; albumen fleshy ; em-
bryo axile ; cotyledons wide, flat, or undulate.—Trees or shrubs ; leaves
alternate or more rarely opposite, entire or dentate ; stipules small
or 0; flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, or oftener racemose 1-brac-
teate; bractlets usually 2 (Zrop. Ins. Asia, and Oceanic Trop. East.
Africa.) Seep. 177:
34. Crinodendron Mon. —Calyx 5-merous valvate ; sepals 5 den-
tate in sac, afterwards unequally torn and deciduous, connate or free
sooner or later near base (7}icuspidariæ). Petals 5, alternate, entire or
sometimes 3-dentate or 3-lobed, induplicate-valvate, and each in-
volving exterior stamens. Stamens oc, unequally inserted on corolla,
more or less elevated beyond receptacle in column, usually short, some-
times outwardly dilated glandular at apex ; anthers linear introrse or
sublateral; cells often from apex and finally to the base longitudinally
rimose ; connective sometimes apiculate beyond cells. Germen 3-5-
locular; cells œ-ovulate; style subulate, apex entire or scarcely
dilated stigmatiferous. Capsule coriaceous or ligneous, usually an-
‘
gular, loculicidal 3—5-valved or more rarely also more or less
1 Chil. (1782), 314.—Cay., Diss., v. 300, t. 112—DC., Prodr., i. 520.—Enpu., Gen. n.
158.—Enpt., Gen., n, 5391.—H. BN., in Adan- 5390.—B. H., Gen., 240, n. 40.— Boca. in
sonia, x. 196. Adansonia., vii, 54.—Tricuspis Prns., Vachirid.,
2 R. & Pav., Prodr., (1794), 64, t. 36; Syst, ii. 9.
TILIACEZ. 207
high septicidal. Seeds in cells few or 1, descending, ovoid or
obovoid ; chalaza sometimes produced in aril arched or spirally
twisted and fleshy (Dudouzetia') ; embryo albuminous straight; cotyle-
dons flat or rather wide. —Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or oppo-
site, often serrate; stipules small, caducous or 0; flowers’ axillary,
solitary or 2, 3-nate* (Chili, N. Caledonia’). See p. 180.
35. Sloanea L.’—Flowers usually hermaphrodite ; receptacle
shortly convex, sometimes cylindrical, short (4/ondea’), oftener dilated
beyond perianth in aconvex hemispherical or depressed conical thick
glandular and foveolate disk. Sepals 3-5, oftener 4, valvate, some-
times coalescing in truncate calyx, rarely slightly imbricated, or 4,
2-seriate much imbricated (Aechinocarpus’). Petals 0, or rarely 1-4,
sepaloid, smaller than calyx, subentire or dentate, sometimes (Zc4i-
nocarpus) larger, unequally incised imbricate (Lchinocarpus). Stamens
a, hypogynous ; filaments short, foveolate œ-seriate inserted on
disk (where present) o-seriate ; anthers elongated or more
rarely shortened, apiculate or muticous; cells lateral or sub-
introrse, more or less high rimose from apex. Germen free ;
cells 3-5, oftener 4, complete or more or less incomplete,’ ovules
o ; style subulate, stigmatiferous at apex, simple or more or less
high, 4—5-fid (Ad/ania’). Capsule thick-coriaceous, or oftener woody,
densely echinate or more rarely velvety or setose without (Dasy-
carpus,” usually 4-locular, 4-valved, sometimes 1-3-valved, or sub-
1 Pancn., ex Br. & Gr, in Bull, Soe. Bot.
de Fr., viii. 199; in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 5, i.
357; in Nouv. Arch. Mus., iv. 34, t. 13.—
B. H., Gen., 240, 987, n. 39.—Bocg., in Adan-
sonia, vii. 54.
? Large, beautiful, red or golden, sometimes
white.
3 Scarcely to be distinguish from Ælæocarpus,
except by capsule ?
4 Spee. ad 5. Hoox., in Bot. Mise., iii. 156,
t. 100.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 337 (Tricuspid-
aria), 340.—TvrRcz., in Bull. Mose. (1863), i.
576.—WaLpP., Ann., vii. 458.
5 Gen., n. 655.—Apans., Fam. des P1., ii.
382.—J. Gen., 291.—Potr., Dict., vi. 20;
Suppl., iv. 635.— Lamr., Jil., t. 469.— DC.,
Prodr., i, 515.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5363.—BENTH.,
in Journ. Linn, Soc., v. Suppl, 62.—B. H.,
Gen., 238, 987, n. 34.—Boca., in Adansonia,
vii. 48.— ? Foveolaria Muissn., Gen., 36 (28).
6 L. C. Ricw., in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par.
100.
7 Bu., Bijdr., 56.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5062.—
Ctos., in Ann, Sc. Nat. sér. 4, viii. 266.—
Bentu., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 71.—
B. H., Gen., 239, 987, n. 35.—Boca., in Adan-
sonia, vii, 49.—F. MuELz., Fragm., iv. 91; v.
28 (Sloanea).
8 Whence Forgetina (Bocg., in Adansonia;
vii. 49), a genus of Guinea, sought by us in vain
in the Museum of Paris and distinct on account of
its parietal placenta, but it seems not to have
been preserved (ex B. H., Gen., 987).
9 AuBL,, Guian., 585, t. 234.—Lamr., ZU.,
t. 479.—DC., Prodr., i. 516.—ENDL., Gen., n.
4361.—Trichocarpus SCHREB., Gen., n. 923.—
Dasynema Scwotr (ex Sprene., Syst. Cur.
Post., 408).—Envt., G'en., n. 5362.—BocQ,, in
Adansonia, vii. 49.— Adenobasium PRESL.,
Sym. Bot., 39, t. 27. — ? Myriocheta DC.,
Prodr., i. 515.
se, Œnsr., in Vid. Medd. Kiobenh. (1856),
27.
208 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
indehiscent. Seeds »; albumen copious or scanty ; embryo axile;
cotyledons foliaceous or (in seeds scantily albuminous) thick, fleshy,
slightly plano-convex.—Trees or small trees ; leaves alternate or more
rarely opposite, simple, entire, sinuate or dentate penninerved ;
stipules various or 0; flowers axillary, lateral or terminal, solitary
or oftener cymose, sometimes cymose-racemose’ (Zrop. America, Aus-
tralia, Asia and Madagascar’). See p. 180.
36. Vallea Mur—Flowers 4—5-merous ; receptacle short, rather
thick ; sepals valvate. Petals 3-lobed at apex, imbricate.* Stamens o,
inserted by pairs on slightly thickened annulate glandular receptacle ;
filament free; anthers basifixed erect, elongate 4-angled, sublaterally
from apex to base more or less long rimose. Germen 3—5-locular ;
ovules in cells 2, ascending; micropyle extrorse inferior; style subulate,”
apex stigmatiferous, 3—5-lobed. Capsule muricate, externally locu-
licidal 3-5-valved, rather fleshy, finally dry ; endocarp thick ligneous
inwardly septiferous between valves. Seeds few, ellipsoid-oblong,
shortly acuminate on both sides, exterior smooth ; embryo ?—Trees ;
leaves alternate, ovate-cordate entire ; stipules foliaceous or reniform,
sometimes 0; flowers terminal or axillary, few, racemose cymose
pedunculate® (South West. Mountainous America’), See p. 180.
37. Antholoma Lasiiu..—Flowers nearly of S/oanea » calyx
gamophyllous subconical, apex 4- or more rarely 5-dentate, valvate,
4 Lobes also imbricate with each other.
5 Tubular, inwardly (at apex of dissepiments),
imperfectly septate.
6 Gen., notwithstanding habit, much better
1 Does Phenicospermum javanicum MrQ., (in
Ann. Mus, Jugd.-Bat., ii, 68, t. 3;—B. H.,
Gen., 987, n. 35 a), with 4-merous flowers of
Sloanea and seeds nearly completely involute
in miniate aril belong to this genus ?
2 Spee. ad 40. Puium., Gen., 15 (Sloanea).
—Sw., F1. Ind. Occ., ii, 938.—AUBL., loc. cit.,
t. 212,.—Hoox., Icon., t. 693, 696.—Moric.,
Pl. Nouv. Amér., t. 55 (Adenobasium).—
Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 98.—BENTH. F1.
Austral., i. 279 (Echinocarpus).—Tr. & PL.
in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii, 345.—SEEM.,
Voy. Her., Bot., 85, t. 15.—WALP., Ann, vil.
452, 453 (Dasycarpus, Dasynema, Foveolaria),
454 (Echinocarpus).
3 Ex L. Fit, Suppl, 42.—DC., Prodr., i.
520.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 49.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5389.—B. H., Gen., 238, n. 33.—
Bocg,, in Adansonia, vii. 53.
referred to section Tricuspidaria ?
7 Spec. 2, 3 (v. all varieties of one?) R. &
Pav., Prodr., t. 14.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et
Spec., v. 350, t. 489.—Turoz., in Bull. Mose.
(1863), ii, 576.—TRr. & Pu, in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 357.— WaALP., Ann. vii.
451.
8 See ii. 266, t. 41; Pl. Nouv.-Holl., t. 41.
—DC., Prodr., i. 565.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5462.
—H. BN., in Adansonia, ii. 21, t. 1, figs. 1-6.—
B. H., Gen., 239, 987, n. 36.—BocQ., in Adan-
sonia, vii. 50.
® Sometimes aborted polygamous ?
TILIACEÆ. 209
finally, more or less high 1-5-cleft and cireumscissile. Corolla
gamopetalous truncate-conical, in bud more or less plicate-corrugate,
valvate ; orifice unequally denticulate. Capsule shortly stipitate,
glabrous, ligneous, subglobose, or 4, 5-sulcate, finally 4, 5-valved ;
valves equally or unequally finally revolute. Seeds o, exterior rather
fleshy albuminous ; embryo. .P—Glabrous trees ; leaves at apex of
twigs alternate petiolate simple coriaceous entire penninerved ;
flowers' in cymiferous racemes subumbellate axillary ? reflexed (Vew
Caledonia’).
38. Aristotelia Lurr— Flowers hermaphrodite or poly-
gamous, receptacle cupuliform, inwardly glandular. Sepals 4, 5,
inserted at margin, valvate. Petals 4, 5, inserted with calyx, entire
dentate or 3-lobed; præfloration imbricated. Stamens perigynous
either 10 by pairs oppositipetalous or 15—, others alternate with
preceding; filaments free sometimes inserted between 2 alternate cre-
nate rings of disk ; anthers subbasifixed or introrse, dehiscing at’ apex
in short elefts, sometimes confluent. Germen inserted at bottom of
receptacle (partly inferior) ; cells 4-5, complete or incomplete ; ovules
in each cell 2 ascending, anatropous or hemitropous ;* micropyle
extrorse inferior; style subentire 2-5 branched, apex not dilated
stigmatiferous. Fruit baccate, furnished with base of receptacle and
calyx; cells 2-5, 1, 2-spermous. Seeds ovoid fornicate; testa
crustaceous, exterior pulpous sometimes at chalaza produced in
corneous aril ; albumen fleshy ; embryo’ straight, cotyledons flat or
undulate; stipules usually small, deciduous; flowers’ in cymose
racemes, axillary to leaves or bracts (Wew Zealand, Tasmania, Chili’).
1 «Albis, speciosis.”
2 Spec. 2. Waup., Ann., vii. 454.
3 Stirp., ii. 31, t. 16.—GæÆRTN., Fruct., iii.
160, t. 211.—Lamx., ZI, t. 399.—D°C., Prodr.,
ii. 56.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5432.—H. Bn., in Payer
Fam. Nat., 278.—B. H., Gen., 239, 987, n. 37.
—Bocg., in Adansonia, vii. 55.—Friesia, DC.,
Prodr., i, 520.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5387,—Beau-
maria, ENDT., loc. cit.
4 Coats 2-plicate.
VOL. IV.
5 Sometimes green.
6 Small, sometimes virescent,
7 Spec. 4, quar. 2 Novo-Zeland. LaBrer., Pl.,
Nouv-Holl., ii., t. 155 (Elæocarpus).—R. & Pav.,
Prodr., t. 12.—Hoox., Icon., t. 601 (Friesia).—
Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 48 (Friesia).—C.
Gay, Fl. Chil., i, 335.—Bentu., Fl. Austral.,
i. 279.—Hoox. r., Handb. N.-Zeal. Fl., 33; Fl.
Tasm., i,, 52.—PHIt., in Linnea, xxxiii., 31.—
WALP., Ann., vii. 454.
XXVIII. DIPTEROCARPACES.
I. DRYOBALANOPS SERIES.
Dipterocarpus, which has given its name to this small family,
has partly irregular flowers. It is not the same with Dryodalanops'
Dryobalanops aromatica.
|
ihe
ee.
va’
Fie. 211.
Floriferous and fructiferous branch (1).
(figs. 211-214), where they are regular, hermaphrodite and penta-
merous. The receptacle is slightly concave. It bears five sepals
and five alternate petals, nearly all equal, both a little perigynous,
1 GÆRTN. F., Fruct., iii. 50, t. 187,188.— in Payer Fam. Nat., 272.—Ovupr"M., in Ann. Se,
Cozevr., in Asiat. Res., xii, 536.—ENvt., Gen, Nat. ser. 4, v. 90, t. 4.—A. DC., Prodr., xvi.
n. 5393.—DE VKIESE, in Ned. Kruidk. Arch., 606, n. 1.—Pterygiwm (part.) CORR., in Ann,
lil, 38, t.1; Mém, sur le Camphr. de Sum. et de Mus., x. 159, t. 8, fig. 2 (nec Sw.).
Born., c. tab.—B.'H., Gen., 191, n, 1.—H. By.,
DIPTEROCARPACE. 211
the former quincuncially imbricated, the latter contorted in præ-
floration ; the stamens, also slightly perigynous, are free, and each
formed of a short filament and an elongated anther with narrow
connective, a little flattened, elongated into a point above the linear
cells, slightly introrse or almost marginal, dehiscing longitudinally.
The gynæceum is almost entirely free, superior, formed of a three-
Dryobalanops aromatica.
Fig. 212.
Fie, 213. Fie, 214.
Long. sect. of flower (#). Long. sect. of fruit.
celled ovary, complete or incomplete, surmounted by a style the stig-
matiferous apex of which is slightly dilated, hollowed, and crenate
upon the edges. In the internal angle of each cell may be observed
two collateral descending incompletely anatropous ovules, with the
micropyle looking upwards and outwards. ‘The fruit is a capsule
opening from the apex into three panels with a triangular summit.
It is set in a short basilar cupule, supporting upon its edges five
large elongated wings, obtuse at the apex, nearly equal to each other,
membranous, rigid or almost coriaceous. In the capsule is found a
seed, or more rarely two, which often germinate in the interior of
the pericarp (fig. 214). Each of them encloses under its coats
P 2
212 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
a large fleshy embryo, the contortuplicate cotyledons of which
are very irregularly lobed, ruminated, and very unequal
among themselves, the larger one completely enveloping the
smaller,’ around which it is convoluted. The radicle is superior
and conical, longer or shorter according to the age of the
seed. Only one species of this genus
is known at present, D. aromatica,’
better known under the name of
Camphor tree of Sumatra or Borneo. It
is a fine tree, with resinous juice, its
alternate leaves being simple, entire,
coriaceous, penninerved, with numerous
secondary nerves, oblique, parallel, with
short petiole, accompanied at its base
by two small very caducous stipules.
Its flowers are disposed at the summit of
the branches or in the axils of the superior
leaves in ramified clusters, upon whose
axes they are alternately inserted,
articulated upon a little prominent
cushion, below which is found the trans-
versal cicatrice of a bract.
In the Dipterocarpee (fig. 215), the
general organization of the flower is the
same, especially as to the corolla and sexual organs; but the gamo-
sepalous tubular calyx is cut above into five very unequal teeth, at
first slightly imbricated, then valvate, or even ceasing to touch each
other by their edges. Two of them develop much more than the
other three, and form above the fruit, which is closely enveloped by
the general part of the calyx, two long erect rigid wings almost
coriaceous and reticulate. The woody indehiscent pericarp encloses
Dipterocarpus trinervis.
Fig. 215.
Fruit? (1).
! The latter being not only much narrower 1, 264.—Mr1qQ., FU. Ind.-Bot., 1, p. ii. 500;
but much shorter than the other, A false verti- Prodr, Fl. Sum. 191—Hoox. F. in Zrans. Linn,
cal partition, incomplete in its upper part, and Soc., xxiii. 160.—Shorea camphorifera Roxs.,
terminating at this point in an oblique, irregular FV. Ind., ii. 616.—Pterygium teres Corr., loc.
edge, separates the largest of the cotyledons in cit.—Dipterocarpus Dryobalanops STEUD.—
its lower part into two almost symmetrical D, teres Srrup.—Camphora sumatrensis W. D.
halves, RHYNE, in Breyn. Prodr., 9.—Rumpu., Herb,
F' 2 GænTN. F., loc. cit.—Bu,, Mus. Lugd.-Bat., Amboin., Auct., 67.
ii, 38.—D, Camphora Couesr., loc, cit., e. ic.— 3 Fig. reduced from #7. Jav. of BLUME (Dipte-
Jack, Mal, Mise.,in Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag., rocarp., t. 1).
DIPTEROCARPACE A. 213
one or two seeds with an embryo having lobed corrugate or contortu-
plicate cotyledons. In this genus the leaves are accompanied by
large stipules enveloping the buds, and are afterwards detached
at their base leaving upon the branches a large circular cicatrice.
Beside the Dipterocarpee is placed Anisoptera, having also a
fruit accompanied by two large wings, but which is distinguished
from them inasmuch as its ovary and fruit are partly at least inferior in
reference to the insertion of the calyx, but adnate to a concave recep-
tacle, the edges of which bear the perigynous perianth and andro-
ceum. Their ovary is surmounted by a full conical projection,
which in itself would seem to resemble a superior ovary. It is
almost impossible at the adult age, and from dry specimens, to
determine the mode of arrangement of the stamens in the preceding
genera; but when the number becomes defined, or nearly so, it can
be seen that they are arranged in verticils. It is so in certain
Vaticas, with 10 or 15-androus flowers. They have five oppositi-
petalous stamens, five others alternipetalous, then, outside each of
these latter, a very small stamen, situated in the same vertical plane.
The stamens may also be more numerous in this genus; but it is
always distinguished from the preceding by its calyx, which is sub-
valvate, or with the pieces not touching each other in the bud, and
forming round the fruit five large free wings, unequal or nearly equal,
not adhering to the pericarp, and not forming round it by their
bases a sac enveloping it closely.
Beside Vatica are ranged Pachynocarpus, having the same
flowers, but with a concave receptacle, in which the fruit is encased,
as in Anisoptera, and a calyx which disappears round the fruit; and
Vateria, having the free ovary of Vatica, but a small calyx, not
accrescent, and reflexed under the pericarp ; d/onoporandra, which,
with the fruit of Vaferia, has only five stamens to the androceum ;
Hopea, having the flower of Vateria, and two only .of the five
non-adherent sepals dilated in wings round the fruit; Shorea, very
analogous to Hopea, has three sepals accrescent in large wings, and
two others much less developed ; lastly, Doona, the fruit of which,
also accompanied by three large wings, encloses an embryo with
cotyledons much contortuplicate, instead of being thick and fleshy,
plano-convex, as in the preceding genera, the flowers being otherwise
sensibly the same.
214 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
II. ANCISTROCLADUS SERIES.
The flowers of Ancistrocladus (fig. 216) are regular, with a
receptacle in the form of a cup, upon the edges of which are inserted
five sepals, often unequal, disposed in the bud in quincuncial præ-
floration. The androceum is generally formed of ten stamens
perigynously inserted like the perianth and superposed, five to the
sepals, and five, smaller, to the petals. These
latter are sometimes wanting. Each is formed
of a filament swollen towards its base, and of
a two-celled introrse anther, often versatile,
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The
gynæceum is composed of an ovary, partly in-
ferior, and lodged in the cavity of the recep-
tacle, surmounted by three divergent styles
tapering at the base and swelling towards
their summit into stigmatiferous heads. The
apex of the ovary is full, hemispherical or
conical, and its lower part is hollowed into a
single inferior cell, in which is found one lateral, or almost basilar,
ascending anatropous ovule* with micropyle looking downwards.
The fruit is coriaceous, indehiscent, monospermous, encased below in
the receptacle and surrounded by five sepals growing into more
or less rigid membranous wings. The seed encloses under its
thin coats a thick coriaceous albumen deeply ruminate, an axile
embryo, the cotyledons of which are divaricate, much broader than
long, and sometimes truncate at the apex, with an inferior radicle often
dilated and truncate at the apex. Ancistrocladus consists of climbing
and glabrous shrubs with branches often hooked, and alternate
sessile or petiolate, simple, entire, coriaceous, penninerved, reticulated
leaves with small stipules, often caducous. The flowers’ are disposed
in ramified clusters of cymes either terminal or borne laterally
Ancistrocladus guineensis,
Fig. 216.
Long. sect. of flower.
} Wat, Cat., n. 1052 (1828).—Pt., in Ann. Nat. Selsk. Kjobenh., vi. (1810), 104 (nec Rorrs.)
Se. Nat., sér. 3, xiii, 316.—Tuw., in Zrans. —Bigamea KŒN., mss. ex ENDI. Gen. n.
Linn, Soc., xxi, 233, t. 24; in Journ. Linn. 6095 (1840).—Dvyer, in Fl. of Ind., i, 299.
Soc., vii. 111.—B. H., Gen., 191, 981, n. 3. 2 Articulate perhaps at this level.
—SCHNIZL,, Iconogr., t. 213.—A. DC., Prodr., 3 Or incompletely campylotropous (?).
xvi. 601 (ord. 29 bis)— Wormia Vaut, in Ser. 4 Often small, articulate, caducous.
DIPTEROCARPACE 4.
215
upon the unciform axes. Seven or eight species! of this genus are
known, principally natives of the warmest regions of Asia and
Malaysia. One or two species inhabit tropical Western Africa.
III. LOPHIRA SERIES.
Lophira’ (figs. 217-221) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. Upon
the narrow flat receptacle is inserted a subhypogynous perianth,
composed of five sepals, subequal, free, or nearly so, and quin-
Lophira alata.
Fi. 218.
Long. sect. of flower (3).
Fia. 217.
Flower.
cuncially imbricated, and of five alternate petals, contorted or
imbricated in the bud. The androceum is formed of a very con-
siderable number of stamens. The filaments are free except at the
base, and surmounted by an anther with two equal linear cells,
introrse and dehiscing longitudinally.® The gynæceum is free; it is
formed of a one-celled* conical ovary, terminated by a style with two
1 Azn., in Nov. Acta Naf. Cur., xviii. p. 1.—
Wieut, Zcon., t. 1987, 1988.—Tuw., Enum.
Pl, Zeyl., 188.—Orxv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 174.—
Watp., Ann. ii. 175; iv. 339; vii. 378.
2 Banks, in Gertn. Fruct., iii. 52, t. 188.—
Enpt., Gen., n. 5397.—Payer, Fam. Nat., 40.
—B. H., Gen., 192, n. 7.
3 For a certain distance, beginning at the apex;
which has caused it to be possible at a certain
age to consider them as pores.
4 There are fonnd, it is true, two parietal
rudiments of vertical partitions corresponding on
each side to the interval of two neighbouring
series of ovules; but they are little prominent
in the cavity of the ovary. Nevertheless, with
the two branches of the style, they would seem
to show that the gynæceum is really dicar-
pellary,
216 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
short subulate reflexed branches generally disappearing early. From
the base of the cell rises a central placenta, bearing on each side two
rows of rather numerous ascending imbricated anatropous ovules,
with the micropyle looking downwards and outwards. The fruit is
dry, indehiscent, generally monospermous ; and round it persists the
calyx, its pieces more or less accrescent, and becoming dry, rigid,
very unequal wings. One of these surpasses all the others in
length. The seed encloses under its coats a large fleshy embryo,
Lophira alata,
Fia. 219. Fra. 220,
Gynæceum (+). Placenta bearing ovules (5),
with inferior radicle, and thick subequal cotyledons. Only one
species of this genus is known—Z. «lala? It isa fine pyramidal tree,
native of Western Tropical Africa. ‘The leaves are alternate, simple,
entire, elongated, often undulated, penninerved, and the nerves parallel,
numerous, scarcely reticulated. The flowers* are collected at the
apex of the branches, or in the axils of the leaves, in more or less
ramified compound racemes.
1 Tt represents the most exterior sepal. Sepal 2 Banks, loc, cit-—GuitieM. & Perr., Fi.
2 is often tolerably developed in the flower and Seneg. Tent., i. 109, t. 24.—Ottv., F1. Trop. Afr.,
round the oblong pointed fruit, The inequality i. 174.—Watp., Rep.v. 128.—L. simplex Don,
of the leaves begins from the bud, where sepals Gen. Syst., i. 814.—L, africana Don (ex A.
3, 4, and 5 are shortest, almost orbicular, obtuse, DC. Prodr., xvi. 639).
meinbranous, while the other two, which are # Whitish.
thicker, approach the lanceolate form.
DIPTEROCARPACEÆ. 217
Bzumr,' in 1825, established this small family, since then admitted
by all botanists.® Before him the known genera which belong to it
were placed by A. L. pr Jussrev* in the order of Guttifers ; LINDLEY,
who left them in his Guttiferal Alliance, included in it the genera
Dipterocarpus, Anisoptera, Dryobalanops, Vateria, Vatica and Hopea.
Enpuicuer placed beside them Zophira, considered by several authors
as the type of a distinct group,‘ because of the mode of placentation
of the one-celled ovary. He re-included in the genus Vatica, Rox-
BURGH’S Shorea, now considered as distinct; since then the English
botanists have added to the family the three genera Doona,’ Mono-
porandra and Pachynocarpus} and have incorporated there the
Ancistrocladus of Wauuticu,* of which it had also been proposed to
make a distinct family.’ This exceptional type has affinities with
Lophira, the Hugoneea, Symplocee,” Gyrocarpee, Combretacee,” &e.
Apart from this genus and Zophira, which recalls in certain respects
the Clusiacee, and Hypericacee with one-celled ovary, the whole of the
group is certainly nearly allied to Zihacee and Ternstremiacee.
From the former it differs principally by the imbricated præfloration
of the calyx, the form of the receptacle, which is often concave,
being slightly perigynous, the organization of the seed and the
development which is frequent in the sepals round the fruit. These
latter features separate it pretty clearly in most cases from the 7erx-
stramiacee,” the calycinal præfloration of which is the same. In 1846
Linpzey reckoned forty eight species of Dipterocarpacee ; a hundred
are now admitted, all natives of the warmest regions of Asia and
tropical Oceania, except three or four belonging to Western or Central
Africa. All are trees or shrubs with resinous or camphorous juice,
sometimes climbing, with alternate penninerved leaves, entire or finely
crenate. The stipules are small or wanting, sometimes very large
1 Bijdr., 222 (Dipterocarpeæ). 5 Cat., n. 1052 (1828).
2 Enpu., Enchirid. (1841), 525, ord. 215;
Gen., 1012, ord, 213 (Dipterocarpee).—LINDL.,
Veg. Kingd. (1846), 393, ord. 141 (Dipteraceæ).
—B. H., Gen., 189 (1862), ord. 29.—A. DC.,
Prodr., xvi. 604, ord. 29 ter.
3 Gen. (1789).
4 Lophiracee ENDL, Gen., 1014.—LINDL., op.
cit., 395. —A. DC., Prodr., xvi. 638.
5 Tuw., in Hook. Lond. Journ., iii. (1844).
5 Tuw., in Hook. Lond. Journ., vi. (1847).
7 Hook, Fr, in Zrans. Linn. Soc, xxiii.
(1860).
9 Pu, Ess, Monogr. of a New Fam. de PI.
prop. under the name of Ancistrocladee [in Ann.
Sc. Nat., sér. 3, xiii. (1849), 316].
10 Pr, loc, cit., 319.
1 Onty., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. (1868), 175.
2 «A Ternstræmiaceis Dipterocarpee differ.
imprim. calyce fructif. sæpiss. aucto et sem. solit.
exalbum., cotyl. magn. crass., id quod in illis,
nisi in paucis gen. inter Gordonieas, non obser-
vatur.” (B. H., loc. cit., 190.)
218 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and caducous, leaving an annular cicatrice upon the branch. The
characters which serve to distinguish most of the genera from each
other are drawn from the greater or less depth of the receptacle, its
adherence with the base of the ovary, from the total independence of
the latter, and especially from the characters of the sepals, their præ-
floration a little before anthesis, and the number of those leaves which
grow into wings after anthesis.’ As to the most important features of
organization, drawn from the mode of placentation and the number
and direction of the ovules in each cell, they have been used by us to
distinguish in the family the three following series :—
I. DRYoBALANOPSEÆ.—Ovary plurilocular ; two ovules in each
cell, descending with exterior and superior micropyle.—(10 genera.)
IT. ANCISTROCLADEÆ.—Ovary unilocular; partly inferior with
single ovule subbasilar ascending with inferior micropyle.—(1 genus.)
IIT. LopniREÆ—Ovary unilocular, almost entirely superior, with
a basilar placenta and numerous ovules, ascending with inferior
micropyle.—(1 genus.)
This group consists principally of fine trees, the wood of which
is hard, durable, and much esteemed for building purposes in
tropical Asia. All their organs, moreover, generally contain a
balsamic resinous juice which may appear under the form of an oily
liquid, or under that of solid concrete crystalline masses. In this
particular the most celebrated species is the Camphor tree of Borneo
and Sumatra, that is to say, Dryobalanops aromatica Gmrtn.” (figs. 211—
214). When the trunk is very old it is cut down, and then split
longitudinally to obtain the camphor accumulated in the interior
fissures of the wood, under the form of small crystals of a yellowish
white. This is the solid camphor or Borneo camphor, known in
Sumatra under the name of Aassar Baras, and which in our country
? BENTHAM & Hooker (loc. cit., 190) phore Win. TEN RHYNE, in Breyn. Prodr.
have arranged two distinctive lists of genera
according to these characters.
? See p. 204, note 2. Enpu., Enchirid., 526.
—Mér. & De, Dict, Mat. Méd., ii. 46, 690.—
Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 294; Fl. Med., 146.—
GuiB., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 635, fig. 471.—
PEREIRA, Elem, Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 552.
—Rosentu., Syn. Pl. Diaphor., 735.—Hook. r.,
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii, 160,—Abor Cam-
(1683); Grimm, Obs., in Mise. Cur, Siv. Eph.
Nat. Cur. (1683), 371, t. fig. 33.—Abor cam-
phorifera VALENT., Ind. Litt., 488 (1716); Hist.
Simpl. Reform., lib. 2, sect. 6, 250.—RuMPH.,
Herb. Amboin., \xxxii. 67 (1775) —C. M111.,
in Phil. Trans., \xviii., p. i. 161, 170, 188.
—Laurus foliis ovalibus acuminatis lineatis,
Jlorib. magn, tulip. Hourr., Nat. Hist., ii.
2, 318.
DIPTEROCARPACEÆ. 219
is more the object of scientific curiosity, as the alcohol of the
camphor of Japan or China, than an article of consumption. Its
price is very high; and the Rajahs of Sumatra rather than enrich
themselves by exporting it, use it almost entirely in their country
to preserve the bodies of their friends during the long period which
precedes their interment.’ It is said to be frequently employed in
China and Japan as a tonic and stimulant. Dryodalanops furnishes
besides a yellowish balsamic oil, called o7/ of camphor, which is
obtained by incisions, and collected in small quantities in a half
cylinder of cleft bamboo. It is afterwards strained and put in
bottles to preserve it. Several other species of this family produce
thus a kind of wood oil (huile de bois as it is called in the French
possessions of Cochin China), used as a vulnerary and employed for a
number of industrial purposes. These are principally Dipterocarpus
and Anisoptera. They are on this account analogous to Vateria
indica, from which is obtained a false resin, called copal in India,
and, when fresh, appearing under the form of a liquid varnish called
Pimen dammar, or Piney varnish, in British India; it is solid,
tenacious, but has the inconvenience of melting at a moderately low
temperature (36°:5 Centig.). According to Wicur it is obtained by
making incisions in the trunk of the tree; the liquid collects and
hardens on a level with the solution of continuity. Upon the coast
of Malabar wax lights are made of it, which give a brilliant light
and exhale a perfumed odour. The balsamic and resinous juice of
Dipterocarpus trinervis (fig. 215) is used in Java, according to BLUME,
in the preparation of an excellent unguent applied with success to
wounds; and it furnishes a dye, or with the yolk of egg an emulsion
producing the same effects as the copaivi balsam. The natives
of the country coat the leaves of the Banana tree with this
resin, and afterwards make them into torches which give a
white light, and have not a disagreeable odour. Several other
species of Dipterocarpus afford analogous productions, wood oils
which are used like the copaivi for domestic and industrial purposes.
Such are those from which is extracted the Gurjun of the Indians (in
Cingalese, Dronatil). The principal species so used are D. levis
1 See Dr VRIESE, in Hook, Lond. Journ., 145.—Hemiphractum Turcz., in Bull. Mose-
(1852), 33, 68.—Hook., Journ., iv. 200. (1859), i. 262.— Ælæocarpus copalliferus RETZ.,
2 L., Spec., 734—GZÆRTN. F., Fruct., iii. t. 189. Obs., iv. n. 85,—Pacnoe RH&ED., Hort. Malab.,
—Roxs., Fl. Ind., ii. 602.—Linvu., Fl. Med., iv. t. 15 (vulg. Peini marum).
220 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Ham., alatus Roxr., incanus Roxs., costatus, Gaertn. The Danmar
selan of Malaya is an analogous resinous product extracted from the
Vatica Selanica Wicut & Arn. In Borneo the concrete juices
of V. Balangeran Korru. (Njuting Mabambong), V. Sangal Kortn.
and V. Rassak, Bu. (Njuto) are also used. V. robusta Wicur
& Arn., of India exudes a kind of incense which is burnt in the
temples under the name of fal or Doona. Shorea Tumbugara
produces an analogous matter used to coat ships. S. Ja/a, Bucn.,
gives a sort of gum-lac. A kind of balm is still burnt at their
religious feasts extracted from Vateria lanceolata, Roxs. In short all
these trees have a juice possessing very homogeneous qualities, more
or less solidifiable, combustible, often odoriferous, resinous, balsamic,
furnishing oils, varnishes, tar, and sometimes camphorous substances.
This is to a certain point a distinctive character to add to those of
the Dipterocarpe. Their wood is hard, beautiful, fit for building
purposes. In Java and Borneo are especially employed Diptero-
carpus gracilis Bu., maryinatus Kortu., littoralis Bu., trinervis Bu,
retusus BL., Spanoghei Bu. ; in India that of Shorea robusta (vulg. Saul),
several Vaticas and Vaterias: these are trees, like the Dryobalanops,
often attaining a height of a hundred feet. The authors of the More
Senegambiæ Tentamen say of the Lophira alata (figs. 217-221) that
“the beauty of this tree, as to its foliage and flowers, ought to draw
the attention of horticulturists ; and would be a valuable acquisition
to our greenhouses, and to the inter-tropical colonies of Asia and
America.”
DIPTEROCARPACEÆ.
bo
bo
rer
GENERA.
I. DRYOBALANOPSEZÆ.
1. Dryobalanops Garrn.—Flowers hermaphrodite, receptacle
rather concave. Sepals 5, slightly connate and perigynous at base,
subequal imbricate. Petals 5, alternate, sometimes very slightly
coalescing at base, contorted. Stamens , o-seriate; filaments
short; anthers introrse; cells 2, linear; valves equal, connective
apiculate. Germen free, almost entirely superior, 3-locular ; style
slender entire, apex stigmatiferous not thickened ; ovules in each
cell 2, collaterally descending; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit
capsular subligneous semi-included in accrescent base of calyx, lobes
subequal, wing-shaped accrescent ; pericarp finally 3-valved at apex.
Seeds 1 or more rarely 2 ; cotyledons of embryo exalbuminous, fleshy,
very unequal, contortuplicate, the larger involving the smaller; radicle
superior thick, vertical, pericarp intruded in false dissepiments between
folds of embryo and laterally sub-2-winged.—A glabro ous resinous
camphorous tree ; leaves alternate Dee entire coriaceous, crowded
lineate-penninerved ; stipules minute or scarcely seen ; flowers at the
summit of twigs or in axils of upper leaves, cymose-racemose ; each
2-bracteolate (dndian Archipelago). See p. 210.
2. Dipterocarpus Garry. ¥.'—Flowers outwardly irregular;
summit of receptacle usually slightly concave. Calyx free, gamose-
palous ; tube free, 5-fid or 5-dentate at apex ; lobes very unequal ;
larger generally 2; all when young slightly imbricated ; afterwards
valvate or open. Corolla contorted and stamens ©, slightly
perigynous (of Dryobalanops) ; anthers elongated, cells linear introrse
rimose ; connective more or less produced beyond cells, acuminate.
Germen inferior at base 3-locular (of Dryobalanops), style slender,
apex entire or shortly 3-dentate. Fruit dry subwoody, indehiscent,
1 Fruct., iii. 50, t. 187, 188.—Enp1., Gen, DC. Prodr., xvi. 606.—Pterygium, Corr., in
n. 5393.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, xiii. 303.— Ann. Mus., viii.397, t. 6.—? Caryolobia Gmrtn.,
Enpt., Gen., n. 5392.—B. H., Gen., 191, 981, Fruct., i. 215, t. 45 (ex ENDL.).—Mocanera
n. 2.—H. By., in Payer Fam, Nat., 273.—A. Buanc. (Nec. J.).
222
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
closely surrounded by free sacciform accrescent base of calyx (tuber-
culate, costate, longitudinally winged or transversely lamellate) and
crowned with very unequal (smaller 3, larger 2, wing-shaped) erect,
rather rigid, venose lobes. Seeds free; cotyledons of exalbuminous
embryo unequal, thick, fleshy, corrugate, lobed, or contortuplicate ;
radicle superior.—Tall resinous trees; leaves alternate coriaceous,
entire or sinuate-dentate, parallel penninerved, transversely venose
between nerves; stipules large, valvate, closed, including germen,
afterwards circumscissile at base, leaving annular cicatrice, deciduous ;
flowers' in scanty axillary racemes (Asta and Trop. Oceania’).
3. Anisoptera Korru.*—Flowers nearly of Dipterocarpus, recep-
tacle obconical concave. Sepals perigynous, scarcely connate at
base, lanceolate, at first imbricated, finally subvalvate or open. Corolla
contorted and stamens ©; connective subulate-cuspidate ; exterior
valve of cells, usually larger. Germen 3- or more rarely 2- or 4, 5-
locular, partly inferior; ovules of Dipterocarpus; style . . . .? thick
conical, apex attenuate very shortly 2—5-fid. Fruit capsular, inde-
hiscent, partly inferior; seed 1 (of Dipterocarpus) ; sepals 2, wing-
shaped, accrescent round fruit as in Dipferocarpus ; smaller 3; all
inserted on receptacle adnate to fruit (i.e. subepigynous).—Resini-
floral trees; leaves of Dipterocarpus; stipules small or minute, caducous;
flowers in loose compound ramified terminal racemes (Hastern Tropical
India, Archipelago’).
4. Vatica L.'—Flowers subregular ; receptacle narrow subplane or
rather concave. Sepals 5, free or connate at base, imbricate when young,
afterwards subvalvate or open. Corolla contorted. Stamens usually
15,° of which 5 are oppositipetalous ; 5 other alternipetalous, larger ;
1 Often rather large handsome odoriferous, 4 Spec. 4, 5. Bu., Mus, Lugd.-Bat., ii. 41, t.
whitish pink or somewhat purple.
2 Spec. ad 25. Roxs., Pl. Coromand., t. 213.
—Bu,, Fl. Jav. Dipteroc., 8,t.1-6; Mus. Lugd.-
Bat., ii. 35, t. 4.—Kortu., Verh. Nat. Gesch.
Bot., t. 5.—Wiaut & Arn., Prodr., i. 84.—
Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p.ii. 496; Prodr. Fl. Sum.,
190, 485; Mus, Ludg.-Bat., i, 213.—Tuw.,
Enum. PI, Zeyl., 23—Ho0kx. F, in Trans.
Linn, Soc., xxiii. 159—Turez., in Bull. Mosc.
(1863), i. 576.—Watp., Rep., v. 121; Ann., iv.
335; vii. 377.
3 Verh. Nat Gesch. Bot., 65, t. 6.—B. H.,
Gen., 192, n. 4.—Anterotriche TUROZ., in Bull,
Mose, (1846), ii. 505.
6.—MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat., i, p. ii. 500; Prodr.
Fl. Sum., 191, 485.—A. DC., Prodr., 614.—
Watp., Rep., v. 124; Ann.,i.113 (Anterotriche) ;
iv. 335 (part.); vii, 378.
5 Mantiss., ii. 152.—J., Gen., 259.—Porr.,
Dict., viii., 418.—ZIL., t. 397.—DC., Prodr., i.
517.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, xiii. 310,—EnDt.,
Gen., n. 5395.—B. H., Gen., 192, 981, n. 6.—
Pteranthera Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 30.—
Sunaptea Grirr., Notul., iv. 56, i.— Monotes
A. DC., Prodr., 623.
5 In African species @ (OLIY.).
DIPTEROCARPACEÆ. 223
5 smaller superposed, or more rarely ; filaments sometimes dilated
at base ; anthers ovate or more usually oblong or linear, introrse,
inwardly longitudinally rimose ; exterior valve of cells usually larger ;
connective usually produced beyond cells, apiculate. Germen entirely
or for the greater part free, incomplete or complete, 3 or more rarely
2-locular; style either shortly terete, stigmatiferous clavate or
capitate at apex, or longer subulate entire or 3-denticulate at apex.
Ovules in each cell 2, descending; micropyle extrorse superior.
Capsule indehiscent or 3-valved 1, 2-spermous, furnished with
variously accrescent equally or unequally wing-shaped patent, free
base of sepals ; seeds exalbuminous ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons sub-
equal or unequal thick plano-convex.—Resinous trees ; leaves alter-
nate entire coriaceous penninerved reticulate-venose ; stipules small
or very fugacious sometimes 0; flowers in compound often much
ramified terminal racemes! (Asia and Tropical Africa’).
5. Pachynocarpus Hook. r‘—Flowers of Vatica; lanceolate
lobes of perigynous calyx imbricated when young, disappearing in
fruit. Stamens 15. Germen 3-locular, base inferior adnate to interior
of concave receptacle. “Fruit subglobose thick-coriaceous, indehiscent,
surrounded by truncate adnate receptacle. Testa of seed thin;
cotyledons thick-fleshy convolute-lobed.”—A lofty resinous tree ;
leaves alternate entire penninerved reticulate-venose ; stipules . . ?;
flowers‘ in much ramified cymiferous racemes’ (Borneo').
6. Vateria L.’—Flowers nearly of Vatica; receptacle sometimes
rather concave. Sepals subequal, imbricated. Stamens sometimes
1 Sect. 2, ie.: 1. Zsauxis (ARN., in Wight
Til., i. 88.—Retinodendron Korrn., Verh. Nat.
Gesch. Bot., 55, t. 8—Seidlia Kosr., Med.
Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 173).—WALP., Ann., iv. 337 ;
vii. 378.
3 In Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiii. (1860), 159, t.
Ph. Bot., 1945, ex ENDz.); fructiferous sepals
subequal, ovate, or wide at base.—2. Euvatica
(B. H., Joc. cit): fructiferous sepals wing-
shaped, very unequal, not connivent round base of
fruit.
2 Spec. 8, 9. SM., Icon. ined., t. 36.—WIGHT
& ARN., Prodr., i. 84; Icon., t. 26 (Vateria).
—Bz., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 30, t. 7.—MIQ,
Fl. Ind.-Bat., i., p. ii. 503; Prodr. Fl. Sum.,
191, 486; Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i. 214.—H00K. F.,
in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiii. 160 (Anisoptera).—
Wetw., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xvii, t. 5 (ex OLIV.,
22.—B. H., Gen., 192, n. 5.
4 Very odoriferous.
5 Gen, “except in fruit not differing from
Vatica.”
6 Spec. 1. P. umbonatus Hook. F., loc, cit,
—Watp., Ann., vii. 378.
7 Gen., n. 666.—J., Gen. 158.—GZÆRTN.
Fruct., iii. 53, t. 189.—Potr., Dict., viii. 417;
IU., t. 475.—DC., Prodr., i. 83.—Spacu, Suit.
à Buffon, xiii. 309.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5395.—
H. B., in Payer Fam. Nat., 273.—B. H. Gen.
198, n. 11.
224 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
15, 3-seriate; cells quite connate from apex (S/emonoporus'), some-
times, more rarely ©; valves of anthers distinct at apex and subulate-
acuminate’ (Hemiphractum®). Germen of Vatica, 3-locular; style
subulate. Capsule globose or ovoid, coriaceous or subfleshy, furnished
with base of sepals scarcely accrescent and reflexed, indehiscent or
3-valved. Embryo of thick seed fleshy ; cotyledons unequal, usually
involute or corrugate-lobed, enclosing superior radicle.— Resinous
glabrous, furfuraceous, or tomentose trees; leaves entire coriaceous
penninerved reticulate-venose ; stipules small or almost wanting, de-
ciduous, more rarely larger, persistent ; flowers axillary, 1-3-nate
or oftener in racemose axillary simple or terminal ramified cymes,
sometimes 1-lateral (Zrop. Asia’).
7. Monoporandra Tuw.’—Flowers small, nearly of Valeria ;
stamens 5, alternipetalous; anther valves’ subequal or unequal ; con-
nective muticous. Germen, small fruit, fructiferous calyx, and seed
of Wateria? Ramified glabrous or slightly tomentose trees ; leaves
entire coriaceous penninerved reticulate-venose ; stipules minute,
deciduous or 0 ; axillary inflorescence of Vateria (Zeylania’).
8. Hopea Roxs.’—Flowers nearly of Valeria; receptacle short.
Sepals 5, subfree, closely imbricate, unequal ; exterior 2 larger in bud.
Stamens 10, of which 5 are alternipetalous, larger, and 5 oppositi-
petalous; or much oftener 15, 3-seriate, of which 10 are alterni-
petalous ; filaments often dilated at base, anthers introrse ; connective
subulate, cuspidate. Germen of Vateria; style more or less dilated
at base, apex shortly terete or subulate. Fruit indehiscent ; 2 lobes
of fructiferous calyx accrescent, wing-shaped, closely connivent round
base of pericarp. Seed ovoid; embryo exalbuminous, cotyledons
thick-fleshy, unequal, sometimes inclosing superior radicle.—
5 As in Valeria sect. Stemnoporus.
7 From which genus it only differs in 5-
androus flowers.
5 Spee. 3. Taw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 39.—
Watp., Ann., iv. 334; vii. 381.
1 Taw. in Hook Journ., vi. 67, t. 2.
? Ending in sete.
3 Turoz., in Bull. Mosc. (1859), i. 262.
4 Spec. ad 12. Vant, Symb. Bot. iii. 67
(Elecarpus).—Wieur & ARN., Prodr., i, 83.—
ARN., in Ann, Nat. Hist., iii. 155.—Wiaur, 14,
i. t. 36—Bu., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 28.—THW.
Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 37.—WatP., Ann., iv. 336;
vii. 380.
5 In Hook, Journ., vi. 69, t. 2.—B. H., Gen.,
194, n. 12.
9 Pl. Corom., iii, 9, t. 210.—Porr., Suppl., ii,
57.—Enot., Gen., n. 5396.—H, BN., in Payer
Fam. Nat., 273.—B. H., Gen., 193, n. 9.—
Petalandra Hassx., Hort. Bogor., 104,—? Pen-
tacme A. DC., Prodr., 626.
to
bo
Ur
DIPTEROCARPACE A).
Resinous, glabrous or tomentose trees; leaves entire coriaceous,
thinly penninerved reticulate-venose; stipules small deciduous ;
inflorescence racemose ; flowers in racemose branches 1-seriate, sessile
or shortly pedicellate (Zrop. Asia’).
9? Shorea Roxs.*—Flowers nearly of Hopea; stamens 15, or
oftener 20-2» ; connective beyond cells subulate-cuspidate. Germen
of Hopea ; style entire, 3-denticulate at apex. Fruit indehiscent sub-
coriaceous ; 3 lobes of fructiferous calyx accrescent, wing-shaped,
base closely connivent round pericarp. Seeds 1, or rarely 2, ovoid ;
embryo fleshy ; cotyledons thick, unequal, usually enclosing superior
radicle.—Resiniferous, glabrous, tomentose, or furfuraceous trees ;
leaves entire or sinuate, parallel-nerved, often transversely reticulate-
venose ; axillary and terminal inflorescence (of //opea), bracteate or
ebracteate® (Zrop. Asia).
10. Doona Taw.—Flowers nearly of Hopea (or Shorea) ; sepals
obtuse ; 3 exterior largerin bud. Stamens 15 ; anthers oval-oblong ;
connective beyond cells rather thick subglandular subelavate.
Germen of Hopea; style subulate, stigmatiferous at apex. Fruit
indehiscent, strictly included within base of calyx ; 3 exterior sepals
much accrescent, wing-shaped beyond pericarp, erect patent obtuse.
Seed ovoid; testa thin intruded between folds of embryo ; cotyledons
of exalbuminous embryo wide, much contortuplicate, enclosing
superior radicle-—Resiniferous glabrous trees ; leaves entire coria-
ceous thinly penninerved reticulate-venose ; stipules small, deciduous ;
inflorescence of Hopea’ (Zeylania’).
1 Spec. 8-10. Wiaut, ZU.,i. t. 37.—KoRTH.,
Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot., t.7.—Bu., Mus, Lugd.-
Bat., ii, 34.—M1Q., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii, 503 ;
Prodr, Fl. Sum., 191, 489.—Tuw., Enum. Pl.
Zeyl., 36—Hook. F., in Trans, Linn. Soc.,
xxiii, 161.—Wazp., Ann., iv. 338; vii. 379.
2 Pl. Coromand., iii. 9, t. 212— GÆRTN. F.,
Fruct., iii. 47, t. 186.— Enpt., Gen., n. 5395.—
B. H., Gen., 193, n. 8.—A, DC., Prodr., xvi.
628, n. 10.
3 Gen. scarcely distinct, except by habit,
from Hopea (of which perhaps it is better
as a section),
4 Spec. about 15, Roxs., Pl. Coromand., iii.
VOLE LV.
t, 212.—Wraut, Icon., t. 27, 364 (Vatica). —
Bz., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 32, t. 8.—Miq., F1.
Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 503; Prodr. Fl, Sum., 191,
487 ; Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i, 214.—Tuw., Enum.
Pl. Zeyl., 36.—Watxr., Ann., iv. 337; vii.
379.
5 In Hook. Lond. Journ., ii. t. 12; iv. 7.—-
B. H., Gen,, 193, n. 10.—A. DE., Prodr., xvi.
626, n. 9.
5 Gen, scarcely distinguished from Hopea,
it differs first in embryo, but in Hopea the coty-
ledons are also sometimes somewhat corrugated.
7 Spee. 7, 8. THW., Enum, Pl, Zeyl., 34.—
Watp., Ann., iv. 333; vii, 380.
226 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
II. ANCISTROCLADE.
11. Ancistrocladus Warz.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
concave. Sepals 5, subequal or unequal, imbricated. Petals 5,
inserted with perigynous sepals, contorted. Stamens 5, or more,
usually 10, of which 5 shorter are oppositipetalous ; 5 others alter-
nate perigynous ; anthers introrse, often finally versatile, muticous
or shortly apiculate ; cells sometimes unequal, longitudinally rimose.
Germen adnate at base to interior of receptacle (thence partly
inferior), otherwise free, 1-locular, apex conical or subhemispherical,
not hollow fleshy; styles 3, tapering at base, apex thickened stigma-
tiferous ; ovule solitary, lateral or subbasilar, ascending, anatropous,
micropyle inferior. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, partly inferior and
adnate to receptacle, surrounded by much accrescent wing-shaped,
often subequal perigynous sepals. Seed ascending subglobose ; testa
intruded between folds of albumen; albumen copious farinaceous
much ruminated ; embryo axile straight, radicle cylindrical inferior,
apex thickened and straight truncate; cotyledons much wider than
long, divaricate truncate at apex.—Scandent glabrous shrubs ; twigs
often unciferous ; leaves alternate entire coriaceous, sometimes
sagittate, sessile or petiolate ; stipules small caducous, or 0; flowers
in ramified cymiferous racemes or close to uncinate secund twigs,
caducous (Zrop. Asia, Oceania and Africa). See p. 214.
IIT. LOPHIREA.
12. Lophira Banxs.—Flowers regular; receptacle subplane.
Sepals 5, afterwards unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, alternating with
subhypogynous sepals and inserted with them, equal, contorted or
more rarely imbricated. Stamens o, inserted with perianth,
æ -seriate ; filaments erect, connate at base ; anthers linear muticous,
2-locular, introrse ; cells equal valved, longitudinally rimose. Germen
free long conical, 1-locular ; apex shortly 2-fid; lobes acute, apex
stigmatiferous subulate, reflexed, finally obliterate. Ovules œ
(oftener 8-16), sub-4-seriate inserted on central free placenta,
ascending, imbricate, antropous ; micropyle extrorse inferior. Nut
oblong, furnished with base of accrescent calyx; sepals persistent
DIPTEROCARPACE A. 297
erect-patent, unequally accrescent, rigid; one larger wing-shaped.
Seed usually 1, ascending ; embryo fleshy ; cotyledons thick sub-
equal; radicle short inferior.—A pyramidal tree ; leaves alternate,
entire, elongate, usually undulate, thickly parallel penninerved,
scarcely reticulated ; stipules small caducous; flowers in more or
less ramified compound racemes, terminal and axillary (Zrop. Western
Africa). See p. 215.
XXIX. CHLANACE A.
There is in this small family a genus with diplostemonous
androceum, which we will study in the first place. It is the genus
Leptolena multiflora,
Fie. 226. Fie. 222. Fie. 227.
Bud, without involucel Floriferous branch. Flower, without
and calyx (4). perianth,
Fra. 225.
Diagram,
Fig. 223. Fie, 224.
Bud (5).
Bud, without involucel.
4), the flowers of which are regular, her-
Leptolena (figs. 222-23
GATE
1 Dur.-Tn., Hist, des Vég. Rec. dans les Iles SraoH, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 55.—Linpu., Veg.
Austr, @ Afr., 41, t, 11.—DC., Prodr., i. 521.—
Kingd., 486, fig. 385,—Enpt., Gen., n. 5399.—
CHLANACE. 229
maphrodite, and each enveloped in a more or less fleshy sac,
persistent and thickening round the fruit, the opening being cut into
five or six teeth. The calyx is formed of three sepals, imbricated
or more frequently contorted in præfloration ; and the corolla of five
petals contorted in the bud. Within the corolla is found a short
tube almost membranous, with the upper edge cut straight,
Leptolena multiflora.
Fig. 229. Fre, 228. * Fie, 230.
Gynæceum. Portion of the dise and Long. sect. of gynæceum.
of the androceum (4).
Fr. 231. Fie. 233. Fie. 232. FIG. 234.
Induviate fruit (3), Seed (4). Long. sect, of induviate Transverse section of
fruit. seed,
dentate, crenate, generally described as a disc. Within the base
ten stamens are inserted, of which five are superposed to the petals,
and five alternate rather shorter, each formed of a free filament and a
two-celled introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts." The
gynæceum is free and superior, composed of an ovary with three
cells alternate with the sepals, surmounted by a style, the apex
H. By., in Payer Fam, Nat., 263.—B. H., Gen., 1 These clefts are most frequently confluent at
195, n. 1. the summit.
230 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
dilated into a very large stigmatiferous irregularly trilobed head.”
In the internal angle of each cell two collateral descending ovules are
inserted, with micropyle looking upwards and outwards. The fruit
is dry and indehiscent, surrounded by vestiges of the perianth and
Sarcolena multiflora,
. 235. Via, 237. Fia, 236.
Flower (2). Flower without perianth. Long. sect, of flower.
androceum, the whole enveloped by an epicalyx or thickened sac,
of which we have spoken before. At maturity it only contains one
descendent seed, the coats enclosing a thick albumen, more or less
Schizolena rosea.
Fie, 238. Fra. 239, Fie, 240.
Biflorous involucre. Involucre without the flowers. Flower (4).
fleshy or horny, and in the axis of which is found a superior radicle
(fig. 232). Leptolena consists of small shrubs of Madagascar, of
which only one or two species are known, The leaves are alternate
simple, accompanied by two lateral caducous stipules. The flowers
? In reality the style is hollow in the form of which is more or less bent. The three apices
an elongated horn; it is traversed in its whole are surrounded by a small circular rim, slightly
length by three vertical ribs, combinations of sinuous, encircling them and corresponding to the
the partitions of the ovary, dilating above, and superior extended edge of the style tube (figs. 229,
covered with stigmatic papillæ at the summit, 230).
CHLÆNACEZX. 231
united at the summit of the branches or in the axils of the superior
leaves in ramified clusters of cymes, generally biparous (fig. 222).
There are also three other genera of this family known, natives of
the same country and presenting the same general characters as the
Schizolena rosea,
Fie, 241.
Long. sect. of flower (5).
FIG. 242,
Gynæceum, one cell open (4).
Fra. 243.
Fruit.
preceding. These are: Sarcolena (figs. 235-237), which instead of
ten stamens, has an indefinite number, and the fruit of which is
capsular with three cells; Schizolena (figs. 238-243), having two
flowers in the same involucre, which is accrescent after præfloration,
and then incised upon its edges (fig. 241), very numerous stamens,
and an indefinite number of ovules in each cell (figs. 241, 242) ;
Rhodolena, the involucre of which, also biflorous, is formed of two
very small bracts, the stamens, indefinite in number, are inserted
within a short circular disc, and each of the three ovary cells contain
in the internal angle four ovules arranged in two ranks.
Thus constituted this small family only contains nine or ten
species ; it was established in 1806 by Doprurit-THovars, who alone
has studied it much hitherto. We have just added a genus very
incompletely known! and have besides described a species’ differing
1 Scleroolena (H. Bx., in Adansonia, x. 234),
which certainly belongs to this family, and which
cannot be placed in any of the known genera,
since we are only acquainted with the fruit. This
is surrounded by a woody involucre, smooth with-
out and within, of the form and size of a small
egg. It presents a circular opening, the edge of
which is furnished with a reflexed fringe formed
of penicillate hairs. he fruit proper is very
small in reference to the involucel; it is three-
celled and polyspermous surmounted by the
remains of a style with truncated apex. This
genus, therefore, must be allied to those having
multiovulate ovary cells, but it differs from all
of them inasmuch as its involucre contains but
one fruit and also by the singular character of the
involucre itself,
2 In Adansonia, x. 177.
232
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
from the other in its appearance and foliage, which much resembles
that of several of the Malvaceae, particularly the Hermannie. This
only confirms what is known of the close affinity of the Ch/enacee
and the M/alvacee with two-celled anthers. Only the stamens of the
Chlenacee are not monadelphous in the same way as those of a large
number of Aalvaceæ. Their filaments are not united among them-
selves, at the base, in a kind of tube, but are inserted upon the
interior surface and close to the base of a circular dise, in the shape
of a short vertical cylinder with superior independent edge. Ziliacee.
bears a great analogy with Ch/enacee, but the latter has an imbri-
cated calyx like Zernstremiacee and Dipterocarpee, which are also
very nearly related. But the Ch/enacee are distinguished from all
others by the trimerous type of their imbricated or contorted calyx,
by their corolla formed of five or six petals, by their stipules,’ the
nature of their involucre, their disc, their petals, generally contorted,’
and by the character of their seeds.’ Scarcely anything is known of
the uses of the Chlenacee, which are all natives of Madagascar. The
fleshy involucre of Sarcolena grandiflora (vulg. Vaa-sow) has, accord-
ing to Duprrir-Tuovars, the taste of medlars. Rats eat it. 8. multi-
fora Dur.-Tu. (figs. 235-237), or Voamassa of the natives of
Madagascar, is, according to BERN1EK, an aromatic shrub, the leaves
of which are chewed as a remedy for toothache.
1 In certain Sarcolenas they are said to be
large, analogous to those of certain Fig-trees (Fr.,
Figuiers). The young leaves, which have their
mode of vernation, have often without doubt
been taken for them. Their limb frequently
presents, as in Ærythroxylon, fornicate longi-
tudinal lines similarto the nerves of several Melas-
tomaceæ, and which are only impressions produced
by the edges of the leaves at a certain distance
from the midrib of the limb during the period
of præfoliation ‘when the foliaceous parenchyma
is soft and yielding.
2“ A tribu Bonnetliearum velut a Diptero-
carpets, quibus æstivatio eadem, imprimis semi-
num albumine distinguuntur.”
194).
# We have been able to study completely those
of Scleroolæna Richardt where they have an oval,
cordate form, flat or concave on the side of the
hilum which occupies almost the middle of the
height of the concave face, and to the plane of
which the embryo is parallel, with fornicate coty-
ledons, digitinerved at the base, interposed to two
parallel layers of tolerably solid fleshy albumen,
In the other Chlænaceæ the general organization
of the seed is the same; but especially when
numerous, they are more or less deformed by a
reciprocal pressure.
(B. H., Gen.
CHLÆNACEÆ.
vo
[Ut]
cd
GENERA.
1. Leptolæna Dur.-Tu.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
rather convex. Sepals 3, cortorted or much imbricated. Petals 5,
free, contorted. Stamens 10, inserted inside, slightly above the base
of urceoliform shortly cylindrical dise, obscurely crenate at apex ;
filaments otherwise free ; 5 oppositipetalous shorter ; anthers in-
trorse versatile; connective rather thick; cells 2, longitudinal clefts
often confluent at apex. Germen superior, 3-locular ; cells oppositi-
petalous ; style elongated stigmatiferous at apex, obtuse 3-lobed,
much dilated. Ovules in each cell 2, inserted in internal angle,
collaterally descending; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit dry
(indehiscent ?) by abortion 1-locular 1-spermous. Seed descending or
laterally affixed, subpeltate; micropyle inwardly lateral; testa
glabrous coriaceous; albumen fleshy or subcorneous; embryo
parallel to hilum ; radicle superior cylindrical ; cotyledons foliaceous,
base digitinerved, subplane or undulate.—Small trees, leaves alter-
nate subentire coriaceous reticulate penninerved ; stipules lateral
caducous ; flowers (small) in racemes (terminal or axillary to upper
leaves) much ramified and cymose; each involucel calyciform sacciform
suburceolate, 6-denticulate at apex, persistent and accrescent round
fruit, rather fleshy, stipitate (Madagascar). See p. 228.
2. Sarcolæna Duvp.-Tu.'—Flowers nearly of Zeptolæna ; stamens
a. Capsule 3-locular; cells 1, 2-spermous.—Elegant trees or small
trees, sometimes climbing ; leaves alternate, usually entire coriaceous,
impressed in lines above, from induplicate racemose vernation as if
3-5-nerved or sometimes small submembranous unequal-crenate.
Stipules small or oftener wide conical caducous. Inflorescence of
Leptolena, many flowered, or sometimes 1 few-flowered terminal,
1 Hist, des Vég. Rec, dans les Iles Austr, vv. 5598.—H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 263,
d'Afr, 37, t. 9, 10.—-DC., Prodr., i. 521. —B. H., Gen., 195, n. 1.—EÆriocarpus J.
—Turr., in Dict. Se, Nat., Atl, t. 146— (ex Duv,-Tu.)—TZantalus NoroNH. (ex Dup.-
Spacu, Suit, à Buffon, iv. §4.—ENpDuL., Gen, ‘TH.).
234 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
flowers’ each accompanied by involucel, fleshy urceolate-depressed
obscurely and unequally dentate, accrescent fleshy round fruit,
exterior glabrous or setose, interior clothed with dense plumose-
barbate pulvinate sete, stipitate (Madagascar).
3. Schizolæna Dur-Tn—Flowers nearly of Sarcolena ;
germen, cells 3, œ-ovulate. Capsule of Sarcolena, 3-valved.—Small
trees; leaves alternate entire coriaceous ; stipules 2-nate, flowers*
in involucel, pedunculate 2-nate ; bracts of involucel 2-w , at anthesis
small crenate, round capsules 1,
laciniate’ (Madagascar).
2, including, large, coriaceous
4? Rhodolena Dor.-Tn.’—Flowers nearly of Sarcolena; 5, 6-
merous ;
stamens o, inserted in short urceolate tube ;
anthers
versatile. Germen 3-locular; ovules in each cell few. Fruit. . .?—An
elegant scandent shrub; leaves alternate rather long petiolate,
entire coriaceous’; flowers’?
elongate pedunculate ;'' 2-nate, bracts 2
small squamiform” stipitate below calyx (Madagascar").
1 Whitish or pale yellow, sometimes pink (?).
2 Spee. 4. Duv.-Tu., loc. cif,—H. By. in
Adansonia, x. 177.
3 Hist. Végét. Afr., 43, t. 12.—DC., Prodr.,
i, 521.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 56.—ENDL.,
Gen, n. 5400.—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat.;
263.—B. H., Gen., 195, n. 3.
4 Ordinary, whitish or pink,
5 Sometimes sprinkled with a yellowish re-
sinous dust. Outside the bracts of the involucre
often oceur bracteoles 2-0, 2-seriate vertical,
the more inferior the smaller, 2-cussate imbricate
(figs. 238, 239).
6 Spec. 3. Dup.-TH., loc. cit.
7 Hist, Végét. Afr, 47,t. 13.—DC., Prodr., i.
522.—Spacn, Suit, à Buffon, iv. 57—Enpt.,
Gen., n. 5401.—H, BN., in Payer Fam. Nat.,
264.—B. H., Gen. 195, n. 4.— Pandora
Noronu, (ex Dur.-Tu.).
$ In flowers observed 4, vertical 2-seriate.
* « Exstipulate,” not lineate.
10 Slightly thickened at apex.
U Pink, “large handsome.”
1 With sepals sprinkled with a yellowish
resinous dust.
13 « Sepala exteriora?” (B. H.)
M4 Spec. 1. LR. altivola Duv.-Tu., loc. cit.,
“fructu ignoto quoad affinit, dub., forte Ternstræ-
miaceis propinquior, sed stam. urceolo recedit.”
(B. H.)
XXX. TERNSTRŒMIACEZÆ.
I. TEA SERIES (Fr, Thés).
The flowers of the Teas! (figs. 244-253) are hermaphrodite and
regular. The receptacle, slightly convex, bears first five imbricated
Thea chinensis.
F1. 247.
Long. sect. of flower.
Fia. 248,
Dehiscent fruit,
Fra. 245. Fie. 244, Fra. 246.
Flower. Floriferous branch. Diagram.
sepals, or more rarely a larger number, and five petals alternate with
the sepals, or pretty often from six to eight, sessile, concave, all
1 Thea L., Gen. n. 668.—LETTsom, Mon,
Thea. Lond, (1772).—J., Gen., 262.—GÆRTN.,
Fruct., ii. 83, t. 95.—Por., Diet,, vii., 612;
Suppl., v. 294; Jil., t. 474.—DC., Prodr., i.
530,—TurP., in Dict. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 153.—
SPACH, Suit, à Buffon, iv. 90,—CAMBEss., in
Mém. Mus., xvi. A15.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5426.—
Cuois., Mém. sur les Fam. des Ternstr. et Camell.
236 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
imbricated in præfloration. The androceum is formed of an indefinite
number of stamens, the filaments adhering to the base of the corolla”
and united among themselves for a short variable distance below, or
almost entirely free, especially in the most interior stamens, the anthers
of which first extrorse, then versa-
tile, have a thick connective, oval
or almost cordiform, bearing on the
edges two narrow cells, each dehis-
cing by a longitudinal cleft.? The
gynæceum is superior, free, com-
posed of an ovary generally three-
celled, surmounted by a hollow
style, divided at a variable part
of its height into three tubular
branches, the sumimit furnished
with a small surface of stigmatife-
rous tissue. In the internal angle
of each ovary cell (superposed when
they are three in number, to the
sepals 1, 2, 3) there is a placenta
generally supporting four ovules, incompletely anatropous,* more or
less descendent, and arranged in pairs in such a way that the two
ovules of each pair turn back to back, and look at each other by
their short raphe (fig. 252). The fruit long, green, and fleshy,
becomes at length a loculicidal capsule (fig. 248) with three ora
smaller number of cells each containing one or two seeds. These
enclose under their thick coats* a large fleshy oily embryo, the plano-
convex cotyledons of which completely surround the gemmule.
In certain Teas the petals and the stamens are united into a tube
for a greater distance. The ovary cells are three or four in number,
Thea chinensis,
Kia. 251.
Gynæceum (+).
Fi. 252.
Gynæceum, one cell
open.
(in Soc. Phys. de Gen., xiv, 149).—PAYER, 2 The pollen grains are ovoid with three folds,
Organog., 532, t. 149.—B. H., Gen., 187.—H.
By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 265.—SrerM., in Trans.
Linn, Soc, xxii, 347 (incl.: Calpandria Bu,
Camellia L., Cordyloblaste HENscu. (?), Sas-
sangua N&Es).—Tsia KæMpr., Amen., 606.—
ADANS., Fam. des Pl., ii, 450.
1 This adherence is very slight or almost nil in
the five stamens more anterior than the others
and superposed to the petals ; or in five groups of
several stamens, the number of which is variable,
each keeping the same place,
and in water they become spherical with three
bands, and bear three papillae, (H. Mont,, in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii, 333.)
3 They have two coats.
4 The exterior is bard, crustaceous, brown or
blackish, It often has faces due to the reciprocal
pressure of the different neighbouring grains,
Within is found another coat, much softer, some-
times almost suberose, traversed by five fibro-vas-
cular ramified bundles.
TERNSTRŒMIACEX. 237
the styles remain free in almost the whole of their height and the
ovules are five or six in number in each cell, more or less distinctly
descendent. In certain others, the corolla of which are often of
large dimensions and rich colouring (fig. 253), there is often, but not
constantly, an interior stamen, free, or nearly so in front of each
petal; this distinguishes Camellia,' ge-
nerally considered as constituting a
separate genus, but which only ought to
form a section of the genus Tea. Thus
considered, this genus contains some
dozen species? frutescent or arbores-
cent, natives of tropical Eastern Asia,
and of the Indian Archipelago. The
leaves are alternate persistent, simple,
dentate, coriaceous or membranous.
The petiole is exstipulate and usually
articulated at the base. The flowers
occupying the axils of the leaves, especially of the upper ones, are
solitary or united in small cymes, the pedicels bearing one or several
bracts smaller than the sepals to which they are analogous.
Beside Zhea are placed the nearly-allied genera of Gordonia (figs.
254, 255) and Laplacea. The former has an indefinite number of
ovules in each cell, a generally elongated capsule, and seeds prolonged
above into a membranous wing. ‘The stamens may be united below
into a circular cushion, and the single style dilates in its upper
part into a stigmatiferous head with short radiated lobes.
In Zaplacea, on the contrary, the perianth and the androceum
remain the same ; the styles, from five to ten in number, are free to
the base, or the stigmatic tissue may directly crown each of the
ovary cells.
Thea (Camellia) japonica,
Fie. 253,
Flower.
Gesch. Bot, 148, t. 81.—? Cordyloblaste
1 L,, Gen., n. 848.—J., Gen., 262.—LAMK.,
Henscu., in Bot. Zeit. (1848), 604.
Dict., i. 572; Suppl. ii. 48; Td/., t. 504—Cav.,
Diss,, vi. 305.—CamBEss., in Mém. Mus., xvi.
415.—DC., Prodr., i. 529.—Turpr., in Dict. des
Se. Nat., Atl., t. 152.—Spacu., Suit, à Buffon,
iv. 84.—Enp.L., Gen., n. 5425.—Cuols., in Wém,
Gen., 146.—SEEM., in Trans, Linn, Soc., xxii.
337.—B. H., Gen., 187, n. 24.—H. BN., in
Payer Fam. Nat., 265.— Tsubaki KÆMPF.
Amen., 851.—ADANS., Fam. des P1., ii. 399.—
Sassangua N£Es, in Sieb. Nippon, ii. 13.—Cal-
pandria, Bu., Bijdr.,178.—Korri., Verh. Nat.
2 Dunam., Arbr., ed nov. t. 71.—Jacq., Ic.
Rar., t. 553.—S1£68. & Zuce., Fl. Jap., t. 82, 83.
—Watt., Pl, As, Rar., iii. t. 256.—KoRTH. in
Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot., 149 (Calpandria).—
SEEM., Voy. Her. Bot., t. 76-78.—ANDR., Bot.
Repos., t. 25.—Bot. Reg. t. 567, 942, 1078.—
Bot. Mag., t. 42, 2080, 2784, 4976, 5044, 5152.
—Watr., Ann. ii. 178; iv. 351; vi. 367
(Camellia), 373.
238 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Stuartia (figs. 256-260) is also very analogous to the preceding
genera as to the perianth and androceum. But each of the
Gordonia Lasianthus.
Fie, 254. Via. 259.
Flower (2). Long. sect. of flower.
ovary cells encloses only two ascendent ovules. The fruit is a locu-
Stuartia virginica,
Fie, 256.
Floriferous branch,
hieidal capsule, with lenticular seeds, the straight embryo being
TERNSTRAMIACE A.
239
surrounded by a fleshy, not very thick albumen, and directing its
radicle downwards. Schima, allied at once to Sfuartia and Gordonia,
Stuartia virginica.
Fig. 257.
Long. sect. of flower (2).
FIG. 258.
Dehiscent fruit.
has not very numerous ascendent and flattened seeds, bordered by a
circular wing, with thin albumen,
often reduced to a membrane, and
an embryo with imsymmetrical
cotyledons, and incurved and ac-
cumbent radicle. Pyrenaria, with
the same flower, or nearly so, has
an indehiscent drupaceous fruit,
with few seeds, the embryo thick
and fleshy, having an inflexed radicle and conduplicate or folded and
crumpled cotyledons.'
Sluartia virginica.
Fie. 260.
Long. sect, of seed,
Fie. 259.
Seed (5).
II. TERNSTRŒMIA SERIES.
Several species of the genus Zernstremia® are seen flowering in
our greenhonses, especially 7! drevipes (figs. 261-263), an American
1 After these genera, in the same group
Microsemma has been.doubtfully placed, having
polygamous, apetalous flowers, a fornicate gland
within the base of the sepals, an indefinite number
of stumens, and a variable number of cells in the
ovary and the fruit. This latter is a capsule
analogous to that of a great many of the Tern-
stræmiaceæ, and each cell contains a descendent
seed with superior and exterior micropyle (see
Genera, p. 264).
2 Mor.,ex L. ¥., Suppl., 39.—J., Gen., 362.—
Porr., Dict., vii. 596; Suppl, v. 289; ZI. t.
456.—DC., in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Gen., i. 408,
t. 1; Prodr., i. 523.—Campess., in Mém. Mus.,
xvi, 403.—TuRP., in Dict, Sc. Nat., Atl. t. 151.
—Spacu, Suit, à Buffon, iv. 61.—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5409.— Payer, Organog., 532.—CHOIS., in
Mém. Gen., xiv. 101.—B. H., Gen., 182, n. 8.—
H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat., 265.—LEM. et
Donc. Tr. Gen., 337, 338.—Taonabo AUBL.,
240 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
species, the flowers of which have a short convex receptacle, sup-
porting five sepals, imbricated in the bud, and five superposed petals,
scarcely united at their bases, and also arranged in imbricated præ-
floration. The androceum is formed of an indefinite number of
hypogynous stamens, the filaments also united for a very short
Terastremia brevipes,
Fie. 261.
Flower,
Fia. 263.
Diagram. Long. sect. of flower.
distance with the base of the corolla and surmounted by basifixed
anthers, with two adnate cells, almost marginal, dehiscing by two
longitudinal’ clefts and crowned by a pointed prolongation of the
connective. The gynæceum is superior, formed of an ovary with two
cells, tapering above into a conical style, with apex almost undivided,
and stigmatiferous. In the internal angle of each cell descending
from the upper part a wide short placenta is inserted, the inferior
edge supporting from five to eight suspended anatropous’ ovules,
with micropyle looking upwards and inwards. The fruit is dry,
accompanied at its base by the persistent calyx, apiculate and inde-
hiscent ; it encloses a small number of seeds elongated and folded
upon themselves, like a horseshoe. Under their coats is found a
fleshy embryo, also hippocrepiform, with cylindrical radicle longer
than the cotyledons, and surrounded by a fleshy albumen, often thin,
or even reduced to a simple membrane.
Guian., 569, t. 227, 225.—Tonabea J., Gen., 252. ? They have two coats. When their anatropy
— Dupinia Necx., Elem., n. 1042,—Amphania
Banks, mss. (ex Enpu.).—Cleyera THuNB., F1,
Jap., 12 (nec DC.).— Reinwardtia Korrn., Verh,
Nat, Gesch, Bot., 101, t. 12 (nee Bt.).—WAtpP.,
Rep., v. 129 (inel.: Erythrochiton GRIFF., Veele-
keria Ku. & KARsT.).
1 The pollen of Ternstræmia is formed of
ovoid grains analogous to those of the Teas. (H.
Mout., in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 2, iii, 333). It is
the same in the other genera (Visnea, Caraipa)
where it has been studied.
is completed they begin to bend in the inferior
portion of their raphe, so that the region of the
chalaza is reflexed upon it outwards and upwards.
We have noted (in Adansonia, x. 238) that this
is the first degree of the false campylotropy that
we have seen so noticeable in the Gyrostemonee
(page 42, note 6), and which appears alsu in scme
other groups.
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆX. 241
In other species of the same genus, the petals are more or less
clearly alternate with the sepals; in others the flowers are poly-
gamous dicecious ;' the style and its stigmatiferous divisions are
very variable as to form and dimensions ;? the number of the ovary
cells is three or four, and they are bi- or tri-ovulate ; the pericarp is
sometimes thin and almost membranous, and sometimes thick and
suberous.* But in all the known species, some twenty‘ in number, the
stem is arborescent or frutescent ; the leaves alternate, persistent,
entire or dentate, coriacous, exstipulate. The flowers are axillary,
pedunculate, solitary or disposed in cymes; and their calyx is
accompanied by two or three bracts resembling the sepals, but
smaller. Three parts of the known species are natives of tropical
America; the rest of the warmest parts of Asia and the Indian
Archipelago. .
Beside Zernstremia are placed the nearly allied
genera Adinandra, Eroteum, and ÆZvrya, only sepa-
rated from them in an entirely artificial manner :
the first, because its seeds are small and numerous
instead of being large and few in number; the
second, because in its small flowers, often poly-
gamous or dicecious, with petals free or scarcely
united at the base, the ovules, indefinite in number,
are inserted towards the middle of the internal angle
of the ovary cells; the third, because its dicecious
flowers have generally an oligandrous androceum.
In the two genera Visnea and Anneslea, the general organization
is the same; but we make of them a small subseries (//snece),
because their floral receptacle, instead of being convex, becomes
more or less concave ; the insertion of the perianth and the andro-
Visnea Mocanera.
Fia. 264.
Induviate fruit (2).
! This is found especially in 7. penangiana Pav., Prodr., t. 21.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et
CHors., which has been made the type of the
genus Ærythrochiton (Grirr., Notul., iv. 565;
—Cuots., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 126, nec Mart.).
? The divisions are very large in Erythro-
chiton, and radiating in Reinwardtia.
3 It is divided into six cavities in Valckeria
(Ku. & Karst., ex Enpt., Gen., Suppl., iv. 66;
—Cnuols., loc. cit., 125); but the ovary being
three-celled, they are supposed here to be only
half-cells, doubtless separated by false parti-
tions.
4Sw., Fl.
VOL. IV.
Ind. Oce., ii. 929.—Ruiz &
Spec., v. 207, t. 463.—A. S. H., Fl. Bras.
Mer., i. 231.—Mortic., Pl. Nouv. Amér., t.
12, 13.—A. Ricu., Fl. Cub., t. 27—Wicaur,
Icon., t. 47 (Cleyera)—$res. & Zucc., Fl.
Jap., t. 80.—Miq., Fl. -Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii.
470.—GrisEB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 103; Cat.
Pl. Cub., 35.—Turoz., in Bull. Mosc, (1858),
i, 241; (1863), i. 577.—SEEM., Voy. Her.,
Bot., 87.—A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp., Bot., i.
209.—Tr. & Pu, in Ann, Sc. Nat. ser. 4,
xviii. 258.—Watp., Rep., i. 368; ii. 804; v.
130; Ann., iv. 341; vii, 361.
242
ceum is consequently perigynous.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The receptacle is accrescent
round the fruit, becoming fleshy, and is found surmounted by the
persistent divisions of the perianth.
In Visnea (fig. 264), the calyx
also becomes fleshy, and surrounds the fruit, without adhering to it ;
the lower portion only is inserted in the accrescent receptacle, which
is thick and quite coriaceous, and surmounted by the persistent im-
bricated calyx.
Ill. SAURAUJA SERIES.
Saurauja spectabilis.
Fie. 265.
Inflorescence.
Fia. 266.
Longitudinal section of flower (2).
The flowers of Sawrauja‘ (figs.
265, 266) are hermaphrodite or
polygamous and regular. Their
slightly convex receptacle bears,
first, five unequal sepals, often
petaloid, arranged in the bud in
quincuncial præfloration. The pe-
tals, the same in number and
alternate, free or united at the
base into a corolla which falls in
one single piece, are also imbri-
cated in the bud. The stamens are
very numerous, usually united for
a short distance between them-
selves and with the base of the
corolla. The filaments, in other
respects free, support a 2-celled
anther, introrse, then versatile,
dehiscing above by short clefts or
pores. The gynæceum is supe-
rior ; it is composed of an ovary
with five alternipetalous cells, sur-
Fe 1 W., in Der. Ges. Vatursfr. Berl. n. Scr.,
iii, (1801), 406, t. 4.—DC., Prodr., i. 525.—
CAMBESS., in Mém. Mus., xvi. 498. — Spacu,
Suit. à Buffon, iv. 67.—Envt., Gen., n. 5414.—
CHois., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 113.—B. H., Gen.,
184, n. 15.—H. By., in Payer Fam. Nat.; 267.
—Palava R. & Pay., Prodr. (1794), 100, t. 22
(nec Cav.) — Marumia Rurnw., Syll. Pl.
Ratisb., ii, 10.—Reinwardtia Nurs., Syll. Pl.
Ratisb., i. 196 (nec SPRENG., nec DvH., nec
Kortu.).—Apatelia DC., Mém. Ternstr., 34,
t. 8.—Drtrss., Jc. Sel. iii, t. 26.—Blumia
SPRENG., Syst., iii, 126.—Davya Mog. & Suss.,
Fl. Mex. ined, (ex DC.).—Leucothea Mog. &
Sess., loc. cit.—Vanalphimia Lxescu., mss. (ex
Enpt.)—Obelanthera Turoz., in Bull. Mose.
(1847), i, 147; (1858), i. 245, Dyen, in FU.
Ind., ii. 286.
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ.
243
mounted by a style more or less deeply' divided into five branches,
stigmatiferous at the apex, and often reflexed when their length per-
mits. They are sometimes very short, and immediately terminated
by a papillose surface. In the internal angle of each cell a large
placenta is seen, descending or attached by a kind of short foot in-
serted at the middle of its height; all its dorsal surface is covered
with small anatropous ovules,’ directed in various ways. The fruit is
a berry, sometimes almost dry at maturity; it encloses numerous
seeds, lodged in the pulp, and which under their coats present a fleshy
albumen surrounding a straight or fornicate embryo, with cotyledons
generally short. In certain Sawraujas, which have been generally
distinguished under the name of Scapha, the two lateral cells of the
ovary disappear ; and there only remains three superposed to the
sepals, 1, 2, and 3, and the style has only three stigmatiferous divi-
sions. This genus includes some sixty species,‘ although a much
larger number have been described. These are trees or shrubs, gene-
rally covered with rough, sometimes scaly hairs. They have alternate
simple leaves, often dentate like a saw, with numerous secondary
parallel nerves. The flowers are axillary or lateral, generally white
or pink, sometimes slightly odoriferous, often rather large and beau-
tiful, which makes them valued among us for cultivation. They are
collected in simple or ramified clusters of cymes, in which each pedicel
bears at some distance from the flower two or several bractlets. The
genus exists in the warmest regions of Asia, Oceania, and America.
TV. BONNETIA SERIES.
Bonnetia’ (fig. 267) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The con-
vex receptacle bears five imbricated sepals, and five alternate petals,
longer, and contorted in the bud. The gynæceum is formed of a
1 Tt is a little so in Draytonia (A. Gray, Trans. Linn. Soc., xviii., 159.—SEEM., Voy.
Amer. Exped., Bot., i. 206, t. 15), of which it
has been proposed to make a distinct genus.
? The youngest being the superior.
3 Cxors., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 118.
4 Detess., Le. Sel., iii. t. 25.—DC., Mém.
Ternstr., t.2-7.—WALL., Pl. As. Rar., iii. t. 148,
178.—Hoox., Icon., t. 331, 341.—H. B. K.,
Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii. t. 648-650 (Palava).—
BENN., Pl. Jav."Rar., t. 36, 37.—M1Q., Fl. Ind.-
Bat., i. p. ii, 478; Suppl., i. 480.— Korrn.,
Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot., t. 19.—Hook. F., in
Her., Bot., t. 16; Fl. Vit., 14.—Tr. & PL., in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 265.— Bot. Mag., t.
3982.—Wate., Rep. i. 370; ii. 801; v. 131;
Ann. i., 120; iv. 349; vii. 364.
5 Mart. & Zucc., Nov. Gen. et Spec. i.
114, t. 100 (nee Scures.)—Nerrs & Manrt., in
Nov. Acta, Nat. Cur., xii. t. 6.—CAMBESS., in
Mém. Mus., xvi. 409,—ENDL., Gen., n. 5417.—
Cuots., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 159.—B. H., Gen.,
187, n. 26.—Kieseria Nrers, in Neuw. Reis., i.
104; in Flora (1821), 298.
R 2
244 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
considerable number of stamens, only united quite at their base into
a very short ring, with filaments in other respects free, and two-
celled anthers, at first introrse, versatile, inserted at the summit of
the filament by a slightly glandular
TROT EE extremity dehiscing by two longi-
tudinal clefts. The gynæceum is
superior, formed of an ovary with
two, three, more rarely four cells, of
which two are lateral, surmounted
by a style with capitate or trifid
stigmatiferous extremity. In the
internal angle of each cell a large
placenta is seen, bearing an indefinite
number of ascendent, imbricated
Fig. 267.
Longitudinal section of flower. ovules, arranged In numerous series.
The fruit is a capsule,-septicidal in
its upper part, with columella nil or short, and a large number of
linear seeds, the coats of which enclose a straight exalbuminous
embryo. Bonnetia consists of trees of South America. Four or five
species’ of them are known. The leaves are glabrous, subsessile,
alternate, with edges involute in vernation. The flowers are disposed
in the axil of the superior leaves, upon a peduncle which bears a
single flower, or three, forming a cyme, or a larger number, each
placed in the axil of a bract, sometimes caducous, sometimes per-
sistent, or even developed into a kind of involucre.
Beside Bonnetia are placed Avelmeyera and Archytea, distinguished
from them: the former by its more elongated anthers and descen-
dent ovules, arranged in two vertical series, flattened into the com-
mencement of a wing in the lower part, where they are imbricated
among themselves; the latter, by its stamens united into five
very distinct bundles, and by its capsule dehiscing from below
upwards.
Caraipa has also the same flowers, with stamens, the anther of
which is introrse, short, and surmounted by a gland, often concave
at the apex, and three ovary cells, each containing two descendent
ovules, more rarely three or four, with exterior and superior micropyle.
À AS. H, Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 301.—Touncz., in Bull. Mose. (1858), i, 246.—BENTH., in Journ.
Linn, Soc., v. 61.—Watv., Rep., i. 373 ; ii. 801; Ann., vii. 375.
TERNSTR@MIACE A. 245
The fruit has an endocarp, separating at maturity from the exterior
layers of the pericarp. Mahurea, with the same perianth, has elon-
gated anthers, almost basifixed, glanduliferous at the apex, and
numerous, linear imbrieated ovules, disposed in numerous series.
The leaves are alternate, while those of Haploclathra are opposite or
nearly so, with the same flowers, except that the ovary cells contain
but one ascendent ovule. The leaves are also said to be opposite
in Peciloneuron, which has only two biovulate cells. In Jarila, a
very nearly allied genus, although it has sometimes been ascribed to
another family, the leaves are opposite, as in Pæciloneuron and Haplo-
clathra ; but the tetramerous or pentamerous flowers, disposed in
axillary racemes, have petals imbricated and not contorted, as in the
preceding genera. The stamens are short, and have their introrse
anthers surmounted by a two-lobed gland. The capsular fruit is
narrow, elongated, and septicidal, and the seeds which it contains
are prolonged into a fringe at the two extremities.
V. PELLICERIA SERIES.
Pelliceria (fig. 268) has regular hermaphrodite flowers. The
short receptacle bears five small free imbricated sepals, and five
petals, much longer, imbricated and caducous. The androceum is
formed of five alternipetalous stamens. Each of them has a free
hypogynous filament, and an elongated anther, with a narrow
elongated connective, without the base of which the filament is in-
serted ; the anther has two linear cells adnate to the edges of the
connective, longitudinally dehiscent. The stamens, nearly of the
same length as the style, are each lodged in a longitudinal groove,
the surface being hollow.2 The gynæceum is superior : it is com-
posed of a sessile, articulate ovary, tapering above into a long conical
style, the apex bearing two small stigmatiferous teeth, scarcely dis-
tinct. The ovary is hollowed into two cells;* but they are very
unequal: one of them, much narrower, remaining sterile ;* and the
1 Te, & Pu, in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, xvii. 3 There should be five, of which four abort
380. — Pelliciera B. H., Gen. 186, n. 21. early in the plant of New Grenada, according
Placed by the last of these authors in the tribe to Triana.
Gordoniee. ; 4 According to BENTHAM and Hooker it
? In dry specimens we have seen the anthers should enclose a sessile ovule aborting early.
detached from these grooves for a variable dis-
tance in their upper part,
246
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
other, containing a single ovule, partly campylotropal, attached to
the base of a large conical funicle hanging from the summit of the cell,
Pelliceria Rhizophora,
Fig. 268.
Longitudinal section of flower.
and turning its micropyle up-
wards and inwards. The fruit
is said to be dry, ovoid, turbi-
nate, acuminate, traversed by
ten longitudinal grooves, with
coriaceous, fungous, indehis-
cent pericarp. It contains a
seed, the coats’ covering a
fleshy embryo, with superior
radicle, straight and short,
and large, thick, fleshy’ coty-
ledons. The only known spe-
cies of this genus, P. Rhizo-
phore; is a tree growing in
the marshes near the sea, at
the extreme north-west of
South America, and which
has the appearance of the
Mangrove. All its organs
are glabrous; its leaves alternate, nearly sessile, involuted in verna-
tion, are unsymmetrical at the base, glabrous, and coriaceous. The
edges, when young, are furnished with very small, prominent,
triangular,’ caducous teeth. The flowers’ are solitary and terminal,’
and each of them enveloped in the bud by two large membranous
involute bracts.
VI. MARCGRAVIA SERIES.
The flowers of Marcgravia' (figs. 269-277) are hermaphrodite and
regular. The receptacle, in the form of a depressed cone, bears first a
1 «Testa fere evanida.” (B. H.)
2 & Plumula longe evoluta,”
d 3 Pr. & Tr., loc. cit. These authors dis-
tinguish two forms which should perhaps be
two species, distinguished from each other by the
colour of the flower and the number of ovary
cells.
‘ Implanted on the limb by the summit of the
small triangle which they represent,
5 White or pink.
5 They are described as placed in the axil of
the upper leaves. It seems to us that the short
thick peduncle supporting the flower is the
extremity of the branch, and that the pointed
shoot upon the side is not terminal, but placed
in the axil of the leaf preceding the flower.
7 Prum., Gen., 7, t. 29.—L., Gen., n. 610,—
ADANS., Fam. des Pl., ii. 408.—P. Br., Jam.,
244, t. 26.—BunrM., Amer., 166, t. 173.—J.,
Gen., 244; in Ann, Mus., xiv. 402,—DESR., in
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ. 247
short calyx with four sepals, imbricated and slightly united at their
base! Higher is inserted a thick coriaceous gamopetalous corolla
detached circularly by its base at anthesis, and falling in like a sort
Maregravia umbellata.
Fia. 269. Fra. 270. Fria. 271. Fra. 272.
Bud (?). Diagram. Longitudinal section Flower without
of flower. the perianth.
Fria. 274, Fie. 275. Fia. 273. Fra. 276. Fie. 277.
Fruit. Fruit open crosswise. Gynæceum. Seed (8). Longitudinal section
of seed.
of cone, dome, or cap. In its upper part alone from two to four small
unequally imbricated teeth are seen, but sometimes with great diffi-
culty, representing the free summits of the petals. The stamens are
inserted immediately above the corolla, with which they have no
adherence. They are each formed of a filament united, at the base
only, with the neighbouring filaments in most of the species, and of
a two-celled introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.
Lamk. Dict., iii. 710 ; Suppl., iii. 589.—LAMK., 1 Two of them are lateral, and enveloped by
Til., t. 447.—DC., Prodr., i. 565.—Turp., in the posterior and the anterior. This latter
Dict. Se. Nat., Ati., t. 154.—Spacu, Suit. à may perhaps also represent the axile bract of
Buffon, vi. 123—Enpu., Gen, n. 5461.— the flower raised to its receptacle upon the
B. H., Gen. 181, n. 3.—H. BN., in Payer pedicel; in that way the calyx would only be
Fam. Nat., 265.—LeM. & Done. Tr. Gén., 333. composed of three leaflets.
248 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Their number is very variable in the different species, sometimes
there are only from six to nine,’ elsewhere from ten to fifteen, but
most usually they are much more numerous, and indefinite. The
gynæceum is free and superior; it is formed of
a sessile ovary, frequently ovoid with the upper
extremity surmounted by a small cone of stig-
matic tissue, entire or grooved by longitudinal
fluting but little apparent. The ovary is divided
into a number of complete or incomplete cells,
varying from four to eight or ten; and in the in-
ternal angle of each cell a placenta’ is seen, divided
into several ramified plates bearing small ovules
Norantea guianensis,
LC
incompletely anatropal, transverse or ascendent,
and indefinite in number. The fruit is globular
or nearly so, with suberous fleshy thick pericarp,
indehiscent or loculicidal towards the base. It
encloses numerous elongated seeds, containing
under their coats, which are reticulated without, a
fleshy embryo with cotyledons often shorter than
the radicle. Aarcgravia consists of shrubs of
tropical America, almost always climbing or epiphytal. They
have two kinds of branches; some sterile bearing distichous sessile
leaves often provided with two glands, but slightly prominent
towards the base of the limb which adheres by its inferior face to
the neighbouring objects; others, free and floriferous, are provided
with leaves of different forms, alternate, entire, thick coriaceous, and
exstipulate.’ The inflorescence is in terminal racemes. The prin-
cipal axis bears a variable number of flowers (collected together
almost in umbels) pedicellate,* often inserted obliquely at the summit
of the pedicel, and provided, quite against the flower, with two lateral
bractlets similar to the sepals. It is prolonged above and bears a
Fie. 278.
Bud and its raised
axile bract (2).
' Especially in the A. oligandra GRrises.
(Cat. Pl. Cub., 39), a species of the Antilles,
where the stamens, when they are eight in
number, for example, are arranged symme-
trically with reference to the antero-posterior
plane of the flower. When the stamens are nume-
rous they appear sometimes all disposed on the
same verticil; elsewhere there are several anterior
to the other, and the flattened filaments being
partly covered by those of the latter. The true
symmetry of the androceum is unknown to us.
2 Which is prolonged above into a short
channel representing the style, and forms there
a sort of pointed radiating crest.
3 Articulated at the base.
1 The base of the pedicel is articulated. If
there is no bract at the level of this articulation
in the fertile pedicels, it is perhaps as we have
indicated above, that it is elevated to the flower,
or figures as the anterior sepal.
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆX. 249
small number of pedicels, terminated by a flower which is but little
developed, sometimes even quite aborted. In the length of the exte-
rior edge of these pedicels an adnate bract is seen in the form of a
narrow elongated sac, claviform or hood-shaped, or like a reversed
Ruyschia corallina.
Fie. 281.
Longitudinal section of flower.
Fra. 279.
Bud and its axile bract.
Fra. 280.
Flower (2).
urn, with hollow spur, the bottom turning upwards, pointed or ob-
tuse, the narrow opening near the base of the pedicel looking down-
wards and outwards, and the interior surface secreting a sweet or
bitter’ nectar. From twelve to fifteen species” of Marcyravia have
been described.
Beside this genus is placed Norantea (fig. 278) which, with the
same organs of vegetation and alternate leaves, have flowers all fer-
tile arranged in racemes or spikes, and all accompanied by an axile
sacciform bract raised more or less with the pedicel, but not united
with it by its limb, the opening being first turned outward and
downward.’ The sexual organs are nearly those of Marcgravia,
but the verticils of the perianth are pentamerous, and the petals are
1 Among all the interpretations proposed for
this sort of ascidia, the only one admissible for
us appears to be that described by TRIANA and
PLANCHON in their Prodromus, or in a special
work, “ Sur les bractées des Marcgraviées,” in-
serted in volumeix. of Mém. de la Soc. Imp. des
Se. Nat, de Cherbourg, and where the bract,
adnate to the sterile pedicel by the upper face of its
midrib, will have suffered adeformation so that the
upper face, extremely arched above, would repre-
sent the convex surface, ‘and its inferior face the
secreting cavity of the ascidium, and its edges those
of the opening turned downwards and outwards,
2L., Spec., ii. 562.—Jacq., Amer., 156, t.
96.—K., Synops., iv, 234.—Hoox., Exot. F1.,
t. 160.—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 110; Cat,
Pl. Cub., 39.—TR. & Pz., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér.
4, xvii, 360.— Watp., Rep., i. 399; ii. 811;
v. 146; Ann., i. 129; vii., 360.
$ Tt is only then that the bract becomes more
or less ascendent (as in fig. 278), and that the
opening of the sac which it represents, first
exterior and inferior, becomes interior and
superior.
250 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
quite free, or at least separate from each other to spread out at an-
thesis to a variable distance in their upper part. Ruyschia (figs. 279-
281) is also a neighbouring genus, and has the foliage and the inflo-
rescence of Worantea, with the axile bracts, often 3-lobed, with in-
ferior concavity always raised upon the axillary pedicel even to the
insertion of the flower, which has generally a defined isostemonous
androceum.
VII? CARYOCAR SERIES.
Caryocar’ (figs. 282-287), long considered as forming a distinct
family, has beautiful flowers, hermaphrodite and regular, of the pen-
tamerous type, or more rarely tetramerous or hexamerous. Upon
their slightly convex receptacle a gamosepalous calyx is inserted, with
Caryocar (Saouari) glabrum.
Fie, 283. Fig, 284.
Flower. Longitudinal section of flower.
deep imbricated divisions, and a corolla the petals of which, alter-
nate and much larger than the sepals, are also imbricated in the bud,
and sometimes united, for a very short distance from their base, with
that of the androceum. This is formed of a considerable number of
stamens united below into a thick, short tube, after which the fila-
1 ArraM., ex L., Mantiss, (1767), n. 1314. 343; JU, t. 486.—Saouari AUBL, op. cit.
—J., Gen., 435.—Lamx., Dict., i. 640.—DC., 599, t. 240,—Rhizobolus GmRIN., Fruct., ii.
Prodr., i. 599.—Enpt., Gen., n. 5642.—B.H., (1791), 93, t. 98.—Corr., in Ann. Mus., v.
Gen., 180, n. 1.—H. Bw., in Payer Fam. Nat., 394, t. 5—Acanthocaryx ARRUDO DO CAMARA,
268.—Pekea AuBL., Guian, (1775), ii. 594, t. Disc. (ex ENDL.).
238, 239.—Porr., Dict., v. 146; Suppl. iv.
TERNSTRŒMIACE Æ.
251
ments, folded and contorted in the bud (fig. 282), become free, and
exserted, each supporting’ a two-celled, introrse anther, dehiscing
by two longitudinal clefts.
of an ovary generally quad-
rilocular,? surmounted by
four styles, long and thin,
the tapering extremity being
stigmatiferous. In the in-
ternal angle of each cell a
descendent incompletely ana-
tropal ovule is inserted,’ with
the micropyle directed up-
wards and outwards. The
fruit is a drupe, the more or
less fleshy mesocarp (fig. 285)
enveloping some stones, four
in number, generally thick
and solid,‘ smooth or rugose
The gynæceum is free, superior, formed
Curyocar (Saouari) glabrum.
Fie. 282. Fra. 285.
Fruit,
Bud, perianth
taken away.
without, sometimes covered with prickles or sharp, rigid hairs, pene-
trating the softer layer which surround them, and round which is
often found a layer of a resinous or buty-
rous substance. Each stone contains a
seed, enclosing under its thin and glabrous
coats a large fleshy, oily, macropodal em-
bryo, almost the whole mass of which is
constituted by an enormous, swollen ra-
dicle with superior apex, while the tigella
folded on the radicle and surmounted by
two small incumbent cotyledons only oc-
cupies a very minute portion of the in-
ternal and inferior angle of the seed.
Seven or eight species’ of Caryocar are
Caryocar butyrosum (Pekea).
Fra. 286.
Seed.
Fra. 287.
Embryo.
1 The most interior are said to be sometimes
short and antherless. :
2 There are sometimes three, five, or six
cells.
3 Tt is often attached to the placenta at the
middle of the height of its internal angle, and
often even lower, its hilum being very near the
region of the chalaza, so that it resembles the
almost orthotropal arrangement of that of An-
thodiscus,
4 When there are several they are unsymme-
trical, their internal angle being cut straight, or
slightly concave, and representing a kind of
linear cicatrice, by which it is applied against the
central columella,
5 Cav., Icon., 37, t. 361, 362.—Mvr., ap.
Cav., loc. cit., 38.—CAMBESS., in A. S. H. Fl.
Bras, Mer., i.522, 67 bis. — Hoox., in Bot.
Mag., t. 2727, 2728.—Watp., Rep., i. 419; v.
358; Ann., ii. 207.
252
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
known. They are trees, sometimes very high, natives of tropical
America. The leaves are opposite, compound-digitate, with three’
or five thick folioles, often coriaceous, generally dentate or crenate.
The petiole is sometimes furnished at the base with two caducous
stipules. The flowers, generally large, purple or greenish, are
arranged in terminal racemes.
Beside Caryocar are placed Anthodiscus, consisting of trees or
shrubs of the same region, which are only distinguished from them
by their alternate trifoliate leaves; by their corollas, which are
detached in a single piece at the base, like those of Marcegravia; by
their stamens plainly grouped in five alternipetalous’ phalanges,
by the numerous cells of their ovary,’ their almost orthotropal’
ovules, their coriaceous pericarp, and their embryo with rolled or
spiral radicle. Three species’ of Anthodiscus are known.
The family Zernstremiacee was distinguished in 1813 by
B. Mirsen.’ Before him A. L. pr Jussinu® made the known plants
of this group a special section of the Order Citrus (Fr., Orangers),
characterized by its dry polyspermous fruits. It comprised, with
Ternstremia (and Tonabea, wrongly preserved as distinct), Thea
and Camellia, of which MrrBez also made a separate family under
the name of Zheace@. Dn Canporrx adopted this method of
arrangement, preserved as distinct the Order of Zernstremiacee,” and
that of Theacee, which he named Camellice." In 1828, CAMBESSÈDES,
in a special memoir,” which was long considered as an authority
1 Character of the section Saouari, while the
species of the section Pekea have five.
20, F. Mry., Prim. Fl. Essequeb., 193.—
Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 398, fig. 280.—ENDL.,
Gen, n. 5643.—B. H., Gen. 181, n. 2,—H.
By., in Payer Fam. Nat., 268.
3 They are all united below in a short
annular enclosure; then a bundle is detached
opposite each of the teeth of the calyx, the
middle filaments of which are much longer and
inflexed in the bud; they then diminish in
size until they meet the edges of the neigh-
bouring bundles, and they are straight with
erect anthers
4 This is surrounded at the base by a short
unequal disc. The cells vary from eight to
twenty.
5 In A. peruanus the micropyle is superior,
and the hilum is close to the base a little nearer
the internal than the external edge. In other
terms, the anatropal movement is scarcely in-
dicated, and the ovule becomes ascendent,
6 Benru., in Trans. Linn, Soc., xviii. 236, t.
20.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 241.
7 In Bull, Soc. Philom. 381 (Ternstræ-
miaceæ).
8 Gen. (1789), 262.
9 Loe. cit., 381.
10 In Mém. Soc. Gen., i. (1823), 393; Prodr.,
i. (1824), 523, Ord. 30.—Linpt., Veg. Kingd.,
396, Ord, 142.—EnDL., Gen., 1017, Ord. 215.
1 Théor. Elém. (1813); Prodr., i. 529, Ord.
31.
12 Mém. sur les Fam. des Ternstræmiacées et
des Guttifères (in Mém. Mus., xvi. 370).
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ. 253
upon this question, united the two groups into one and the same
family of Zerustremiacee, the history and the general organiza-
tion of which he made known. The genera before established
which he admitted' were thirteen in number :—Cochlospermum, Tern-
stremia, Eroteum (Freziera, Cleyera), Eurya, Saurauja, Stewart,
Gordonia, Architea, Mahurea, Marila, Kielmeyera, Caraipa, Thea; he
added Laplacea and Bonnetia, but he left there wrongly one of the
Bivacee—Ventenatia* In 1855, Cuotsy, continuing the study of this
family in a detailed monograph,’ found there as newly-established
genera,’ Adinandra, Jack ÿ Anneslea, Wauuicu ; Pyrenaria, Buus,’
and Schima, Rernwarvt.s He admitted besides the genus Penta-
phylaw, Cuampion, which has been finally rejected. BENTHAM AND
J. Hooker, in their Genera,’ comprise in this family /czodolee, that
is to say, the genera Caryocar and Anthodiscus ;° Marcgravie, with
the three old genera, Maregravia, Norantea, and Ruyschia ; Actinidia
and Stachyurus, genera belonging to other groups," and which they
united in the same tribe with Sawrauja; the Omphalocarpum of
Parsor pr Brauvois, which is one of the African Sapotacee ; the
Microsemma of LaABILLARDIÈRE, whose place among the Zerastre-
miaceæ has also been contested ;” also Pelliceria, whose existence in
Columbia Triana had just indicated, and Haploclathra, detached
by Brenruam™ from the ancient genus Caraipa. In 1865, Beppomr”
added Pæciloneuron to the preceding genera; which, besides the
doubtful types,” makes the number of genera which we can preserve
as autonomous twenty-eight.
? Only counting those which we have pre- 2 Tr. & Px, in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xvii.
served as distinct. A
? He did not include Visnea (Mocanera) 18 Ex B. H., Gen., 186 (1862); in Ann. Sc.
which Jussrev (Gen., 318) had placed, we know Vat., loc. cit., 380 (1863).
not why, among the Onagraceæ. M In Journ. Linn, Soc., v. (1861).
3 Mém. sur les Fam. des Ternstraemiacées et © In Journ. Linn, Soc., viii. (1864).
Camelliacées (in Mém, Soc. Phys, et Hist. 16 These are: 1. Michovia NVELLOZ. (Fl.
Nat, de Gen., xiv. 94). Flwm.,y.t. 103), ascribed doubtfully by BENTHAM
4 Without citing those which had not been
kept as autonomous.
5 In Comp. to Bot. Mag., i. (1835).
6 Pl, As. Rar., i. (1830).
7 Bijdr., 1119 (1826).
8 In Bl, Bijdr., 129 (1825).
9 I. (1862-1567), 177, 981, Ord. 28,
0 G.F. Mey., Prim. Fl, Essequeb. (1818).
11 The former has been studied among the
Dilleniaceæ (vol. i. 114, 134); the latter was
formally placed among the Piftosporeæ (ENDL..
Gen., n. 5699), and appeared nearly allied to
certain Æricacee.
& Hooker (Gen. 438) to the genus Ternstræ-
mia, but finally rejected from this genus by the
same authors on account of its 2-fid calyx and its
cucullate nectary. 2. Hexadica Lour. (Fl.
Coch., 562), which Muezzer d’Argovie ascribes
(in DC., Prodr., xv. p. ii. 1259) to Ternstræ-
miacee, or to Clusiacee; an opinion which
BentuamM & Hooker find inadmissible. 3. Cato-
stemma BENTH, (in Hook, Lond. Journ., ii. 365 ;
ii. 365). In this tree of British Guiana,
which was first ascribed to the abnormal Tern-
streemiacee, then to equally abnormal genera
of Myrtaceae, the flowers are hermaphrodite and
254 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
We group them in seven series, of the distinctive characters of
which we must first give a summary.
I. Turm.—Corolla polypetalous or more or less gamopetalous,
imbricated. Stamens with anthers often extrorse, then versatile.
Fruit indehiscent or loculicidal. Seeds exalbuminous or with thin
albumen, rarely abundant, with straight or curved embryo, cotyle-
dons oval, smooth, corrugated or folded, and short radicle straight
or inflexed.—Trees or erect shrubs, with uniflorous peduncles often
very short.—(7 genera.)
IT. TernstramiEex.—Corolla imbricated. Stamens with anthers
basifixed or nearly so. Fruit rarely dehiscent. Seed with fleshy
albumen often but little abundant, with embryo inflexed or in the
shape of a horseshoe, and narrow cotyledons, nearly as large as the
radicle, and shorter.—Trees or erect shrubs, with uniflorous peduncle.
—(6 genera.)
III. Savravsr#%.—Corolla imbricated. Anthers versatile. Fruit
often fleshy, pulpous within, very rarely dehiscent. Seeds small and
numerous, with abundant albumen, and embryo straight or rarely
fornicate, with semicylindrical cotyledons, shorter than the radicle.
— Trees or shrubs, most generally covered with rough or scaly hairs.
Flowers generally numerous, disposed in ramified racemose cymes.
—(1 genus.)
IV. Bonnuti#.—Corolla generally contorted.’ Stamens with
versatile almost basifixed anthers. Fruit capsular, septicidal. Seeds
with albumen, but little abundant or wanting, and straight embryo
with large thick cotyledons and a short radicle.—Trees or erect
shrubs. Flowers disposed in axillary or more generally terminal
ramified racemes of cymes.—(8 genera.)
regular, with a receptacle in the form of a deep retuse, coriaceous, not punctuate, with nume-
The
sac, the glandular throat of which gives inser-
tion to a valvate calyx unequally cloven in
anthesis, and five imbricated petals afterwards
reflexed like the sepals, and an indefinite number
of stamens, free, or nearly so, with confluent
two-celled anthers. At the bottom of the purse-
like receptacle, but without any adherence with
its walls, is inserted a three-celled ovary, sur-
mounted by a slender trifid style, with three
divisions, stigmatiferous at the apex. In the
internal angle of each cell, quite at the bottom,
are inserted two collateral ascendent ovules,
with micropyle directed downwards and inwards.
The fruit is unknown, The leaves are alternate,
simple, and stipulate, with obovate-oblong limb
rous secondary parallel prominent nerves.
flowers are solitary, or few in number in the
axils of the leaves; the pedicel bears two
bracteoles at a certain height. The only known
species is C. fragrans, BENTH. By the structure
of the receptacle it appears allied to a certain
point with the Rosaceæ, with united carpels in
a single plurilocular ovary; buc its other cha-
racters are such as will not allow us to place
it in this family any more than in those to which
it has already been ascribed.
1 Except here and there in Mahwrea, and
almost constantly in Marila, where it is dis-
tinctly imbricated,
TERNSTRŒMIACE 2. 255
V. Pezuicerieæ.— Flowers enveloped in two large bracts with
imbricated corolla and calyx. Androceum isostemonous ; ovary of
which only one cell is fertile and uniovulate.—Trees with alternate un-
symmetrical leaves and solitary subsessile terminal flowers.—(1 genus.)
VI. Marceravirez.—Corolla imbricate, with the parts free or
united below for a great distance in a sort of cap which is detached
at the base. Stamens definite or indefinite in number. Anthers sub-
basifixed. Fruit with thick pericarp, indehiscent or rarely partly
dehiscent. Seeds small and numerous, exalbuminous ; embryo fleshy,
straight or lightly fornicate, with cotyledons shorter than the radicle.
Epiphytal or sarmentose shrubs with terminal inflorescence in short
racemes or umbels, with 1-flowered bracts often transformed into
ascidia, &c.—(3 genera.)
VII. Caryocareæ.—Corolla imbricate, with petals free or ad-
hering and falling together as a cap. Ovary cells uniovulate. Fruit
indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous, macropodal, with much-developed
radicle, inflexed or spirally rolled.—Trees or shrubs with compound
digitate leaves and flowers disposed in terminal racemes.—(2 genera.)
In Zernstræmiaceæ, as in all families formed “ by concatenation,”
there are few characters which are absolute, and those of one series
pass easily to those of another. The features of organization, which
vary but little in a natural group, and suffice even to distinguish one
family from another, are not constant in a given series. Thus from
one genus to another we see the corolla gamopetalous or polypetalous,
the stamens definite or indefinite in number, hypogynous or peri-
gynous, the fruit dry or fleshy, the seeds with or without albumen,
the leaves alternate or opposite stipulate exstipulate.* Hence arises
a great difficulty in separating distinctly Zernstremiacee from the
numerous neighbouring groups with which it presents affinities.
According to all authors it is very nearly allied to 7/aceæ, and in
general very badly distinguished from it except in the præfloration of
the calyx, which is always imbricated in Zernstremiacee and generally
valvate in Y#aceæ* Dipterocarpacee, which differ distinctly from
the latter by the very decided imbrication of the sepals, become thus
1 Rhizobolee DG, Prodr., i, 599.—ENDL., 3 We know, however, that the imbrication of
Gen., 1075, Ord. 231.—Rhizobolaceæ LiNpz., the calyx is very decided in certain species of
Veg. Kingd., 398, Ord. 143. Sloanea, generally inseparably from those with
? When these organs exist in Ternstræmiaceæ Valvate calyx (on the value of this character sce
they are always but very slightly developed. Adansonia, x, 190).
256 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
more closely allied to the Zerastremiacee. Besides, these latter have
some genera (all the Bonneliee except Marila) where the corolla is
contorted as in Dipterocarpacee. But in this case the fruit is cap-
sular, polyspermous, and the habit is different as well as the foliage,
and it is very rarely that the calyx is accrescent round the fruit of the
Ternstremiacee ; it never forms round or above it one or several
large membranous or ligneous wings. But we should not really de-
ceive ourselves as to the value of these latter differential characters.
We ought to say as much of the character presented by the indu-
sium of Chlenacee. These (which might possibly be admitted as a
series in this family) are always distinguished by the three follow-
ing points :—within the sac of the indusium traces of the true
calyx are always found; the pieces are smaller in number than
those of the corolla; the stamens are inserted within a tube of
variable length, which in the monadelphous 7er»s/ræmiaceæ is
formed by the base of the staminal filaments themselves.* We shall
see subsequently that the Zerastrwmiacee with opposite leaves are
very difficult to separate by absolute characters from [Hypericacee and
Clusiaceæ, with which they have usually been considered as very
nearly allied, and that they also present incontestable affinities,
although more distant with some Sapotacee and Ericacee. By Acti-
nidia, extremely analogous to Saurauja, they approach Dilleniacee by
Dillenieæ series ; and there are some Ochnacee of the Luxemburgia
series which ranged sometimes among the Zerustremiacee, may be
confounded with them by their habit, their foliage, and their inflo-
rescence, so that we should not be able to distinguish them without
having recourse to the observation of their tolerably developed sti-
pules, to their more or less oblique ovary, and to the characters pre-
sented by the insertion of the style, the organization of the anthers,
and the direction of the ovules. Let us conclude, that the limits of
this family are extremely artificial.
The Zernstremiacee are about two hundred and sixty-eight* in
number. They are scarcely ever found farther north than the Asiatic
1 Certain Dipterocarpacea, like Pachyno- asked if Rhodolena is not one of the Chlenacee
carpus, have the fruit destitute of wings, and the
calyx is accrescent after anthesis in Visnea and
Anneslea.
? Chlænaceæ belongs evidently to a region
where there are scarcely any Ternstræmiacee ;
there are only one or two species, little known
and doubtful, in Madagascar. But it has been
(B. H., Gen., 195).
3 Linpuey (Veg. Kingd., 397, Ord. 142)
admitted a hundred and thirty in 1846, without,
it is true, counting Marcgravie and Caryocareæ,
which, according to him, comprised thirty-four
species.
TERNSTRŒMIACE #. 257
provinces, where the Tea plant is cultivated. In America S’evartia
and Gordonia attain nearly the same northern limits as the latter in
the Himalayas. In America, as in Oceania, they do not extend far-
ther south than the 30th degree. This family can scarcely be said
to be represented in tropical Africa by a few rare species found in the
East or in the West. Visnea is confined to Madeira and the Canary
Isles. In the warm regions of Asia and the Indian Archipelago we
meet with the following genera :—Zhea, Anneslea, Adinandra, Eurya,
Schima, Peciloneuron, Pyrenaria, Ternstremia, Eroteum, Saurauja,
Steuartia, Gordonia : the five last are found in tropical America. A
hundred and forty species belong to it, as well as all the JMJare-
gravieæ, and Caryocaree, the genera Laplacea, Bonnetia, Kielmeyera,
Haploclathra, Marila, and Mahurea. Caraipa and Archytea, almost
entirely American, are, however, each represented also by one species,
one in tropical Africa, and the other in the Indian Archipelago.
But few species are usefully applied,’ and by far the most
widely spread is the Tea plant. Most botanists agree in regarding
as simple forms or varieties of 7! chinensis’ (figs. 244-252), 7.
viridis,’ Bohea,’ cochinchinensis cantoniensis, stricta,’ assamica,
&e.; itis the Zscha or Thch of the Chinese, and the 7474 of the
Japanese, an evergreen shrub from 1 to 2 yards high, which, a
native of the extreme east of continental and perhaps of insular Asia,
has been transported to the Nilgherry mountains, to Malabar,” to
the south of the United States," to Brazil,” &c. As to the numerous
commercial kinds of Tea, black or green, they owe their physical
1 Enpt., Enchirid., 532. — Linpu., Veg. 7 HEYN., Arzn. (ex ROSENTH., op. cit., 739.
Kingd., 396.—Rosentu., Syn. Plant. Diaph.,
737.
? Srms., in Bot, Mag., t.998.—DC., Prodr., i.
530, n.1.—A. Ricu., Elém., éd. 4, ii, 520.—
SEEM., in Zrans. Linn. Soc., xxii. 349.—GUuIB.,
Drog. Simpl., éd, 6, iii, 628, fig. 739. ROSENTH,,
op. cit., '738.—Rfy., in Fl, Méd. du xix® siècle,
Atl., iii. t. 43.—Moo., Bot. Med., 163, fig. 51.
3 L., Spec., '735.—Lerrs., Mon., t. 1.
1 L. Spec., 743.—BLackw., Herb., t. 352.—
Loisez., Herb, Amat., t, 255.
5 Lour., Fl. Cochinch., ed. ulyssip. (1790),
338.—DC., Prodr., loc. cit., n. 2 (vulg. Ché dn
nâm., ex LOUR.), E
® Lour., op. cit., 339 (Ho nam Cha yong;
Che tau).
Vol. IV.
8 Mast. (ex SEEM., loc. cit., 349).
% On this plant, its use, its preparation, and its
properties, sce KæmPr., Thee Jap. Hist. (in
Amen. Exot., 605-631), and the numerous
works enumerated in the Thesaurus of PRITZEL,
ed. i, p. 462,
10 See Pharm, Journ., sér. 2, i. 475.—
MacCrett., Rep. on the Phys. Cond, of the
Assam Tea PI, Calc. (1838); Pop. rel.... for
Introd, the... Tea Pl. in Ind., Cale. (1839).—
Grirr., Rep. on the Tea Pl. of Upp. Ass., Cale.
(1838).
11 See Pharm. Journ., loc. cit., 429.
12 GuLLEM., Rapp. ...sur les Cult, et la Pré-
par. dw Thé..... Paris (1839).—Gurs., loc.
cit., 632,
s
258
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
characters and their different properties to the various modes of pre-
paration to which the leaf is often submitted, and doubtless also
to the age at which it is gathered.' The azotic,’ aromatic,’ and
astringent principles to which Tea owes its virtues appear to exist
only in very small proportions in the other plants of the family.’
The species of the subgenus Camellia are, however, sometimes en-
dowed with a tolerably strong perfume, especially 7. Sasanqua,’
a species used in China to aromatize the tea. Its seeds yield an oil
contained abundantly in their fleshy embryo, which is employed in
the same way as that of 7° drupifera and japonica.’ ‘This latter,
under the name of Camellia, is one of the most celebrated ornamental
plants. Some other Zerustrwmiacee are astringent, especially the
American species of the genus Gordonia, G. pubescens,’ and Lasianthus®
(figs. 254, 255), the bark of which is rich in tannin, and is used in dye-
ing and in the preparation of skins.
Visnea Mocanera® (fig. 264) has
1 See GRUNDH., in Neu, Jarb. d. Pharm.
xxviii, 201. — GuiB., loc.- cit., .629. Ac-
cording to the latter, the principal sorts of
green tea, being those which are called in
commerce: Hysun, Young Hyson, Gunpowder,
and (Fr.) Chulan. “ Chulan is only Hyson
artificially aromatized (with Camellia Sasan-
qua aud Mogorium Sambac, Olea fragrans) ;
Gunpowder tea is only green tea chopped and
rolled. Young Hyson (Fr. perlé) only differs
from Hyson inasmuch as its leaves are smaller ;
which can be accounted for by its being gathered
at a less advanced age.” As to the principal
black teas called Bohea, Souchong, Pekoe, which
are distinguished by their brown colour, and the
almost complete absence of a principle (tannic)
having affinity with oxygen, “they might be
thought to be the production of a distinct
species; but it is possible that their difference
may result from the leaves having been treated
with water or steam, or submitted to the com-
mencement of fermentation.
2 Which is theine, similar to caffeine
(C"H?°Az4044 H?0?), M. PELIGOT points out
another azotic principle analogous to the caseine
of milk.
3 It is a yellowish thick essence, with a very
strong odour, “ stupefying.”
4 Eroteum theoides Sw., (Prodr., 85) is em-
ployed in Jamaica as a substitute for tea, so that
experimental researches might be made in other
species of the same genus, and upon the
Japanese and Indian Æurya, which might be
cultivated in the south of Europe.
5 T.oleosa Lour,, Fl. Cocinch. (ed. 1790),
339.—DC., Prodr., i. 530, n. 3.—ROSENTH.,
op. cit,, 739.— Camellia Sasanqua THUNB., F1.
Jap., 273, t. 30.—Stms., in Bot. Mag., t. 2080.
—Ker, in Bot. Reg., t. 567.—Sraunt., Amb.
Chin., ii. 466, ic.—DC., Prodr., i. 529, n. 2.—
SEEM., in Zrans, Linn. Soc., xxii. 343, 351.—
Hook., in Bot, Mag., t. 5152 (flor. flav.)—C.
oleifera ABEL., Chin, Journ., 174, ic.—SEEM., in
Bonplandia, vi. 278.— Susanqua KÆMPF.
Amen, Exot., 853.
5 Camellia drupifera Lour., Fl. Cochinch.
(ed. 1790), 411.—DC., Prodr., n. 5.—SFEM., in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 344—C, Kissi WALL.,
in As. Res., xiii. (ex DC. Prodr., n. 4).—
C. Keimia Ham.— C. Chamgota Ham., (ex
Cuots.).—C. Mastersiana Grir¥.—C. symploci-
folia Grirr., Notul., t. 604, fig. 2 (ex SEEM.).
—C. oleifera WaAut., Cat., n. 976 (nec ABEL).—
Mesua bracteata SPRENG., Syst., iii, 127 (ex
SEEM.)
7L., Spec., 982.—DC., Prodr., i. 529, n. 1.
8 See Cotta, Camelliogr., Torino (1843).—
Baumann, Bolweill. Camell. (1829-31). —
Cuanvt., Camell, Brit. (1825). —Cuannu. &
Boot, Ill. and Deser. Camell. (1831).—
BERLESE, Icon, du g. Camell, (1839) ; Monogr.
du g. Camell. (1840),—Watp., Ann., vii. 370.
9 Pursu., Fl. Bor.-Am., 451.—DC., Prodr.,
i. 528, n. 5.—Franklinia americana Mansi,
Arbr., 48. — Lacathea florida SALISB., Par,
Lond., t. 56.
10 L., Mantiss., 570.—Cav., Diss., t. 161.—
DC., Prodr., n. 1— Hypericum Lasianthus L.
(vulg. Loblolly Boy).
NL, vin, Suppl., 86.—WEBs8., Phyt. Canar.,
t. 69, B.—Souacut, in Bot, Zeit. (1859), 368 ;
Zur Kennt. d. Visnea, Regensb. (1859), ic,
—Rosentu., op. cit, 737. It is especially
employed in the treatment of hemorrhoids,
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ. 259
also an astringent bark and root, as is also Zernstremia japonica,’ which
is used in the treatment of dysentery in Japan; 7ernstræmia sylvatica,
or Yerva del Cura, in Brazil; Caraipa angustifolia Avr.” in Guiana.
Some Brazilian Ave/meyeras are employed as being mucilaginous,
especially A. rosea and speciosa.’ Several Asiatic Sawraujas are said
to have the same quality‘ In the Antilles, Marcgravia umbellata’
(figs. 269-277) is employed as a diuretic and antisyphilitic. Caryocar
has been long celebrated for its fleshy edible embryo, rich in oil,
especially in the Saovari of Guiana or C. glabrum® (figs. 282-285), in
C. butyrosum’ (figs. 286, 287), tuberculosum® and nuciferum of the same
country, and in C. amygdaliferum? of New Grenada. In the anfrac-
tuosity of the external surface of their nut, sometimes prolonged into
pointed prickles, entering deeply into the skin, a soft substance is
found lodged in the mesocarp, sometimes resinous and bitter, medi-
camental, as in the C. amygdaliferum, sometimes butyraceous as in
C. butyrosum, and employed in Cayenne for the same culinary pur-
poses as butter. The bark of C. drasiliense” furnishes a black and
brown dye.
1Tuuns., in Act. Soc. Linn., ii. 335.—
Cleyera japonica Tuuns., Fl. Jap., 224 (see
7 W., Spec., ii. 1248.—DC., Prodr., loc. cit.,
n. 5.—Enpu,, Enachirid., 566.— ROsENTH., op.
Kzæmpr., Amen., 774, ic.).
2 Guian., 562, t. 224, fig. 4.
3 A.S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 58.—ROSENTH.,
op. cit., 738.
4 Enpt., Enchirid,, 532.
5 L., Spec., 503 (part.).—PLUM., Icon. (nec
P. Br., nec JACQ.).
6 Pers., Enchirid., ii. 84.—DC., Prodr., i.
599, n. 2.—Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 399.—H.
Bx., in Dict. Encycl. Sc. Méd., xii. 741.—
Saouari glabra AvBL,, Guian., 599, t. 240.—
Rhizobolus Saouari Corr., in Ann, Mus., viii.
394, t. 5, fig. 2.
cit., 785.—Pekea butyrosa AUBL., op. cit., 594,
t. 238. Its wood, like that of several others, is
used in ship-building.
8 C. tomentosum W., loc. cit., 1244.—Pekea
tuberculosa AuBL., loc. cit., 397, t. 139. —
Rhizobolus Pekea GÆRIN., Fruct., t. 98, fig. 1.
(The specific name of Pekea cannot be pre-
served, having been generically applied to
several species.)
9 Cav., Icon., 37.—C. Almendron Mut., in
Cav, Icon., t. 361, 362.
10 Camgess., in À. S. H. Fl. Bras, Mer. i.
t. 67 bis.
s 2
260 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
I. THEA.
1. Thea L.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular ; receptacle conical.
Sepals 5 or more rarely 6—o, gradually accrescent from bractlets
to petals, much imbricated. Petals 5 or more rarely 6—, often
shortly connate at base to a greater or less height among themselves
and with filaments of exterior stamens, much imbricated. Stamens
ow , the exterior shortly or more rarely long l-adelphous; 5 or more
rarely 10-15 (Camellia), free; anthers extrorse, 2-locular, versatile ;
cells linear, often with rather thick connective acute or acuminate
at apex, marginally rimose. Germen 3—5-locular; styles same in
number, free nearly at base or oftener connate beyond the middle in
a tube, free tubular at apex, stigmatiferous quite at apex. Ovules in
each cell 2-seriate inserted in internal angle, anatropous, raphe con-
tiguous, subhorizontal, descending. Capsule subcarneous, finally dry,
with loculicidal dehiscence ; seeds in cells ofteu solitary or few, thick,
sometimes unequally compressed; embryo exalbuminous fleshy,
cotyledons thick plano-convex, base sheathed round superior radicle.
—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate (evergreen), coriaceous or mem-
branous, usually serrate ; flowers axillary or subterminal, solitary or
subcymose, few, pedunculate or subsessile (Zrop. Asia, Ind. Arch.).
See p. 235.
2. Gordonia Er. —Flowers hermaphrodite; perianth’ nearly of
Thee. Stamens « ; filaments inserted in fleshy annular cupule adnate
at base to petals (Hugordonia), or more rarely 5-adelphous ; phalanges
oppositipetalous (Franklinia’) ; anthers extrorse, finally versatile.
Germen 3-5- or rarely 6-locular; style erect, simple, apex stigma-
tiferous capitate radiant ; ovules in each cell 4— a, descending. Cap-
sule ligneous, oblong or subglobose (Franklinia), with loculicidal
dehiscence; columella persistent. Seeds flat or compressed, more
'In Phil, Trans., \x. (1770), 518, t. 11.—J., (incl.: Antheischima Kortu., Carria GARDN.,
Gen, 275.—Lamx., Dict., ii. 770; Suppl. ii. Dipterospermum Grirr., Franklinia Mars,
816; Jil. t. 594.—DC., Prodr., i. 582.— Lacathea Sariss., Polyspora SWEET).
Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 79.—ENDL., Gen., 2 Petals whitish or pink,
n, 5424.—PayeER, Organog., 532, t. 149.—A, 3 Manso, Arb., 48.—Lacathea SALISB.,
Gray, Gen. Ill, t. 140-142.—B, H., Gen, Par, Lond., n. 56.
186, n, 22.—H, BN., in Payer Fam. Nat., 265
TERNSTR@MIACE 2. 261
or less long winged at apex; embryo exalbuminous, nearly straight
or oblique; cotyledons ovate or flat (Polyspora'), sometimes slightly
undulate-plicate ; radicle superior short.—Trees or shrubs; leaves
alternate (evergreen), entire or crenate; flowers pedunculate, soli-
tary, axillary or collected at summit of twigs ; bractlets 2-5, inserted
on sometimes elongated peduncle (Worth America, Trop. 2 sia, Ind.
Arch) See pP. 201.
3. Hæmocharis Satiss.’—Flowers hermaphrodite ; perianth and
androceum of Gordonia. Germen 5-10-locular; styles short diver-
gent or stigmate wide sessile distinct; ovules in each cell 4-0,
descending. Capsule thin, or oftener woody oblong loculicidal ; colu-
mella persistent; seeds , winged at apex ; embryo exalbuminous,
straight ; cotyledons oblong flat; radicle short superior.—Trees or
shrubs, glabrous or hirsute; leaves alternate; flowers in upper axils
subsessile‘ or subterminal’ (Zrop. America, Ind. Arch).
4. Steuartia Carrss.’—Flowers 5, 6-merous, nearly of Zee (or
Gordonia) ; germen 5-locular ; styles 5, distinct (Malachodendron) or
oftener long connate (Husteuartia); ovules in each cell 2, oblique
ascendent. Capsule ligneous-crustaceous, loculicidal; seeds naked
1 Swert, Hort. Brit. 61.—Curria Garpn., nom. Laplacee, quam, adjecta tertia spec.
in Cale. Journ. of Nat. Hist., vii.'7.---Anthe- asiat. cum quarta cubensi, a Hemocharide
ischima Kortu., Verh. Nat, Gesch. Bot., 137, t. Sautss. disting., sed charact. nos effugit, Ha-
27.—Diplerospermnn Grirr., Notul., ix. 564 bitus, calyx, stili, ete., haud differunt.” (B. H.,
(ex B. H.).
2 Some 20 species, of which 2 are American,
Cuoïs., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 138, 140 (Polyspora).
—A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 104.—CHarM., Fl. 8.
Unit, States, 60.—BENTH., Fl. Hongk., 29.—
Mio, Fl. Ind.-Bat., i, p. ii. 489,—Tuw.,
Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 40.— Hoox. F., in Trans. Linn.
Soc., xxiii. 162.— Bot. Mag., t. 4019 (Poly-
spora).— Watp., Rep., i. 374; ii, 802; Ann., ii.
177 ; vii. 367.
3 Par. Lond., n. 56.—Cuots., in Mém. Gen.,
xiv. 142 (where reasons are more fully given
for preferring the generic rame). — Laplacea
H.B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec,, v. 207, t.451.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 527.—Campess., in Mém. Mus.,
xvi. 407, t. 1 A—Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, iv.
76.—Enpu., Gen, n. 5416.—B. H., Gen.
186, n. 23.—Wickstremia ScuraDd., in Gœtt.
Anz. (1821), 710 (nec SPRENG.).—Zindleya
Nees, in Flora (1821), 209 (nec K.),
‘ Handsome or ordinary, recalling Gordonia.
5 « KorrHALSIUS (in Verh. Nat, Gesch, Bot.)
gen. 2 vindic.: Laplaceam H. B. K.(KORTH.,
loc. cit., 136, t. 26), et Closaschimam (KORTH.,
loc, cit., 139, t. 28), Cuorsyus has 2 junxit sub
loc. cit.).
5 Twelve species, of which nine are American.
A. S. H., Fl. Bras, Mer., i. 299.—Marr. &
Zucc., Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 106, t. 66, 67.—
Moric., Pl. Nouv. Amer., t. 11.—A. Ricu., Fl.
Cub., t. 26.—GRISsEB., in Mem, Amer, Acad,
(1860), 166; Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 104.—A,
Gray, Amer. Explor. Exped., Bot., 213.—
Mio. Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 490; Suppl., i.
482—Tr. & Pu. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4,
xvii, 268.—Watp., Rep., i. 372; ii. 801; v.
132; Ann., i, 121; ii. 177; iii, 833; vi. 367
(Laplacea).
7 Nat, Hist. of Carol., ete., iii. 13 (1743).
—L., Gen., n, 847 (perp. Stewartia).—J., Gen.,
292.—Porr., Dict., vii. 340; Suppl., v. 249;
Tll., t. 593.—DC., Prodr., i. 528.—SpPACH,
Suit, à Buffon, iv. 78—Cambess., in Mém.
Mus., xvi. 406.—ENDL., Gen.,n. 5423.—CHors.,
in Mém. Gen., xiv, 136.— S'uarlia B. H,
Gen.,185, n. 17.—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat.,
266.
8 Cav., Diss, v. 302, t. 158. — DC.
Prodr., i, 528.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv.
ide :
262 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
or membranous-marginate (Walachodendron); albumen usually scanty;
embryo straight, cotyledons ovate or elliptical; radicle inferior.—
Shrubs; leaves alternate membranous, deciduous ; flowers’ axillary
solitary, sessile or shortly pedunculate (Worth America, Japan’). See
p. 238.
5? Schima Reinw.’—Flowers nearly of Gordonia; outermost petal
sometimes much concave or subcucullate. Germen 4, 5-locular ;
style simple or wide patent stigmatiferous lobed at apex ; ovules in
each cell 2-8, laterally affixed, descending. Capsule globose, usually
depressed ligneous, loculicidal; columella persistent. Seeds flat sub-
reniform, margin (except interior) wide marginate-winged ; albumen
thin or 0; embryo rather fleshy ; cotyledons subfoliaceous, unequal,
flat or corrugate at base ; radicle inferior incurved accumbent at base.
—Trees; leaves alternate perennial; flowers pedunculate, axillary
solitary, shortly racemose or subumbellate, few; peduncle 2-brac-
teolate‘ (Zrop. America, Ind. Archipelago’). See p. 239.
6. Pyrenaria B1..— Flowers of Schina (or Gordonia); sepals very
unequal, gradually accrescent from bractlets to petals, much imbri-
cated. Stamens o, all or exterior ones connate; anthers oblong,
versatile. Germen 5-locular; styles 5, free or more or less long
connate ; ovules in each cell 2, incompletely anatropous, ascending.
Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent; putamen sometimes thin; seeds?
oblong thick or unequally compressed ; testa hard; cotyledons of
exalbuminous embryo corrugate-plicate or conduplicate ; radicle in-
ferior inflexed.—Trees; leaves alternate, entire or serrate; flowers
shortly pedunculate axillary, oftener nutant ; other characters of Gor-
donia (Ind. Arch., Malaysia’).
1 Large or moderate in size, white or pink; —Hoox. F., in Trans. Linn, Soc., xxiii. 160
stamens sometimes violet, or rather purple,
2 Spec. 5, of which 2 are N. American. SM.
Exot. Bot., t.101.—ANDR., Bot. Repos., t. 73.—
Luer., Stirp., t. 73, 74.—Sres. & Zuco. Fl.
Jap., t. 96.—A, Gray, Gen, Ill, t. 138, 139;
Man., ed.5, 104.—CnapM., Fl. S. Unit. States,
61.— Bot. Mag., t. 3918.—Watp., Rep., i. 374,
3 Ex Bu. Bijdr., 129.—Cuors., in Mém.
Gen., xiv. 141.—B. H., Gen., 185, n. 18.
4 Gen. perhaps to be united with Gordonia,
for it differs only by its inferior radicle, but the
form of the fruit seems the same as in the Sect,
Franklinia of Gordonie.
5 Konru., in Verh, Nat. Gesch. Bot., t, 29.
(Gordonia).—Mie., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii, 491;
Suppl., i, 484.—Srrm., in Bonplandia, vii.
49; Voy. Her., Bot. t. '75.— Bot. Mag. t.
4539 (Gordonia),—Watp., Rep., v. 135; Ann.,
ii. 178; vii. 366.
6 Bijdr.. 1119. —Cuois., in Mém. Gen.
xiv. 171.—Enpu., Gen. n. 5429.—B. H.,
Gen., 185, n. 19.—Eusynavis GRIFF., Notul.,
iv. 560, t. 603.
7 Exterior nearly of Thea, but smaller.
8 Spec. 6, 7, Kortu., in Verh. Nat. Gesch.
Bot., t. 30.—SEEM. in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxii.
340.— Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p, ii. 493. —
Watp., Ann., vii. 366.
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ. 263
7? Microsemma Lagirr.'—Flowers polygamous-dicecious ; re-
ceptacle rather convex. Sepals 5 or more rarely 6, thick, dorsally
subcostate, much imbricated, persistent ; each at base furnished in-
wardly with a small gland (coloured) fornicate-2-fid. Stamens © ;
filaments free or slightly connate at base, in bud corrugate ; anthers
slightly introrse ; connective rather thick; cells linear curvate, lon-
gitudinally rimose. Germen (in male flower rudimentary effete,”
much setose), 8—12-locular ;* style short, apex stigmatiferous 5, 6-fid.
Ovule in each cell solitary (?), descending from summit of internal
angle; micropyle extrorse superior. Capsule surrounded by base of
persistent calyx and staminal filaments, 8—12-locular, with locu-
licidal dehiscence ; columella 0. Seeds in cells solitary descending ;*
testa hard; ventral raphe and chalaza’ prominent below, arillate
fleshy; albumen thin fleshy ; cotyledons of shorter embryo’ elliptical-
ovate; radicle conical superior.—Erect branching shrubs; leaves
alternate oblong coriaceous ;’ petiole articulate at base ; flowers um-
bellate (?) lateral or subterminal’ (W. Caledonia’).
II. TERNSTRŒMIEZÆ.
8. Ternstrœmia L. r.—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely
polygamous ; receptacle shortly convex. Sepals 5, sometimes ciliate-
glandular, much imbricated. Petals same in number opposite or
more or less alternate, usually conical at base, imbricated. Stamens
oo ; filaments often adnate to base of corolla, otherwise free ; anthers
basitixed apiculate; cells adnate, introrse or lateral rimose. Germen
free; cells 2 or more rarely 3, 4, complete; style conical, elongated
or very short, apex stigmatiferous, simple or more or less widely
2—4-lobed. Ovules in each cell 2 or more rarely 3-8, inserted on
wide placentas at summit of internal angle of cells descendent, ana-
tropous ; raphe dorsal, base more or less arched ; micropyle introrse
1 Sert. Austro-caled., 58, t.57.—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5415.—B. H., Gen., 187, n. 25.
? Cells sometimes distinct.
3 Perhaps equal in number to stigma cells,
but 2-locellate by false dissepiment.
* Funicle rather long oblique.
5 Albumen placed at summit of cupule of
obconical chalaza below drawn out in an incurved
filament with continuous raphe.
5 Immature albumen scarcely extending to
middle,
7 Ribs, beneath, and twigs pubescent.
8 Anomalous gen. to be expelled from the
order Tr. & Px. (in Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii.
539). Gynæceum hitherto imperfectly known.
9 Spec. 1. M. salicifolia Lasix, loc, cit,
264 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
superior. Fruit indehiscent, apiculate, furnished with base of calyx ;
pericarp thin or more or less spongiose-suberose ; seeds oo, hippo-
crepiform complicate ; albumen fleshy, sometimes thin or 0 ; embryo
arched or refiexed; cotyledons semiterete, shorter than superior
radicle-—Trees or evergreen shrubs; leaves alternate simple ex-
stipulate coriaceous, entire or serrate-crenate ; flowers axillary soli-
tary pedunculate or cymose 2-w ; bracts under flower 2, 3, ana-
logous to sepals (Zrop. America, Asia, Ind. Arch.). See p. 239.
9, Adinandra Jacx.’— Flowers nearly of 7ernstræmia; stamens
free or 1-5-adelphous at base ; filaments often hirsute. Germen 3-5-
locular ; style entire or 3-5-fid stigmatiferous at apex ; ovules in
each cell «, crowded, affixed to rather prominent placenta. Fruit
indehiscent; seeds &, small; embryo albuminous; inflexed coty-
ledons semiterete, shorter than superior radicle.—Evergreen trees ;*
leaves alternate; flowers’ axillary pedunculate solitary ; peduncle
short or recurved, 2-bracteolate at apex (Zrop. Asia, Trop. Africa’).
10. Eroteum Sw.’— Flowers nearly of Zernstræmia, herma-
phrodite or polygamous ; stamens 15—, usually adnate to corolla
at base; anthers glabrous or sometimes (C/eyera') pilose. Germen
2, 3-locular or more rarely 5-locular (Le¢tsomia’); ovules ©, inserted
within at middle of cell or slightly above, descending ; style more or
less high, sometimes deeply (Zristy/ium*) 2-5-fd. Fruit indehiscent ;
seeds ordinary ; albumen fleshy ; embryo inflexed; cotyledons semi-
terete, shorter than radicle-—''rees or shrubs ; habit of Zernstræmia or
Eurya; leaves more or less coriaceous glabrous tomentose or setose,
sometimes (as in C#/ænacea) with lines impressed by induplicate-
1 In Hook. Compan. to Bot. Mag., i. 153,—
ENDI., Gen., n. 5428.—CHo1s., in Mém. Gen.,
xiv. 111.—B. H., Gen., 182, n. 9.—Sarosan-
thera KoRTH., in Verh. Nat, Gesch. Bot., 103,
t. 16 (ex B. H.).
2 Habit sometimes of Ternstramia, sometimes
of Gordonia,
3 Large, glabrous or silky.
4 Spec. 10, of which 1 is African. Hook. &
Arn., Voy. Beech. Bot. t. 23 (Cleyera).—
Kortu., loc, cit., t. 18,—MrQ., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i.
p. ii. 476; Suppl., i. 478.—Tuw., Enum. Pl,
Zeyl., 41 (Sarosanthera). — Outv., Fl. Trop.
Afr., i. 170.—-Watp., Rep., v. 130 (Sarosan-
thera) ; Ann., vii. 362.
5 Prodr., 85 (1788).— Freziera Sw., Fl. Ind.
Oce., 671, t. 19 (1800).—DC., in Mem. Gen., i.
414; Prodr., i. 524.—CamBess., in Mém. Mus.,
xvi. 404,.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 63.—
Enpu., Gen., n. 5412.—Cuots., in Mém. Gen.,
xiv. 120.—B. H., Gen., 183, n. 11.
5 DC. Prodr., i. 524 (nec THUNB.). —
Camsiss., in Mém. Mus., xvi. 405,— DC.
Prodr., i, 525 (part.)— Enpu., Gen., n. 5411.
—Cnuols., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 109.—B. H.
Gen., 183, n. 10.—Hoferia Scor., Introd., n.
846 (ex ENDz., loc. cit.).
7 R. & Pav., Prodr., 77, t. 14.—Cxnois., in
Mém. Gen., xiv. 123.
8 Turoz,, in Bull. Mose. (1858), i. 247.
TERNSTR@MIACE 2.
265
involute vernation as if 3-nerved ; flowers' axillary pedunculate soli-
tary or cymose; bractlets 2, often minute or 0? (Warm Asia and
America’).
11? Eurya Tuons.’—Flowers nearly of Zrofeum, small, dicecious ;
stamens o or sometimes small (5-15), adnate to corolla at base;
anthers basifixed glabrous. Germen 2—5-locular; styles 2-5, more
or less long connate. Other characters of Hrotewm.—Small shrubs ;
leaves often serrate-crenate and glabrous; inflorescence of Hroteum’
(Warm reg. of Asia, Ind. Arch).
12. Visnea L. rin.’—Flowers nearly of Zernstræmia ; receptacle
shortly cupuliform. Perianth and stamens slightly perigynous
(of Zernstremia). Germen slightly immersed in base of receptacle,
3-locular; styles 3, distinct; ovules in each cell 2, 3, inserted
below apex of internal angle, descending; micropyle introrse supe-
rior. Fruit indehiscent, immersed and included in base of accrescent
fleshy calyx and receptacle; seeds few, 3-quetrous-piriform ; albu-
men fleshy ; embryo curved or hippocrepiform ; cotyledons semiterete
shorter than radicle.—An evergreen tree ; leaves alternate articulate
exstipulate ; flowers in axillary few-flowered cymes (Canary Isls. and
Madeira’).
13. Anneslea Wazr."—Flowers nearly of Visnea ; receptacle con-
1 Small, more rarely large,
2 Gen. hence scarcely distingnished from
Ternstremia, thence from Lurya,
3 Spee, 10-12, of which 10-12 are Amer, H.B.,
PI. Æquin., t. 5-9 (Freziera).—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., v. 209 (Freziera)—Wieut &
ARN., Prodr., i, 86 (Cleyera).—Hoox, & ARN.,
Beech. Voy., Bot., t. 33 (Cleyera).—TUx., in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 3, viii. 326.—GRISEB.,, FU.
Brit. W.-Ind., 103 (Cleyera, Freziera); Cat.
Pl. Cub., 36 (Cleyera).—Sres. & Zuco., F1.
Jap., t. 81 (Cleyera)—Tr. & Px., in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 4, xvii, 261 (Freziera).— Bot. Mag.,
t. 4546 (Freziera).— WAL?., Rep., i. 870; Ann.,
i. 117; ii. 177; iv. 349 (Freziera); vii. 362
(Cleyera, Freziera).
4 Fl. Jap., 11, t. 25.—R. Br., App. to Abel’s
Chin., 379, ic—DC., in Mém. Gen, i. 416;
Prodr., i. 525.—CAMBESS., in Mém. Mus., xvi.
405.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 66.—Enpt.,
Gen., n. 5410.—Cuots., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 123.
—B.H., Gen., 183, n. 12.—H. By., in Payer
Fam. Nat., 265.— Geeria Bu., Bijdr., 124.
° Gen, scarcely distinguished from preceding.
6 Spee. 10 (described to 35). Wiant &
ARN, Prodr., i. 86.—Wient, Jil., t. 38.—
Lopp., Bot. Cub., t. 1213.—Srem., Voy. Her.,
Bot., t.74; Hl. Uit., 14 —Korru., Verh. Nat.
Gesch. Bot. t. 17.—M1q., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i.
p. ii, 470.—Bentu., Fl. Honghk., 27.—A.
Gray, Amer, Explor. Exp., Bot. i. 209—
Watp., Rep., i. 369; Ann., iv. 342 ; vii. 363.
7 Suppl., 36, 251.—Lamx., Dict., iv. 208.—
ENDL., Gen., n. 5408.—PAxER, Organog., 585,
t. 149, — Cnois., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 130.—-
B. H., Gen., 182, 981, n. 7.—H. Bn, in Payer
Fam. Nat., 265.—H. Scuacut, Zur Kennt. d.
Visnea Mocanera. Regensb. (1849), e. tab.—
Mocanera J., Gen., 318.
8 Small, white.
9 Spec. 1. V. Mocanera L. ¥., loc. cit,—
Bory, Jns, Fort., t. 7.—Wnrsp, Phyt. Canar.,
t. 66 B.—Watp., Ann., vii. 361.
10 Pl, As. Rar., i. 5, t. 5.—ENDL, Gen., n.
5406. — Crois., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 129,—
B. H., Gex., 182, 0. 6.—H. Bn., in Payer Fam.
Nat., 265 (nec Roxb.).
266 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
cave, finally in tube adherent to fruit, coriaceous-fleshy, much
accrescent. Sepals and petals much imbricated, and 2 stamens (of
Ternstremia). Germen quite immersed in receptacle, 3-locular ;
style 3-fid at apex; ovules in each cell 4-w ; seeds , hippocrepi-
form-complicate ; embryo albuminous inflexed ; cotyledons semi-
terete, shorter than radicle-—Trees (evergreen); habit and inflo-
rescence (of Zernstremia) ; flowers' rather long, pedunculate ; other
characters of Zernstremia (Malaysia, Martaban’).
III. SAURAUJEZÆ.
14. Saurauja W.— Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely poly-
gamous ; receptacle shortly convex. Sepals 5, unequal, often peta-
loid, much imbricated. Petals 5, alternate, free or connate at base,
much imbricated. Stamens o; filaments usually adherent to
base of corolla, otherwise free; anthers basifixed, introrse, after-
wards versatile ; cells dehiscent by pores at apex or by short clefts,
sometimes finally elongated. Germen 3-5-locular; styles same in
number, free at base or more or less high connate, stigmatiferous at
apex, usually reflexed ; ovules o, anatropous, inserted outwardly on
placenta, pendulous or laterally adfixed inwardly to internal angle of
cell. Berry 3-5-locular, rarely subdry or subdehiscent; seeds o,
small, immersed in pulp; albumen more or less copious ; embryo
straight or curved, cotyledons short. — Trees or shrubs, often
strigose-pilose or squamate ; leaves alternate, usually serrate; veins
parallel crowded with divergent ribs, often articulate at base,
exstipulate ; flowers axillary or lateral, in racemes simple, or ramified,
cymiferous ; cymes sometimes 1-parous at apex ; bractlets small, re-
mote from calyx (Zropical America, Asia, and Oceania). See p. 242.
IV. BONNETIEX.
15. Bonnetia Marr. & Zucc.— Flowers regular hermaphrodite ;
receptacle convex. Sepals 5, unequal, imbricated. Petals same in
1 Large, whitish. 2 Spec. 2. M1q., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 488.
TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ. 267
number, alternate longer, contorted. Stamens ; filaments very
shortly connate at base in ring, otherwise free; exterior shorter ;
anthers small in bud, at first introrse and pendulous at summit of
filaments, afterwards versatile ; connective slightly glandular at in-
sertion of filaments. Germen superior 3, 4-locular, tapering in style
entire capitate or 3-fid stigmatiferous at apex; ovules co, o-seriate
in internal angle, ascending, linear. Capsule acuminate or septi-
cidally dehiscing above; columella short or 0; seeds o, linear;
straight radicle of exalbuminous embryo inferior.—Glabrous trees ;
leaves alternate evergreen, tapering at base sessile or subsessile ;
flowers in axil of upper leaves pedunculate ; peduncle L-flowered or
usually cymose, 3-flowered, sometimes o-flowered ; bracts and bract-
lets sometimes large conspicuous, sepaloid, persistent, sometimes
caducous or minute (Zropical South America). See p. 243.
16. Kielmeyera Marr. & Zucc.'—Flowers nearly of Bonnetia ;
anthers subbasilar rather long subversatile; cells linear, introrse.
Germen 3-5-locular; style stigmatiferous at apex shortly lobed ;
ovules æ, 2-seriate, dehiscing, base subwinged, imbricated downwards.
Capsule oblong angulate septicidal ; seeds «, smooth, expanded in
wings below; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick subreniform.
—Small trees ;? leaves (evergreen) alternate, sessile or petiolate ;
flowers’ terminal solitary or much oftener in simple or ramified
racemes (Brazil).
17. Archytea Marr. & Zucc—Flowers nearly of Bonnetia ;
stamens ©, high 5-adelphous ; anthers small introrse, versatile. Ger-
men 4, 5-locular; ovules æ, linear, æ-seriate, imbricated ; styles free
nearly to base (Ploiarium) or at a greater or less height, sometimes
connate stigmatiferous at apex. Capsule acuminate, septicidal from
base ; columella persistent ; seeds : , linear; embryo scantily albu-
minous, straight. — Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves alternate
1 Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 109, t. 68-72.— Fl. Bras. Mer. i. 303, t. 60, 61, 63.—Pout.,
Camsess., in Mém, Mus., xvi. 412.—Cuols.,in Pl, Bras. ii. t. 129-132.—Watp., Rep, i.
Mém. Gen., xiv, 161.—SPACH, Suit, à Buffon, 373; v. 1338.
iv. 71.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5419.—B, H., Gen., 5 Nov. Gen. et Spec. i. 116, t. 73. —
188, n. 28.— Martiniera VELLOZ., Fl, Flum., v. CAMBess., in Mém. Mus., xvi. 410.—ENDz,
t. 114 (nec. GUILLEM.). Gen., n. 5418.—Cnots., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 160.
2 Resinous. —B. H., Gen., 188, n. 27.
3 Handsome; petals unsymmetrical. 5 Korra., Verk. Nat. Gesch, Bot., 135,
4 Spec. ad 15, A.S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 58; t. 25.
268 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
(evergreen) sessile or semi-amplexicaul; flowers pedunculate cymose ;
peduncle compressed, 3- or o-flowered; bracts subfoliaceous (Zrop
America, Ind. Arch).
18. Caraipa Augr.®— Flowers nearly of Bonnetia ; stamens some-
times connate at base; anthers short, introrse, versatile ; connective
produced at apex in pit, glandular. Germen 3-locular; style at
apex thick stigmatiferous, shortly 3-lobed; cells 3; effete often 1,
2; ovules in each cell 2 or more rarely 3, descending ; micropyle
extrorse superior. Capsule 3-quetrous, septicidal 3-valved ; valves of
endocarp finally separating from exocarp ; columella 3-quetrous or
3-winged. Seeds solitary, flat; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons
large flat, emarginate at base or subarticulate, embracing superior
radicle.—Trees ; leaves alternate, petiolate, penninerved, crowded
with small transverse veins; flowers* in clusters often corymbose,
simple or compound, axillary or terminal (7ropical America’).
19. Mahurea Ausr.®— Flowers of Caraipa; petals contorted,
more rarely imbricated. Stamens , scarcely connate at base; an-
thers oblong subbasifixed ; connective glandular produced, hollow at
apex. Germen perfectly or imperfectly 3-locular; style more or
less dilated stigmatiferous at apex; ovules ©, linear, j-seriate,
imbricated downwards. Capsule septicidal above; columella short ;
seeds co, linear membranous; embryo exalbuminous straight. —
Trees ; leaves alternate, often petiolate ; stipules small, usually very
caducous or (as it seems) flowers’ in terminal racemes, usually elon-
gated, scantily ramified cymiferous (770p. South America’).
1 Spee. 3, of which 1 is Asiatic. —Vau, Symb.
Bot., ii. t. 42 (Hypericum).—A. Gray, dimer.
Expl. Exp., Bot., i, 213 (Ploiarium).—M1iq., Fl.
Ind.- Bat., i, p. ii. 490 (Ploiarium). — Tux, in
Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 8340.—Watr., Rep.,
ii. 801; v. 132 (Ploiarium), 133; Ann., i. 121.
2 Guian., i. 561 (part.), t. 223, fig. 3, 4.—J.,
Gen., 334.,—Cuols., in Mém. Gen., xiv. 163.—
Camsess., Mém. Ternstr., t. 18.—ENDL,, Gen.,
n. 5420.—BEnTH., in Journ, Linn, Soc., v. 61.
—B.H., Gen., 188, n. 29.
3 Sometimes large white sweet-smelling; pe-
tals whitish unsymmetrical, in præfloration exter-
nally virescent at margin.
4 Spec. ad 8. Mart. & Zucc. Nov. Gen. et
Spec., i. t. 65.—Watpr., Rep. i. 374; ii, 802
Ann., i. 121; vii. 375.
® Guian., 558, t. 222.—J., Gen, 434—
Desrouss., in Lamk. Dict., iii. 679.—Cam-
BESS., in Mém. Mus., xvi. 411, t. 1 C.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 557.—Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, iv. 71.
—ENDL., Gen. n. 5422,—BENTH,, in Journ,
Linn, Soc. v. 64, — Cnois., in Jlém. Gen.
xiv. 158.—B. H., Gen., 188, n. 30.— Bonnetia
SCHREB., Gen., 363 (nec MARr.).
5 Pink, handsome.
7 Spec. 3, 4. Tux, in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3,
vill, 340.—Watp., Rep., ii. 802; Ann, i, 122;
vii. 376,
TERNSTRG@MIACE 2. 269
20. Haploclathra Bexrn.'—Flowers nearly of Caraipa (or Ma-
hurea) ; anthers long, linear. Germen (of Caraipa) 3-locular ; ovule
solitary in each cell, incompletely anatropous, ascendent. Capsule
3-agonal septicidal ; axis persistent; “seeds oblong, acute on both
sides.” —Trees ; leaves opposite ; flowers in terminal opposite rami-
fied cymiferous racemes (Zrop. South America’).
21? Peeciloneuron Brpp.’—‘ Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, con-
torted. Stamens æ (to 20), free or connate at base in ring or very
short tube, entire, 5-lobed; anthers linear, erect, basifixed ; connec-
tive inappendiculate. Germen 2-locular ; styles 2, subulate ; ovules L
in each cell 2, ascendent. Fruit...?—A tree; leaves opposite, cori-
aceous glabrous penninerved; veins crowded parallel ; flowers‘ in
terminal panicles” (Hast. Mount. India’).
22. Marila Sw.’—Flowers 4, 5-merous ; sepals imbricated. Petals
very caducous, imbricated. Stamens o ; filaments short, slender ;
anthers erect, introrse ; connective glandular, produced beyond cells,
simple or 2-lobed. Germen 4, 5-locular; style at apex stigma-
tiferous thick, scarcely lobed ; ovules «©, o-seriate, imbricated down-
wards. Capsule elongated, 4, 5-agonal, septicidal; seeds ©, base
and apex fimbriate-pilose; embryo exalbuminous, thick, short ;
cotyledons subequal to radicle.—Trees ; leaves opposite (evergreen) ;
flowers in axillary racemes (Zrop. America’).
V. PELLICERIE.
23. Pelliceria Tri. & PLz.—Flowers regular; sepals 5, short,
membranous subpetaloid (coloured), much imbricated; petals 5,
much longer than calyx, much imbricated, caducous. Stamens 5,
hypogynous alternipetalous; filaments free, slightly dilated at
1 In Journ. Linn. Soc,, v. 64.—B. H., Gen., xvi. 411, t. 17 A.—DC., Prodr., 1. 558.—ENDL.,
189, n. 82. Gen., n. 5421.—BENTH., in Journ. Linn. Soc.,
2 Spec. 2. Mart. & Zucc., Nov, Gen, et Spec., v. 64,—B. H., Gen., 189, n. 31.—Scyphea
i. t. 64 (Caraipa). Presi, Symb., i. 7, t. 4.—Monoporina PRESL,
3 In Journ. Linn. Soc, viii. 267, t. 17.— Rosll., ii, 277 (ex ENDL.).—Anisosticte BARTL.,
B. H., Gen., 981, n. 32 a. Ord. Nat., 294, not. (ex ENDL.).
4 Whitish yellow. 7 Spec. 4, Pape. & Envu., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
5 Spec. 1. P. indicum, BEvD., loc, cit. ili. t. 213.— GnriseEs., Fl. Brit, W.-Ind., 111.—
6 Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ., 84.—Poir., Dict., Tr. & Px, in Ann, Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xviii. 258,
Suppl, iii, 590.—Campuss., in Mém. Mus., Watp., Rep. i. 374; v. 133 ; vii. 376.
270 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
base; anthers elongate-linear, inwardly adhering to grooves of style,
dorsally inserted slightly above the base; cells submarginal ad-
nate linear, longitudinally rimose. Germen sessile, apex tapering
in style, 2-locular; one cell sterile; other l-ovulate; ovule pen-
dulous from long obclavate funicle, subcampylotropous, descending ;
micropyle introrse superior ; style long conical, longitudinally 5-10-
sulcate; apex stigmatiferous minutely 2-denticulate. Fruit “ ovate-
subturbinate, 10-sulcate, long acuminate coriaceous-spongy, 1-locular,
indehiscent. Seed pendulous exalbuminous; testa nearly disap-
pearing; cotyledons wide thick fleshy; radicle straight superior
short; plumule long evolute.”—A glabrous tree; leaves alternate ;
limb very unequal, vernation involute, glabrous coriaceous, when
young marginate with exserted subclavate denticules, afterwards
deciduous ; flowers solitary terminal; peduncle short thick; bracts
2, long membranous involute for a long time, including long conical
bud (Central America). See p. 245.
VI. MARCGRAVIEA.
24. Marcgravia Pium.—Flowers hermaphrodite, receptacle de-
pressed convex. Sepals usually 4 (?), connate at base, unequal short,
much imbricated. Petals 4, 5, connate in coriaceous deciduous calyx-
like mass, very short apex alone imbricated 2—5-dentate. Stamens
sometimes few, subdefinite in number and 1-seriate verticillate, usually
(12-40) ; filaments often connate at base, otherwise free ; anthers sub-
basifixed, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen superior, apex shortly conical
and usually obscurely radiated stigmatiferous ; cells 4—co , complete or
incomplete. Ovules «, anatropous, descending or horizontal, inserted
on ramified-lamellate placenta. Fruit subglobose thick fleshy, inde-
hiscent or finally loculicidal at base. Seeds », oblong, exterior reticu-
lated; embryo fleshy thick; cotyledons often shorter than conical
radicle.—ÆEpiphytal or scandent shrubs, more rarely arborescent ;
leaves alternate heteromorphous ; on sterile branches, repent sessile
2-glandular at base, affixed to rocks or trees ; in free branches coria-
ceous exstipulate ; flowers in clusters, often umbelliferous terminal ;
inferior pedicellate often oblique on summit of pedicel; bractlets 2,
inserted under flower, analogous to sepals; superior flowers more or
less abortive, with sacciform bract, open without and below, longitu-
dinally adnate to pedicel, stipitate (Zropical America). See p. 246.
TERNSTRŒMTACE #. 271
25? Norantea Augr.'—Flowers nearly of Marcyravia ; petals
free or connate at base, much imbricated. Stamens ©, or more
rarely few subdefinite ; filaments sometimes cohering to petals at
base, usually thickened at apex; anthers innate, caducous, introrsely
or sublaterally rimose. Germen free; apex conical stigmatiferous
3-5-radiate; ovules in cells (usually incomplete) «©, inserted on
rather thick placenta, usually ascending. Fruit nearly of Marcgravia.
—Seandent or epiphytal shrubs, sometimes arborescent; leaves
alternate, sometimes furnished below with 2-seriate curved glan-
dules, exstipulate ; flowers’ in terminal elongated racemes; bracts
axile elevate-connate with pedicel to a greater or less height, some-
times inserted below calyx, usually petiolate ; limb sacciform or
cuculliform changed into inverse ascidium; bracts 2, lateral, ana-
logous to sepals (Zropical America’).
26. Ruyschia Jacg.‘—Flowers nearly of Morantea; stamens 5,
alternipetalous. Gynæceum and fruit nearly of Marcyravia; cells
4-6.—Epiphytal or scandent shrubs; leaves alternate entire coria-
ceous; flowers’ in terminal racemes; bracts inserted at apex of
pedicel, 3-lobed; one lobe ascending, clavate at apex; alternate 2,
lateral situated on and hanging from peduncle; bractlets 2, inserted
under flower (Zropical America’).
VII. CARYOCAREA.
27. Caryocar ALLAM.—F lowers regular hermaphrodite; receptacle
rather convex. Calyx deeply 4—6-fid, much imbricated. Petals 4-6,
1 Guian., 554, t. 220.—J., Gen., 245.— Suit. à Buffon, vi. 127.—Linvu., Veg. Kingd.
Porr., Dict., Suppl., iv. 108; ZU., t. 447.—
DC., Prodr., i. 566.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5460.—
B. H., Gen., 181, n. 4.—Asciwm SCHREB., Gen.,
358.—Schwarzia VELLOZ., Fl. Flum., v. t. 84.
2 Often handsome, red.
3 Spec. ad 12. H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
vii. 218, t. 647 d¢s.—Camprss., in À. S. H. Fl.
Bras. Mer., i. 241, t. 62.—Mart., Nov. Gen.
et Spec., iii. 179, t. 295, 296.—Tr. & PL. in
Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 372.—GRIsEB., Fl.
Brit. W.-Ind., 109.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
x. 242.—Watp., Rep., i. 398; Ann., vii. 361.
4 Stirp. Amer., 75, t. 51, fig. 2.—J., Gen.,
428.—Porr., Dict., vi. 355; Suppl., iv. 731;
Ill, t. 135.—DC., Prodr., i. 556.—SPACH,
403, fig. 284.—ExDz., Gen., n. 5459.—B. H.,
Gen., 181, n. 5.—H. BN., in Payer Fam. Nat.,
127.— Souroubea AvuBL., Guian., 244, t. 97.—
J., Gen., 428.—Surubea Muy., Prim. Fl. Esse-
queb., 119.—Loghania Scor., Introd., n. 1076.
5 Often handsome, red.
5 Spec. 9, 10. H. B. K., Nov. Gen, et Spec.,
vii. 218.—Marr. & Zucc., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
iil. t, 292-294.—Bentu., Voy. Sulph., Bot., t.
29.—MiQ., Stirp. Surin., t. 27.—TR. & PL., in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 376.—GRIsEB., Fl.
Brit. W.-Ind., 110.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x.
241.—Watp., Rep., i. 398; ii. 811; v. 145;
Ann., i. 129; vii. 361.
272 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
alternate, much imbricated, connate at base among themselves and
with base of androceum. Stamens © ; filaments at base in short cupule
l-adelphous, in bud much contorted, corrugate ; interior sometimes
short, antherless; anthers small, introrse, versatile, longitudinally
2-rimose. Germen free, 4—6-locular ; styles same in number, filiform,
elongated, at apex not thickened, stigmatiferous; ovules in each
cell 1, inserted at internal angle, incompletely anatropous or sub-
orthotropous ; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit drupaceous, meso-
carp butyrous or resinous; putamens 1-4, ligneous, exterior rugose,
muricate, aculeate or produced in rigid setæ (penetrating into meso-
carp) 1-spermous ; seed subreniform; embryo exalbuminous, fleshy,
oily, hippocrepiform, macropodal, radicle large clavate or ovate
tending towards apex of fruit; tigella much attenuated, colli-
form inflexed; plumule small.— Trees; leaves opposite, digitate,
3-5-foliolate, folioles coriaceous, subentire or serrate-crenate; sti-
pules 0 or very caducous ; flowers in terminal racemes (770p. America).
See p. 250.
28. Anthodiscus G. F. W. Mry.—Flowers nearly of Caryocar,
smaller; corolla calyx-like, deciduous. Stamens o, 1-adelphous at
base, afterwards in phalanges 5, alternipetalous; central filaments
in each phalanx, much longer, inflexed; exterior sborter, erect ;
anthers introrse, 2-locular. Germen 8—12-locular; ovule in each
cell, subbasilar suborthotropous; micropyle extrorse, superior; styles
8-12, stigmatiferous at apex. Fruit coriaceous subfleshy, depressed
at apex. Seeds compressed at sides; testa membranous, embryo
scantily albuminous, radicle very long, spirally contorted tending
towards apex of fruit; cotyledons in middle bristled, short, notched-
inflexed. Other characters of Caryocar.—Trees; leaves alternate,
digitate, 2-foliolate; racemes terminal (Zrop. America). See p. 252.
XXXI. BIXACE A.
I. ANNATTO SERIES.
The Annattos' (figs. 288-296) have regular hermaphrodite flowers,
with a convex receptacle bearing a calyx of five imbricated caducous
Bixa Orellana.
Ka
Fra. 288.
Fioriferous and fructiferous branch (+).
sepals, and five alternate petals, larger and much contorted in
præfloration. Immediately above is inserted an androceum formed
1 Bira L., Gen., n. 654.—J., Gen., 293.— i. 259.—Tourp., in Dict. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 149.—
GÆRTN., Fruct., i. 202, t. 61.—Porr., Dict., vi. Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, vi. 116.—ENDL., Gen.,
229; Suppl.,iv. 691; ZU.,t. 469.—DC., Prodr., n, 5061.—Cros, in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 4, viii-
VOL. IV. A
274 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
of an indefinite number of hypogynous stamens, the filaments free
or very slightly polyadelphous, and reflexed in the bud towards
the apex. This bears a two-celled extrorse anther, presenting
Bixa Orellana.
Fra. 290. Fra. 289. Fr&. 291. Fra. 292.
Diagram. Bud (2). Gynæceum (+).
Fra, 293.
Fruit.
Fie 296. Fie. 294.
Long. sect. of bud. Long. sect. of fruit
(antero-posterior).
decided peculiarities. It is folded back upon itself towards the
middle of its height, thus representing a kind of horseshoe. It is
at the summit of the convexity of this curvature, that is to say,
towards the middle of its height, that each cell begins to open by a
longitudinal cleft, ultimately more or less prolonged towards its two
branches. The gynæceum is superior ; it is composed of a one-
celled ovary surmounted by a hollow style, with apex stigmatiferous,
not swollen, terminated by two very small stigmatiferous crena-
tures. In each ovary cell are found two parietal lateral placentas,
260.—PAYER, Fam. Nat. 110.—Bentu., in Fam. des PL, ii. 381).—Achioti HERN., Thes.,
Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Suppl.,79.—B. H., Gen, '74,—Mitella T., Inst., 242 (part.).
125, 971, n. 8.—Urucu MARCGR. (ex ADANS.,
BIXACE A. 275
but little prominent, each giving insertion to two lateral series of
anatropous ascendent ovules, with micropyle turned downwards and
outwards.' The fruit becomes a capsule, compressed from one side
to the other, and generally covered with more or less rigid prickles ;
it opens into two lateral panels, the internal face supporting a
vertical mesial placenta, but little prominent. At maturity, the
membranous endocarp is generally separated from the exocarp. The
seeds, indefinite in number, are supported by a funicle dilating
round the hilum in a short aril in the form of a cuff (figs. 295, 296).
The other extremity of the seed is larger, and presents a thick’
circular chalaza. The coats are triple. The exterior, membranous
and cellular, is full of yellow or reddish granules, constituting the
tinctorial substance of the Annattos. The fleshy albumen envelops
an axile embryo, coloured green, with cylindro-conical radicle, and
foliaceous cotyledons digitinerved at the base.
This genus includes one or two arborescent species,’ with yellow
or red-coloured juice, simple, alternate leaves, palminerved at the
base, petiolate, accompanied by two lateral caducous stipules. The
flowers' are united at the summit of the branches in ramified
clusters of cymes, the pedicels bearing on their upper part five
glands under the flowers. The Annattos are natives of tropical
America, and have been introduced into all the warm countries of
the globe.
The Annattos constitute by themselves a small subseries (of
Eubixeæ). Oncoba forms a neighbouring subseries in which Carpo-
troche, Mayna, and Dendrostylis axe found united, only representing,
as we think, different sections of the same genus. In all these plants
the diæcious or polygamous flowers have imbricated sepals and
petals varying in number, numerous stamens, the anthers of which,
often elongated and straight, open longitudinally by two clefts.
The fruit is extremely variable as to the consistence of the pericarp,
and the state of its exterior surface.
1 They have two coats, Wieut, Jil., t. 17.—Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i.
2 When the seeds begin to dry, the region of 107; Fl. Sum., 159.—Ottv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
the chalaza contracts, drawing with it the semi- 113.—A. Gray, Amer, Expl. Exp, Bot,, i. 72.
nal segments, and becomes more or less con- —Tuz., in Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 3, vii. 296.—
cave, so as to resemble to a certain extent the Tr. & PL., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii, 93.
iicropyle of an orthotropous seed (figs. 294, —Bot. Mag., t. 1456.—Watp., Ann., vii. 222.
295). 4 Pretty large, handsome, pink.
# H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 353.—
T 3
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
II. FLACOURTIA SERIES.
Flacourtia (figs. 297-300) has unisexual flowers, dicecious or more
rarely polygamous. The calyx is formed of from three to five
sepals,’ imbricated or scarcely touching at their edges, sometimes
very small in the female flowers. Within it the edge of the recep-
tacle is swollen into a circular disk, continuous or lobed, or formed
Flacourtia Cataphracta,
Fra. 297.
Flower (+).
1
Fra. 299.
Fruit (2).
Fra. 298.
Longitudinal section of flower.
Fia. 300.
Longitudinal section of fruit.
of independent glands, sometimes ciliate, generally more developed
in the female flowers, where it may be surrounded by small stamens,
often sterile. In the male flowers the stamens are very numerous,
covering all the receptacle, surrounded by the cushion of the disk,
each formed of a free filament and a short anther, extrorse, two-celled,
versatile, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.’
The gynæceum, of
1 Commers. ex LHER., Stirp., 95, t. 30, 30 &
(1784). — J., Gen, 291 (Flacurtia).—Porr.,
Dict., vi. 65; Suppl., iv. 653; ZU., t. 826.—
DC., Prodr., i. 256.—Spacu, Suit, à Buffon,
vi. 183.—TurRpP., in Dict. Sc, Nat., Atl., t. 150.
—ENDL., Gen. n. 5079,—Ctos, in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér, 4, viii. 212.— PAYER, Fam. Nat., 112.
—BENTH. in Journ. Linn, Soc., v. Suppl, 86.
—B. H., Gen., 128, n. 17.—Stigmarota LOUR.,
Fl. Cochinch., 633.
? Often squamiform, ciliate.
3 The connective is often 2-fid at its lower
extremity (which becomes the upper after the
reciprocating movement of the anther) and each
of its branches, sometimes coloured, is applied
against the back of one of the cells,
BIXACEÆ. 277
which there is generally no trace in the male flowers, is composed
of a free ovary, surmounted by a variable number (two to ten or
twelve) of stylary branches, the summits stigmatiferous dilated,
often bilobed, reflexed or revolute. In the interior of the ovary
may be observed an equal number of parietal placentas advancing
sometimes even to the axis of the cell, where they come in contact,
each supporting two or a larger number' of descendent anatropous
ovules, with micropyle looking upwards and outwards. The fruit
is a drupe, the pericarp finally containing as many nuts as there had
been incomplete cells. In each one or more seeds are found, the
coats covering a fleshy albumen, and an axile embryo with coty-
ledons often orbicular.
Flacourtia consists of trees or shrubs, frequently thorny, inha-
biting all the warm regions of the Old World. The leaves are alter-
nate, petiolate, articulate, accompanied by stipules, generally very
small, with small flowers disposed in axillary cymes, or grouped upon
simple or ramified axes, analogous to spikes, racemes or umbels. A
great number of species have been described,? now reduced to a
dozen, comprising Bennettia Horsfieldii à Javanese species, with
small female flowers, often trimerous.
Beside Hacourtia are ranged: Xylosma (figs. 301, 302), scarcely
differing from it by its flowers in four, five, or six parts, its pla-
centas from two to six in number, its style entire or almost wanting,
or divided above into lobes corresponding in number with the pla-
centas ; Dovyalis, the sepals of which are scarcely imbricated, and the
placentas supporting a much smaller number of ovules; Zrimeria,
which has as many petals as sepals—viz., from three to five, and the
flowers of Dovyalis, with a fruit which opens at the apex ; Peridiscus,
the ovary of which, surmounted by a tolerably large number of
radiating styles, is thickened into a disk as far as the middle of its
height, and is surrounded by from four to five almost valvate sepals,
and by a verticil of tolerably numerous stamens, the filaments being
1 There are often two, superposed one to the
other, or nearly so, the upper being early less
developed than the lower. They have two
Fl, Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 102; F1. Sum., 158.—
Turcz., in Bull, Mosc. (1863), i. 553.—H., By.,
in Adansonia, x. 250.—TUL., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
envelopes.
? H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii. 238.—
Roxs., Pl. Corom., t. 68, 69, 222.—Wiaut &
ARN., Prodr., i. 29.—REICHB., Consp., 188
(Rhamnopsis). — Wieut, Icon., t. 85.— A.
Gray, Amer, Explor, Exp., Bot., 75.—MIq.,
sér, 5, ix. 340,—Otty., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 120.—
Watp., Ann., vii. 228.
3 Mio, Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii, 105.—
Beytu., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 87.—
B. H., Gen., 128, n. 18.—H. BN., in Adan-
sonia, x. 251.—WALP., Ann., vii. 228.
278 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
lodged in the vertical furrows of the disk. The single ovary cell
encloses from six to eight ovules, inserted nearly at its summit. In
Letia, the petaloid sepals are, on the contrary, much imbricated, and
the ovary has three parietal plurio-
vulate placentas, and a single style
with swollen stigmatiferous apex, en-
tire or slightly three-lobed. Herma-
phrodite in the two latter genera, in
Idesia the flowers are dicecious, as in
Dovyalis and Trimeria, their recep-
tacle enlarged into a kind of plate,
recalling the cup-shape which it takes
in the Samydee. Upon its edges it
bears an imbricated calyx, and more
internally, stamens in great number,
with a small rudimentary gynæceum
in the centre. In the female flowers
this becomes fertile, with from three to six pluriovulate placentas,
a similar number of styles divergent from the base, and a fleshy
indehiscent fruit, the numerous seeds lodged in a soft pulp.’
Xylosma Paliurus.
Fie, 301.
Female flower (5).
Fie. 302.
Long. sect. of
female flower.
lil. SAMYDA SERIES.
Samyda’ (figs. 303-306), which has given its name to this group,
does not represent, as we shall presently see, the most perfect type of
it. These are, we may say, perigynous Macourtliee, with regular,
hermaphrodite, and apetalous flowers. The receptacle has the form
of a cup more or less elongated into a tube, bearing on its edges a
petaloid perianth,’ continuous with it, the five divisions being dis-
posed in the bud in quincuncial præfloration : there are rarely four or
1 The genus Streptothamnus (F. MuEzx., voluble, with alternate entire trinerved leaves
Fragm. Phyt. Austral., iii, 27;—BENTH. F1.
Austral., i. 108;—B. H., Gen., 972, n. 7 a)
has been ascribed doubtfully to this group. It
is incompletely known, having flowers with five
imbricated sepals and petals, numerous stamens
with apiculate anthers, and an ovary with
parietal multiovulate placentas, surmounted by
a style with peltate stigmatiferous extremity.
The fruit is a polyspermous berry with albu-
minous seeds, The two known species are
and axillary solitary flowers.
2? L., Gen., n. 543.—J., Gen., 439.— GÆRTN.
F., Fruct., iii. 239, t. 224.—Porr., Dict., vi.
487; Suppl., v. 31.—Lamx. Z/1., t. 355.—DC,,
Prodr., ii. 47.—Ture.in Dict. Se. Nat., Al,
t. 245, 246.—ENDL., G'en., n. 5059.— PAYER,
Fam. Nat. 93.—B. H., Gen. 791, n. 5.—
Sadymia GRISEB., Fl, Brit. W.-Ind., 25,
3 White, pink, or greenish.
BIXACH A. 279
six imbricated divisions. The androceum is formed of from eight to
fifteen stamens, the monadelphous filaments inserted at the throat of
the receptacle forming a tube, being united to a greater or less height
with the perianth. Their summits are free for a variable dis-
tance, often inconsiderable, each bearing a two-celled introrse anther
Samyda serrulata.
Fria. 305.
Diagram.
Fria. 303.
Bud (à).
Fig. 304.
Flower.
Fie. 306.
Longitudinal section of flower (3).
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts... The gynæceum is free, and
occupies the bottom of the cup-shaped receptacle ; it is formed of a
one-celled ovary, surmounted by a style, the stigmatiferous extre-
mity dilated into a head. Upon the walls of the ovary are seen
from three® to five placentas, bearing anatropous ovules.’ The fruit
is more or less fleshy or coriaceous, and terminates by opening from
above downwards in three, four or five valves. It contains nume-
rous seeds, each surrounded by a fleshy aril, often laciniate, and the
crustaceous coats covering a fleshy albumen and an axile embryo
with conical radicle and foliaceous cotyledons.
of shrubs of the Antilles, and the neighbouring regions of the
mainland. The leaves are alternate distichous, spotted with glan-
dular pellucid dots. The short petiole is accompanied by two small
lateral stipules. The flowers are solitary or disposed in small cymes
in the axils of the leaves. Only three or four species are known.
Samyda consists
1 Pollen “ovoid-rounded, with four short
folds ; in water spherical with four short bands,
give them the appearance of campylotropous
ovules. They have double coats. Generally
upon these bands papillæ.” (H. Mout., in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér 2, iii, 327.)
? In this case two of the placentas are pos-
terior (PAYER).
3 Their hilum is often concave and sur-
rounded by a cireular pad. The region of their
micropyle is curved at a late period, so as to
the upper attenuated part of the placenta bears
no ovules; it is prolonged into the interior of
the tubular style.
4 Jacg., Collect., ii. t. 17. —Sw., Fl.-Ind.
Oce., ii. 758.—VeENT., Ch, de Pl, t. 43.—
GriseB., Fl, Brit. W.-Ind., 24.— Bot. May., t.
550.
280 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Beside Samyda is placed Guidonia (figs. 307-309), distinguished
by a receptacular cup generally more extended, and perigynous sta-
mens, from five to fifteen or twenty in number, united among them-
selves, and with an equal number of glandular or petaloid tongues,
alternating with them, and often covered with hairs. The whole
Guidonia ilicifolia.
Togo
CRE
&
0
\ A g
Sensor
F1a. 307. Fie. 308. Fra. 309.
Flower (+). Diagram. Longitudinal section of flower.
of this combination frees itself from the single envelope of the flower
at a greater or less height. The ovary contains three or four parietal
pluriovulate placentas. The flowers in this genera are solitary, or
more generally united in cymes, often umbelliferous. In Osmelia,
consisting of Asiatic plants, the flowers are disposed in slender
racemes, and have from eight to ten stamens, united with an equal
number of villous tongues.
In Zuceræa there are eight stamens and eight alternate tongues
bearded at the summit; but the stigma is represented at the apex
of the ovary by four or six sessile rays, and there are only one or
two ascendent ovules in the ovary. The flowers are numerous on
axillary ramified spikes. Zwnania, nearly allied to the preceding
genera, is immediately distinguished from it, masmuch as the
flowers, disposed in long spikes, have a membranous valvate calyx,
which is irregularly torn at anthesis, stamens with extrorse anthers,
and in their intervals glands with which they are united below into
a single cup, glandular and thick, often glabrous, sometimes bifid.
Tetrathylacium, which appears allied to the preceding genera, has
four stamens alternate with the imbricated sepals, without inter-
vening tongues, the flowers being collected in ramified spikes.
Ryania (figs. 310-313) has great affinity with the preceding genera,
although it has been generally placed in a totally different group—
that of Passifloree. It has quite the vegetative organs of certain spe-
cies of Guidonia, and a slightly concave receptacle upon the edges of
BIXACEX. 281
which at a variable height a prolongation of the disk is found, some-
times very marked. Round this is inserted an indefinite number
of stamens, and more externally five sepals much imbricated, the
Ryania speciosa.
Fie. 310. Fie, 312.
Flower. Longitudinal section of flower.
three interior even convoluted in the bud. The unilocular ovary has
three, four, or five parietal pluriovulate placentas, and the style is
divided above, to a variable distance, in as many branches, stigma-
tiferous at the apex. The woody or suberous fruit
contains seeds provided with a fleshy aril. Ryania speciosa.
It is by these characters that the small subseries
of Ryaniee, constituted by a single American genus,
is distinguished from that of ÆZwsamydeæ, formed of
the five preceding genera.
Scolopia, generally ranged among the Flacourtiee
proper, belongs, according to us, to a third subseries,
very nearly related to that in which Casearia is found,
for it has the same fundamental or-
ganization. The receptacle has the
form of a cup or patera, the edges
and upper surface bearing the pe-
rianth and androceum; these are
therefore really perigynous. The
sepals, from three to six or seven in Fra. 311. Fia. 313.
number, have often in their intervals Diagram. Gynæceum (7).
a like number of petals of nearly
the same size and colour. The anthers are often surmounted by
a linear prolongation of the connective. Among the Scolopicw
282 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
are placed: ZLudia, having a patera-shaped receptacle, from five to
eight sepals, much imbricated, without corolla, a gynæceum analogous
to that of Ryania, Casearia, and Scolopia; Kuhlia, consisting of
American plants, scarcely distin-
guished from Ludia by a slightly
more concave receptacle, and the
coloured sepals, from three to five in
number, which are imbricated, the
fruit being fleshy and indehiscent ;
Banara, which, with the fruit and
flower of Kuhlia, has a calyx of
from three to five valvate sepals,
and a similar number of petals,
similar to the sepals, but imbri-
; fs cated ; Aphloia, which, with the re-
Fra. 314. Fie. 815. :
Flower (+). Long. sect. of flower, ceptacular cup of Scolopia, and a
much imbricated calyx, has only
one carpel and one parietal placenta in the ovary ; Azara (figs. 314,
315), which has the same cup-like receptacle, sepals valvate or
nearly so, without corolla, a unilocular ovary with several placentas,
but surmounted by a simple style, the fleshy fruit being scarcely
dehiscent at the apex; Pyramidocarpus, which has the folioles of the
perianth variable in number, three sepals, then from six to ten
sepaloid petals passing gradually from the pieces of the calyx to
those of the androceum.
Azara crassifolia,
A last subseries, 4datiee, is formed of one single genus Adatia,
which has the concave receptacle of Guidonia, tetramerous apetalous
flowers, valvate sepals, perigynous stamens, from five to ten in
number, or still more considerable, accompanied or not by sterile
filiform filaments, the leaves in all the species being opposite,
without stipules, and the flowers smali, numerous, and arranged in
terminal racemes.
IV. LACISTEMA SERIES.
Lacistema, which seems to us to have been rightly indicated as
a reduced type of Bixacee, has flowers (figs. 316-819) united in
1 Sw., Prodr. (1788), 12; Fl. Ind. Occ., ii. Marr., Nov. Gen, et Spec., i, 56, t. 94, 95.—
1091, t. 21.—Porr., Dict., Suppl. iii. 282— Linz, Veg. Kingd., 329, fig. 225.— ENpt.,
BIXACEÆ. 283
small polygamous, or more usually hermaphrodite, spikes. In the
latter the receptacle has the form of a small cone, supporting first
a calyx, formed of from four to six narrow unequal sepals incurved
Lacistema myricoides.
Fia. 317. Fig. 316. Fra. 318.
Young flower, anterior side. Bud in the axil of a bract (2). Young flower, posterior side,
at the summit when young, persistent, sometimes very small or
even disappearing almost completely. Within the calyx a glandular
disk is found, having the form of a circular cupule, nearly regular
and regularly lobed upon the edges, or more fre-
quently very unequal and especially developed Zacistema myricoides.
upon the anterior side of the flower. More in-
ternally, the androceum is only represented by
a single free hypogynous stamen with the fila-
ment dilated above into a glandular bifurcate
connective, and each short branch of which
supports an isolated anther cell, dehiscing
towards the edges, or a little more within, by eee re
a longitudinal cleft.’ The free and superior (antero-posterior).
gynæceum is 1-celled, and attenuated above into
a style the summit of which separates into three stigmatiferous
branches, slender, recurved, often very unequal.’ The ovary cell
contains three parietal placentas, alternating with the divisions of the
style. Each gives insertion to two or one single ovule, descendent,
incompletely anatropous, with superior and interior® micropyle. The
fruit at first slightly fleshy, ends by becoming a loculicidal capsule,
Fia. 319.
Gen,, n. 1907.— Paynr, Fam. Nat. 156.— (1810), 20.—DC., Prodr., iii. 30.—ENDL., Gen.,
Scunizu., in Mart. Fl. Bras., fase. 38, 279.— n. 6074.—Pt., in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 4, ii, 265.
A. DC., Prodr., xvi. 591.—H. By., in Adan- —Didymandra W., Sp. PL, iv. 971.
sonia, x. 256.—Synzyganthera Ruiz. & Pav., 1 According to SCHNIZLEIN, the pollen grains
Prodr, (1794), 137, t. 30.—Nematospermum L. are oval, smooth, or with three folds.
C. Ricw., in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. (1792), 2 Two are anterior, and often much more de-
105.—Guittem., in Dict, Class. Hist, Nat. veloped than the posterior.
ix. 499.—Lozania Mur., in Sem. Nov. Gran. 3 With two coats.
284. NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
the three valves presenting within upon the midrib a prominent
placenta. One among them bears a descendent seed, the superficial
fleshy coat and the crustaceous testa covering a thick fleshy albumen.
In the axis of this is formed a straight embryo with long superior
radicle and foliaceous cotyledons.
Lacistema consists of small trees or shrubs of tropical America,
fifteen species being distinguished.’ The leaves are alternate, with a
petiole articulated at the base and accompanied by two lateral
caducous stipules, the limb being simple, penninerved, and some-
times covered with pellucid punctures. The flowers are united in
small amentiform spikes, being numerous in the axil of a given leaf,
where they are themselves collected in spikes. They differ much in
age, and also in their very various states of development. The
slender axis of each bearing alternate bracts, imbricated at first,
uniflorous, and accompanied by two lateral bractlets, similar to the
sepals, but generally narrower.
V. CALANTICA SERIES.
Calantica’ (figs. 320, 321) has regular hermaphrodite flowers.
The receptacle has the form of a spreading porringer, on the edges of
which from five to eight valvate sepals are inserted, and a like number
Calantica cerasifolia.
Fia. 320, Fa. 321.
Flower (4). Longitudinal section of flower.
of perigynous, alternate, linear petals. In the intervals of the petals
is found a large gland, concave within, spreading to a tolerable
distance over the internal face of the sepals. The stamens are the
1 Bere., in Act, Helv., vii. t. 10 (Piper) — 2 Tu, in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, viii. 74.—
Ruper, Guian., t. 4 (Piper).— Miq, in Payer, Fam. Nat., 83.—B. H., Gen., 799, n.
Linnea, xviii. 24,—A. DC., loc. cil., 591-594.— 12.—H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. 256.
Watr., Ann., iv. 228 (Lozania).
BIXACEÆ. 285
same in number as the petals to which they are superposed. They
are slightly perigynous, but are inserted lower and more internally
than the petals. Their filaments are free, and their anthers 2-celled,
extrorse, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The gynæceum is
free, composed of a l-celled ovary, surmounted by from three to
six linear styles, stigmatiferous towards the summit. There are
an equal number of parietal placentas, alternating with the styles
and supporting numerous ovules, arranged in several ranks. The
fruit, accompanied at its base by the persistent perianth, is a pluri-
valved and polyspermous capsule. ‘The seeds, inserted upon the
middle of each valve, are covered with cottonous threads, and con-
tain under their coats a fleshy albumen, surrounding an embryo
with cylindrical superior radicle and nearly oval foliaceous coty-
ledons.
Calantica consists of trees from the Mascareign Isles. In the two
known species' the leaves are alternate, simple, petiolate, accom-
panied by two lateral stipules. The teeth of the limb are glandular.
The flowers are disposed in ramified clusters of cymes, and accom-
panied by setaceous bracts and bractlets.
Under the name of Bivinia Jalbert’ is distinguished an apetalous
Calantica, the stamens of which, instead of being solitary, are
grouped in bundles placed before each petal, so that their total
number is fifty or sixty. This is a shrub of the Eastern Isles of
tropical Africa, whose organs of vegetation and fruit are nearly
the same as those of Ca/antica, and the inflorescence axillary.
Beside Calantica are placed Dissomeria and Asteropeia, which have
nearly the same receptacle. The former has a double corolla and
numerous stamens ; the latter a single pentamerous corolla and from
ten to fifteen stamens, united at their base in a short ring, and in an
entirely free ovary, three pluriovulate placentas advancing into the
cavity of the ovary, so as to divide it below into almost complete
cells.
1 DC,, Prodr., ii. 54 (Blackwellia).—VENt., 2 Tux, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, viii. 78.—
Choix de Pl, Jard. Cels. (1803), t. 56(Black- B.H., Gen., 800, n. 13.—Masr., in Oliv. Fl.
wellia). Trop. Afr., ii. 496.
-
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
VI. HOMALIUM SERIES.
The Acomas' (figs. 322-325) have regular hermaphrodite flowers.
The receptacle has the form of a short cornet or a turbinate sac, in
the concavity of which is inserted the lower part of the gynæceum ;
after which the receptacle widens into a shallow cup, bearing a calyx
or corolla upon the edges without or within. The leaves of both are
Homalium racemosum.
Fia. 322.
Flower (5).
Fia. 323.
Longitudinal section of flower.
variable in number, generally from five to eight. The sepals are
valvate or slightly imbricated. The corolla is formed of a like number
of alternate petals, often analogous to the sepals in colour and con-
sistence, but more developed, imbricated, or contorted in præfloration.
In certain species, such as 77. paniculatum, integrifolium, napaulense,
become types of the genus ÆZackwellia there is in front of each
petal a stamen, like it also inserted on the throat of the receptacle, and
formed of a free filament and a 2-celled extrorse anther dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts. In /7. racemosum, on the contrary, and in a
great many neighbouring species, there are two stamens or a bundle
formed of a variable number of these organs in front of each petal.’
In all the species the alternipetalous glands are interposed to bundles
of stamens, on a level with which they are inserted.
The partly in-
1 Homalium JACQ., Stirp. Amer. (1763), 173,
t. 183, fig. 72.—J., Gen., 343, 452.—Lamk.,
Dict., i. 32; Suppl., i. 112; Z/4., t. 483.—DC.,
Prodr., ii. 53.—ENDt., Gen., n. 5086.— PAYER,
Fam. Nat., 83.—BENTH., in Journ. Linn. Soc.,
iv. 83.—B. H., Gen., 800, n. 15 (inel.: Acoma
Apans., <Astranthus Lour., Blackwellia J.,
Cordylanthus Bu, Lagunezia Scor., Myrian-
theia Dvv.-Tu., Napimoga Augr., Nisa
Noronx. (!), Pythagorea Lour.,
AUBz., Tattia Scop., Vermontea Scor.).
2 Comm., ex J., Gen., 343.—LamK., Dict., i.
Racoubea
.
428; Suppl, i....; TUL, t. 412.—DC., Prodr.,
ii. 54.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5087.—PAYER, Fam.
Nat, 83.—Astranthus Lour., Fl. Cochinch.,
221.— Nisa Noronu., ex Dur.-TxH., Nov. Gen.
Madag., 24.—DC., Prodr., ii. 55—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5091.— PAYER, Fam. Nat., 82.
3 Character of a section which formerly con-
stituted the genus Racoubea (AUBL., Guian.
(1775), i. 236;—Napimoga AUBL., loc. cit.
592, t, 237; Myriantheia Dur.-TH., Gen.
Nov. Madag., 21;—Envu., Gen., n. 5090 ;—
Cordylanthus Bu., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., ii. 27, t.3).
BIXACEÆ. 287
ferior ovary is unilocular, with three, four, or a greater number of
placentas, each bearing one,’ two, or a larger number of anatropous
and descendent ovules. The free
summit of the ovary is surmounted
by style branches equal in number
to the placentas with which they
alternate, and stigmatiferous at their
scarcely swollen apex. ‘The fruit
is a capsule round which persists
the receptacle and the hardened
perianth. It opens at the summit
into as many valves as there are
Homalium (Nisa) involucratum.
4
s ing h s
carpel separating to allow the seed Re Ravage:
to escape which have a fleshy albu- Bud (5). Long. sect. of bud.
men, an axile embryo, with but
little developed foliaceous cotyledons. As many as thirty’ Acomas
are known, natives of all the warm regions of the world. They are
trees or shrubs, with alternate simple petiolate leaves, with or without
stipules. Their flowers are disposed in axillary, ramified multiflorous
racemes.
Byrsanthus® (fig. 326) is very slightly different from Homalium.
The flowers have the same general organization, even to the concave
receptacle, gynæceum, and mode of placentation. But the sepals, five
or six in number, are thicker, and the petals coriaceous, connivent
in the shape of the bowl of a spoon concave within with induplicate
edges. The stamens are generally three times as numerous as
the petals. There is first one in front of each petal, and outside it
a gland is found, then more externally another pair of stamens.
These are free, formed of a slender filament and a 2-celled extrorse
Round the gynæceum are seen five other glands more inte-
The fruit is a
anther.
rior than the preceding, and alternate with them.
1 In the section Nisa (fig. 325). 497.—Tr. & Pu., in Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 4.
2 Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ., 989, t. 17.—JLINDL., in
Bot. Reg., t. 1308.—Watu., Pl. As. Rar., t.
179.—Dzcess., Ic. Sel., iii. t. 53 (Blackwellia).
—VENT., Ch. de PL, t. 55-57 (Blackwellia).
WiGur, Zcon., t. 1851.—Bu., Mus. Lugd.-Bat.,
li. 28.— BENTH., Fl, Hongk., 122; Fl. Austral.,
iii. 309 ; Niger, 361.—Tut., in Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 4, vi. 58 (Blackwellia), 65 (Myrianthea),
67 (Nisa).—Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., ii.
xvii. 118.—Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 714.
—Hary. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 72 (Blact-
wellia).
3 GUILLEM., in Deless. Ic. Sel., iii. 30, t.
52 (nec PREsL).—Linpr., Veg. Kingd., 742,
fig. 446.—Payer, Fam. Nat., 83.—B. H.,
Gen. 800, n. 16.— Anetia ENDL, Gen., n.
5088.
288 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
capsule opening at the summit into as many panels as there are
carpels and styles, that is to say, four or five. The seeds mostly
abort, except one, which fills almost
Byrsanthus Brownii. the whole of the fruit, and contains
under its coats a fleshy albumen, en-
veloping a conical superior radicle with
large foliaceous cotyledons. The leaves
are alternate, stipulate, and the articu-
late flowers are disposed like those of
Homalium, upon ramified axes ; but their
pedicels are extremely short. Two
species’ of Byrsanthus are described, na-
tives of tropical Western Africa, trees
Fra, 326, with simple alternate leaves, and flowers
Brie dy. collected in racemes or spikes.
VII. PANGIUM SERIES.
The flowers in this series are dicecious or polygamous. Those of
Pangium’® (figs. 327-329) have a gamosepalous, valvate calyx un-
equally torn at anthesis. More internally the convex receptacle
bears from five to eight imbricated petals, each presenting within
its base a tolerably flattened scale. The stamens are indefinite in num-
ber in the male flower, and each formed of a thick filament, swollen
and fleshy, tapering at the apex, which supports an oval two-celled
introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. In the female
flower the perianth is the same, and the stamens, few in number,
are generally reduced to hypogynous tongues. The gynæceum is
composed of a sessile ovary, surmounted by a wide glandular plate
stigmatiferous, irregularly divided into two, three, or four lobes by
shallow furrows. In the interior of the ovary there is but one
cavity, with two or three parietal placentas, but little prominent,
each supporting a variable number of anatropous ovules, horizontal
1 Mast., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., ii. 468. 178; Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i. 14.—BENN., Pl. Jav.
2 Rumpu., Herb. Amboin., ii. 182, t. 59— Rar., 205, 208, t. 48.—Linpu., Veg. Kingd.,
REINW., in Syllog. Pl. Soc. Ratish., ii, 12.— 323, fig. 223.—B. H., Gen., 129,n. 23.— Lem. &
Bu., De Nov. Quib. Plant, Fam. Exp.(ex Ann. Denn, Tr. Gén., 427.—SCHNIZL, Iconogr., t.
Se. Nat., sér. 2, ii. 90); Rumphia, iv. 20, t. 195 a.
BIXACEÆ. 289
or a little oblique, disposed in two vertical series. The fruit is an
enormous globular, indehiscent berry, the interior containing a great
number of large seeds, lodged in
the pulp, irregular, compressed, pre-
senting upon one of the edges a
long, narrow, umbilical cicatrix,
the woody coats bearing exter-
nally a rich network of prominent
nerves. In the interior is found
a thick oily albumen, at the centre
of which is a large embryo, with
more or less oblique conical radicle,
and large foliaceous cotyledons, cor-
date or digitinerved at their base.
Only one species of Pangium' is
known. Itis a Japanese tree, bearing alternate petiolate leaves, with
two lateral stipules, more or less adnate to the petiole, often per-
Pangium edule.
Fia. 327.
Male flower.
Pangium edule.
Fra. 328. Fra. 329,
Seed. Longitudinal section of seed.
sistent, and a cordate limb digitinerved at the base, entire or tri-
lobed. Its flowers are axillary, the female ones solitary, the male
disposed in ramified clusters of cymes.
Close beside Pangium are placed: Gynocardia, having the same
general organization, with a valvate but cupuliform calyx allowing
1 P. edule REINW., Cat. Pl. Buitenz., 112. RADEMACH., Besk. Jav. Pl., 21; Bijd., 52.—
—Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 109.—Warr., Pangi RuMPH, loc. cit—Bucn., Dec., v. t. 7.
Rep., v. 58; Ann., ii. 62.—Cloak v. Klobach
NOMS UA U
290 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
the corolla in the bud to issue above it elongated, anthers, and
an ovary with five multiovulate placentas, surmounted by an equal
number of style divisions, with a large stigmatiferous head;
Bergsmia, which, with the
Kiggelaria africana. perianth of Pangium, has much
smaller flowers in racemes,
and nearly as many alter-
nate stamens as petals. In the
female flowers they are reduced
j to four or five sterile tongues ;
Re sn meanest in the male, their filaments are
Male flower (3). Female flower (2). joined below into a tube round
the rudiment of a gynæceum,
and their radiating anthers, at first introrse, turn their lines of dehis-
cence decidedly upwards. In Zrichadenia the calyx is unequally torn
or detached circularly at the base. The stamens are narrow and elon-
gated, like those of Gynocardia ; but the cells are marginal, and the
androceum isostemonous. The placentas are generally uniovulate.
Hydnocarpus has from five to eight stamens. In the female flower they
are often fertile, that is to say, provided with a basifixed anther, often
reniform, with marginal cells. The placentas are often pauciovulate,
and the ovules ascendent, with the micropyle directed downwards
and inwards. ‘The calyx, instead of being gamosepalous and val-
vate, is composed of leaves very distinctly imbricated. it is the
same in Rawsonia, closely connecting Pangiee to Bixee by means
of Oncoba, the polygamous flowers of which have from four to five
sepals, passing gradually to a like number of petals, lined within
by a plate almost petaloid, or covered with down, and‘very numerous
* stamens with anthers more or less sagittate at the base, and in-
serted upon a receptacle more or less dilated. The ovary contains
from two to five multiovulate placentas, and is surmounted by a
style with lobes more or less developed, erect or finally patulous
and radiating. Lastly, Avggelaria (figs. 330, 331) has a valvate
or scarcely imbricated calyx, anthers only dehiscing for a short
distance near the apex, and a fruit which opens with difficulty, or
incompletely into a variable number of valves.
BIXACEA. 291
VIII. PAPAYA SERIES (Fr., Papayer).
The Papayads' (figs
gs. 332-338) have polygamous or diæcious re-
gular flowers. In the male flowers, the convex receptacle bears a
Papaya Carica.
gamosepalous calyx, generally little developed, cut into five imbri-
cated or valvate teeth, and a gamosepalous corolla, generally infun-
1 Papaya T., Inst., 659, t. 441.—Apans,, Turp., in Dict, Se. Nat, Atl., t. 212. —
Fam. des Pl., ii. 357.—J., Gen., 399.—GÆRTN., SCHNIZL., Iconogr., fase. 7, ic.—SPACH, Suit. à
Fruct., ii. 191, t. 122.—DC., in Lamk. Dict.,v. Buffon, xiii. 314.—END, Gen, n. 5119.—
2.—Lamx., Ill, t. 821.—A.DC., Prodr., xv. PAYER, Fam. Nat., 118.—B. H., Gen., 815, n.
p. i. 414.—H. BN., in Adansonia,, x. 258.— 17.
Carica L., Gen. n. 1127 (ed. 1, n. 759).—
vu 2
292
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
dibuliform or hypocrateriform, with narrow tube and limb divided
into five equal lobes.’ The androceum is formed of ten stamens
superposed, five to the divisions of the calyx, and five placed lower,
to the lobes of the corolla. They are all inserted towards the throat
of the latter, and each formed of a two-celled, introrse anther dehis-
cing by two longitudinal clefts, and of a filament which varies some-
times in length,’ sometimes inasmuch as it is free or united to a
Papaya Carica.
Fra. 333. Fra. 335. FiG. 336. Fra, 334.
Male flower. Seed (2). Long. sect. of Patulous corolla of
seed, female flower.
variable distance from the base with the neighbouring filaments.*
A rudimentary gynæceum, with tapering apex, occupies the bottom
of the flower. In the female flowers there is a calyx analogous to
that of the male flowers, and a corolla with five free petals, valvate
or contorted in the bud. The androceum is totally wanting, or more
rarely it is formed of a variable number of hypogynous stamens,
little developed but fertile however, like those of the male flowers.’
The gynæceum, here completely developed, is composed of a free
unilocular ovary, surmounted by a style with five branches, more or
' When they are contorted in præfloration
their two halves are often a little unsymmetrical.
The corolla is generally large, white, yellowish, or
greenish. In the true Papaya (Hupapaya) DE
CANDOLLE described the lobes of the corolla
as being constantly ‘ dextrorsum (e centro 3 The monadelphia is more or less pronounced
floris observati) contorti”’ But BENTHAM & in Jacartia (Marcor., Bras, 128, ic.; —
Hooker say rightly:—Character ab æstiva- A. DC., Prodr., 419 ;—B. H., Gen., 815, n. 18),
tione desumptus inter Papayam et Vasconcel- sometimes generically distinguished, and whose
almost sessile, the other five having longer fila-
ments. The pollen is ovoidal with three folds;
in water it becomes spherical with three papil-
lose bands, (H. Mout, in Ann, Se. Nat., sér, 2,
iii, 327).
liam, qui ex sententia CANDOLLET optimus est,
nobis nullius momenti apparet, num in duabus
speciebus flores in eodem specimine invenimus
æstivatione sinistrorsum et dextrorsum con-
torta.”
2 The five oppositipetalous anthers are often
leaves are always digitate; but which we only
make a section of the genus Papaya.
4 Whence it results that the female Papayas,
which are cultivated far from the male plant,
often bear in our greenhouses fruits containing
fertile seeds,
BIXACEÆ.
293
less divided and subdivided into branchlets the extremity being stig-
matiferous.
In the ovary are seen five more or less prominent
parietal placentas, bearing an indefinite number of anatropous
ovules.!
The fruit is a berry, the pulp containing numerous seeds.
These are formed of thick coats, particularly the middle one? which
cover a fleshy albumen, enveloping an axile embryo, with cylindrical
radicle and oblong foliaceous cotyledons, digitinerved at the base.
Certain Papayads, distinguished under the name of Vasconcella’
(figs. 337, 338), differ from the preceding, in that their corolla is
Papaya (Vasconcella) quercifolia.
Fia. 337.
Male inflorescence.
Fie, 338.
Patulous corolla of male flower.
oftener valvate, and their ovary divided to a variable height, into
five more or less incomplete lobes, each presenting a placenta upon
its dorsal wall.
The Papayads are trees or shrubs of tropical America, of which more
thantwenty species’ are known. All their organs contain a milkyjuice.’
1 Disposed in two or a greater number of
series, They have two envelopes, and long
remain cylindrical elongated, phalliform, At
the adult age their funicle, which serves to direct
the pollen tubes towards the micropyle, often
thickens on the face of the latter.
2 It is often of a suberose consistence, and con-
tains a milky latex; it is enveloped by a mem-
brane often described as an adherent aril.
(Jacq. F., Eclog., 101).—J. G. AGarpu, Theor.
Syst. Pl., 379.—B. H., loc. cit.). The testa is
coriaceous, or crustaceous, with exterior surface
smooth, rugose, or bristling with prickles.
3 A. S. H., Deux Mém. sur les Résédac., ‘ii.
13, in Mém. Soc. Roy. d'Orléans, i. 12.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5120.—Payer, Fam. Nat. 119.—
Zasconcellea A. DC., Prodr., 414. — Vascon-
cellia B. H., loc. cit.
4 JacQ., Hort. Schenbr., iii. t. 309-311.—
Jacq. F., Æclog.,t. 68, 69.—AUBL., Guian., ii,
t, 346.—VELLOZ., Fl, Flum., x. t. 130—-133.—
Hoox. & ARN., Beech. Voy., Bot., 425, t. 98.—
Desr., in Ann. Mus., i. 273, t.18 (Vasconcella).—
Parr. & Enpz., Nov, Gen. et Spec, ii. t. 182.—
Wieut, Il, t. 106, 107.—Derse., Fl. Méd.
Ant., i. t. 47, 48.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., ii, 413, t.
25.—A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp., Bot., i. 640.
—Enrnst, in Seem. Journ. of Bot, (1866), §1.—
Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. 697.— Bot. Reg., t. 499.
—Bot. Mag., t. 2898, 2899, 3633.—Watp.,
Rep., ii. 205 ; Ann., ii. 649; iv. 868.
5 It is covered with prickles in the Jaca-
ralia, as well as the branches, petioles, Ke.
294 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Their trunk is often simple,’ and their summit bears a crown of
alternate leaves, more or less near together, petiolate, exstipulate,
with a simple digitinerved limb, more or less cut, or more rarely
compound-digitate, with a number of leaves varying from five to
twelve. The flowers are axillary, or disposed upon the wood in
simple racemes, or in clusters of cymes, without bracts.
IX. TURNERA SERIES.
Turnerad (figs. 339-342) has regular flowers generally herma-
phrodite. The exterior perianth, or calyx, has the form of a tube,’ di-
lating above into a funnel or bell shape, and dividing at this point into
oblong plates, linear or lanceolate, disposed in quincuncial præflora-
tion in the bud. The corolla is formed of five petals alternating
with the divisions of the calyx. They are most generally inserted
near its throat, and are much developed, so as to be represented by
large coloured membranous plates,‘ oboval-rounded or spathulate,
with a short claw, and they are disposed in contorted præfloration in
the bud. But there are certain species in which the petals, little
developed, not very brilliant in colour, are reduced to tongues
which do not surpass or even attain to the height of the sepals,
while they are too narrow to cover or touch each other, even in
the bud.’
In one of the species, distinguished under the generic name of
Erblichia, the claw of the petal is crowned by short threads. The
androceum is formed of five stamens alternate with the petals, and
either inserted on a level with them, or more usually lower down on
GriseB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 297. — Triacis
Grises., loc. cit. (ex B. H.).
1 VAUQUEL., in Ann. Chim., xlii. 267. —
Hozper, in Mem. Werner. Soc., 1. 245.—
Paprp., loc. cit., ii, 60.—SCHACHT., in Ann, Se.
Nat., sér. 4, viii. 164.
2 Prum., Gen., 15, t.12.—L., Gen., n.376.—
ADANS., Fam. des. Pl., ii. 244.—J., Gen., 313.
—GÆRIN., Fruct., i, 866, t. 76.—Porr., Dict.,
viii, 141; Suppl, v. 374; ZU, t. 212—DC.,
Prodr., iii. 346.—TurpP., in Dict. Sc. Nat., Atl.,
t. 214.—Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, vi. 250.—
Linpt., Veg. Kingd., 347, t. 239.—ENDz., Gen.,
n. 5056.—Payer, Fam. Nat. 92.—B. H.,
Gen., 806, n. 1.—LEM. & DCNE., Tr. Gén., 277.
—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 258.—Pumilea P.
Br., Jam., 188 (ex Apans.),— Bohadschia
Priest, Rel. Henk., ii. 98, t. 68.— Tribolacis
3 This tube is probably of the nature of a
receptacle, and on this account comparable with
Samyda. If so, it would be better to say that
the sepals are free, or nearly so, and that the
true calyx only commences with the insertion of
the petals.
+ Yellow, white, pink, or lilac, with occa-
sionally a basilar spot of blackish purple.
5 Especially in 7. decipiens (H. BN., in
Adansonia, x. 246), of which we have made the
type of a section Cephalacis, and whose in-
florescence is in capitula.
6 SEEM., see er.
B. H., Gen., 807, n. 2.
27. —
Bot., 130, t.
BIXACE.
the floral tube.
295
They can descend very low in that way, and their
insertion may thus become almost completely hypogynous; this
occurs especially in certain African species forming the genus
Turnera cistoides.
Fic. 339,
Floriferous branch.
Wormskioldia:
Each stamen is composed of a free filament, linear
or flattened, and of an oblong, two-celled, introrse anther, dehiscing
by two longitudinal clefts.
The gynæceum is free at the bottom of
the floral tube, formed of a unilocular ovary, and surmounted
by three styles, of which the two anterior ure generally simple,
very soon bipartite as in Pirigueta, with the stigmatiferous apex
nearly entire,’ more generally fimbriate, fan-shaped.*| Each placenta
1 Scaum. & THôNN., Beskr., i. 165.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5058.—B. H., Gen., 807, n. 8.—Tri-
cliceras DC., Pl. Rar. Jard. Gen., 56.— Schu-
macheria SPRENG., Gen., 232, n. 1220 (nec
VAHL). — Streptopetalum Hocust., in Flora
(1841), 665.
2 AuBL., Guian., i. 298, t. 117.—J., Gen.,
295.—DC., Prodr., iii. 318.—ENDL., Gen., n.
5057.—Burghartia Necx., Elem. n. 1186.—
Burkardia Scopv., Introd., n. 1027.
3 It is especially so in the Prblichia.
4 The divisions are from two to five, or even
indefinite in number.
296 VATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
supports one, two or more frequently an indefinite number of
ascendent anatropous ovules, with interior and inferior micropyle.'
The fruit (fig. 341) is an almost globular, ovoid, oblong capsule, or
in certain Wormskioldia, narrow, much elongated, siliquiform and
Turnera ulmifolia.
Fra. 342.
Seed (8).
Fie. 341.
Dehiscent fruit.
Fig. 340.
Flower,
torulose. Its three valves bear on the middle of their internal face
a very variable number of seeds (tig. 342), provided with a membra-
nous aril,’ the coats* covering a fleshy albumen, and an almost cylin-
drical axile embryo, with plano-convex cotyledons. About seventy-
five species‘ of the genus are known. ‘They are herbaceous, suffru-
tescent, or frutescent plants, glabrous or covered with hairs, and
their habit and foliage are very variable. The leaves are alternate,
sessile or petiolate, simple, entire, dentate, or pinnatifid. Their
petiole is accompanied at the base by two lateral stipules, often small,
sometimes wanting, and the base of their limb sometimes bears two
lateral glands. Their flowers are axillary, solitary, or more rarely
united in racemes or cymes, sometimes in capitula (Cephalacis), and
they are often connate for a variable distance with the petiole of
their axile leaf. Zurnera is principally American, more rarely found
in tropical and southern Africa; Wormskioldia is entirely of the
latter regions.
4H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vi. 127.—
1 When they are numerous they are ranged
in two rows for each placenta; they have two
envelopes, and their umbilical region already
presents a slight swelling in the form of a pad,
the first rudiment of the aril.
2 This has most generally the form of a small
erect leaf, almost independent of the seed, or
partly enveloping it at its base like a sort of
cornet, We have seen it springing from the
umbilicus.
3 The testa is crustaceous, or in general pretty
regularly foyeate.
A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii, 212, t. 119-124,
—Tot., in Ann, Soc. Nat., sér. 5, ix, 322-324
(Wormskioldia).—Guizzem. & PErr., F7. Sen.
Tent., i. t. 11 (Wormskioldia).— Harv. & SOND.,
Fil, Cap., ii, 599.—HaRrv., Thes. Cap., t. 140.—
Hoox., Jcon., t. 22.—Kt., in Pet, Reise. Moss.,
Bot., 146, t. 26 (Wormskioldia).—GnisrEB., Fl.
Brit. W.-Ind., 297.—Wazr., Rep., ii. 228, 230;
v. 782; Ann. ii. 658. Fs
BIXACEÆ. 297
X. COCHLOSPERMUM SERIES.
Cochlospermum (fig. 343) has beautiful hermaphrodite regular
flowers, with receptacle slightly convex, bearing five sepals*
quincuncially imbricated, caducous, and five alternate petals, con-
torted in præfloration. Higher up are inserted a large number of
hypogynous stamens, each formed of a free filament,’ and an almost
Cochlospermum Gossypium.
Fra. 343.
Flower.
basifixed, elongated anther with two cells,‘ opening inwardly from
the apex’ by an orifice sometimes very short, sometimes a little more
elongated and constituted by two short clefts, which cireumscribe,
in uniting above, a short triangular panel.’ The gynæceum is supe-
rior, composed of a free one-celled ovary, surmounted by a tubu-
lar style, with stigmatiferous extremity, entire or slightly dentate.
In the ovary, in front of the sepals, are seen five falciform parietal
placentas (or only three, the two lateral placentas disappearing),
facing each other at their concave edge. Below they generally
come in contact, so that the ovary at this level becomes pluri-
1 K., Malvac., 6.—Cambess,, in Mém. Mus.,
xvi, 402.— Enpu., Gen. n. 5405.—PL., Sur la
Nouv. Fam. des Cochlospermées (in Hook.
Lond. Journ., vi. 306).—B. H., Gen., 124, 971,
n. 1.—BENTH., in Jowrn. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl,
78.—H. BN. in Adansonia, x. 259.—Maai-
miliana Marv., in Flora (1819), 451.— Wit-
telshachia Marv. & Zucc., Nov, Gen. et Spec.,i.
80, t. 55. — Azeredia ARRUD. (ex ALLEM.,
Desenb. Arrud., ¢. ic.).
2 Oceasionally four or six.
3 Sometimes a little longer on one side of the
flower than on the other.
4 Each divided into two cellules in the greater
part of their length.
5 Often surmounted by a small point.
5 PLANCHON has distinguished two subgenera :
Diporandra, the anthers of which open by
two pores, and Æucocklospermum, where there
is only one.
298 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
locular. Above they remain more or less separated from each other,
so that at this height the axis of the ovary is occupied by a single ca-
vity. Upon the faces of the placentas, and in a very variable extent of
their lower part,’ are seen an indefinite number of anatropous ovules,
disposed in two or several series. The fruit is a capsule, with three
or five incomplete cells having a very peculiar mode of dehiscence.
The endocarp, membranous or like parchment, divides into valves,
bearing upon the middle of their internal face seminiferous parti-
tions, at the same time detaching itself from the more exterior
layers of the pericarp, the valves of which alternate with its own.
The reniform or spiral seeds contain under their coats,” the exterior
covered with woody hairs of variable length, a fleshy albumen, in
the axis of which is found a greenish incurved embryo, with cylin-
dro-conical radicle, and oval foliaceous cotyledons.
Cochlospermum consists of trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, with
tuberous rhizome,’ filled with a yellow or reddish juice. The leaves
are alternate, palmatifid, or digitate. Their flowers are disposed at
the summit of the branches, and in the axils of the upper leaves in
more or less compound racemes. A dozen species‘ are distinguished
in this genus, natives of all the tropical regions of the world.
In certain species of Cochlospermum the falciform partitions of the
ovary are much elevated, so that below the base of the style there
is but a very small cavity corresponding with the axis of the ovary.
In one or two species of the Western regions of the two Americas,
distinguished under the name of Amoreuxia, but which, accord-
ing to us, only constitute a series in the genus Cochlospermum,
1 The line according to which the insertion of
the ovules ceases above, is often more or less
oblique from above downwards, and from within
outwards.
2 We have seen (Adansonia, x. 260) that
under the superficial coat, covered with hairs, the
hard and dusky testa bears at one of its ex-
tremities (that which corresponds to the apex of
the cotyledons) a cireular opening, made as with
a punch, and which would be wide open, if the
interior membrane, elsewhere soft and pale, did
not thicken at this point into a sort of brown
cork, which is applied like a plug upon the
internal orifice. We have observed the same
peculiarity in Amoreuvia.
# Which must certainly be considered as a
woody stem, short, thick-set, and subterraneous,
so that the aerial herbaceous axes would only be
annual branches.
4 L., Syst., 517 (Bombax),— Burm., Ind.,
145 (Bombax). — Cav., Dess., v. 297, t. 157
(Bombax),— SonnER., Voy., ii. 285, t. 133
(Bombax).—A. 8. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 57; Fl.
Bras. Mer., i. 296.—CambeEss., in Mém. Mus.,
xvi, 402.—Wiaent, in Hook, Bot. Mise. Suppl.
t. 18.—Wiaentr & ARN., Prodr,, i. 87.—Roxz.,
F1. Ind., ii. 169.—K., Syn. Pl. Æquin., iii. 214,
—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii. 233,—
GUILLEM. & PERR., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. t. 21.—
Ourv., F1. Trop. Afr. i. 112.—F. Mvertt.,
Fragm., i. 71.—BENTH., Fl. Austral., i. 105.—
Watp., Ann., i. 115; i1.176; vii. 222.
5 Sess. & Moc., Fl. Mexic, ined. (ex DC.,
Prodr., ii. 638).—EnDL., Gen,,n. 6403 (Rosacea).
—Pu., in Hook. Lond. Journ., vi. 140, 306, t. 1.
—A. Gray, Fl. Wright., ii. t. 12—H. Bn,, in
Adansonia, x. 259.—Watvr., Ann., iv. 340.
BIXACEZ: 299
the three partitions are much more elevated and divide the cavity of
the ovary into three complete cells. The organization of the flower,
leaves, fruit, and seeds is the same; but the superficial coat of the
seeds only bears very short thinly-scattered hairs, as in certain species,
of Gossypium (Fr., Cotonniers), on account of which they have been
wrongly described as glabrous.
ns
The family of Bivacee is one which has been formed by links. It
was established in 1815 under the name of #acourtiance, by L. C.
Ricwarp,' whose son afterwards showed the identity of the group with
the Bizacee proper. A. L. pe Jussieu, in his Gezera, had confounded
with the Z7i//acee those genera of Bixaceæ known in his time—that
is to say, Flacourtia, Oncoba, Bixa, Letia, and Banara. He left in
Incerte sedis, Samyda, and under the name of Axnavinga, Guidonia
(Casearia), which he placed somewhere else among the Ciste, under
the title of Piparea. Papaya ought, it appeared to him, to be placed
among the Cucurbitacee ; Turnera among the Portulacee, Ludia and
Homalium among the Rosaceæ. In 1822, Kunts* gave the name
of Bizxinee to the family, followed closely by De Canporze, who
preserved as distinct the Orders of Macourtiane and Bixinee, admit-
ting in the first, Ryania, Flacourtia, Xylosma (Romuea), Kiggelaria,
Melicytus, Hydnocarpus, Erythrospermum, and in the latter, Biza,
‘Bonara, Letia, Prockia, Ludia, and Azara. Yn 1836, Linpiey* sub-
stituted the name of Bivinee for that of Bivacee, adopted by Enpui-
cHER’ and by most of his successors. LINDLEY moreover, in 1846,
placed in the same alliance the Vvolales, the Bizxacee proper (Ma-
courtiacee’), and the Lacistmee, Samydacee and Turneraceæ? The
small alliance of Papayales, which in his Vegetable Kingdom® comes
immediately before this, includes the two Orders, Papayacee and
Pangiaceæ* ‘Yo more modern authors it has seemed that these latter
! In Mém. Mus., 1., 366.—Ctos., in Ann. 5 Veg. Kingd., 327, Ord. 110.
Se. Nat. sér. 4, iv. 362; viii, 209. 7 Op. cit., 326, All. 26.
2 Diss, Malvac., 17.—BENTH., in Journ. 2
Linn. Soc., v. Suppl. 75-94.—R. H., Gen., 122, OP: cit., 820, All. 25. ‘
Ord. 17. 3 Pangie Bu., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 2, ii.
3 Prodr., i. (1824), 255, 259, Ord. 13, 14. (1834), 90; Rumphia, iv. 19.—B. H., Gen.
4 Introd., ed. 2, 72. 129, trib. 4.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 248,
5 Gen. 917, Ord. 195.—J. G. Acarpu, 2097.—Pangiace Enpu., Gen., 922. — LINDL,
Theor, Syst Pl, 255,.—H. BN., in Adansonia, Veg. Kingd., 323, Ord. 109,
x. 248,
300 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
should form part of the group of Bivacee ; while the Papayaceæ' have
been rejected far from them near to the Passiforee, together with
most of the Samydee,? Homalice, Turneree.’ We have just proposed
to leave the latter definitely in the same family as the Samydee, from
which they appear to us inseparable, as Papayaee is, we think, from
Pangice. Cochlospermum, ascribed by us to Cistacee,’ by others to
Ternstremiacee, has been introduced by Buntuam and Hooker into
the family of Bivacee,’ which (thanks to the separation proposed
by Payer, of Homaliee into two secondary series, of which the one
with a free gynæceum takes the name of Ca/anticee*) really includes
ten secondary groups, of the general character of which we will give
an epitome.
I. Bixeæ.—Flowers generally large, hermaphrodite or poly-
gamous diecious. Petals larger than the sepals, or wanting, desti-
tute of appendages or inner scale, imbricated or contorted. Anthers
linear or oblong, indefinite in number. Fruit dry or fleshy, dehis-
cent or indehiscent, generally covered with prominent ribs, tubercles,
or prickles. Woody plants, with alternate leaves, and stipules gene-
rally small.—(2 genera.) :
II. Fracourrieæ.—Flowers generally unisexual, rarely herma-
phrodite, apetalous, with convex receptacle (and hypogynous inser-
tion). Anthers usually short, dehiscing by longitudinal clefts.—
(7 genera.)
III. Samypr#.— Flowers generally hermaphrodite, rarely uni-
sexual, with petals nil or little developed, nearly equal and analogous
to the sepals. Receptacle more or less pateriform or cupuliform
(whence the more or less pronounced perigynous insertion of the
1 Papayaceæ AG., Class. (1824), 20.—Manrt.,
Consp. (1835), 169.—EnpL., Gen., 932, Ord.
200.—Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 321, Ord. 108.—
B. H., Gen, 815 (Passiflorearwm trib. 5).—
Cariceæ Turr., in Dict. Se. Nat., Atl. ii. 2,
212.—Papayeæ H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 248,
258.
2 Samydeæ GZÆRIN. F., Fruct., iii, 238.—
Vent., in Mém. Inst. (1807), 143 (part.).—
DC., Prodr., ii. 47, Ord. 58.—ENDL., Gen.,
917, Ord. 194.—Samydacee Linpu., Introd.,
ed. 2, 64; Veg. Kingd., 330, Ord, 112.—B. H.,
Gen., 794, Ord. 71.
3 B. H., Gen., 795 (Samydacearum trib. 4).
—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 248.—Homalinee
R. Br, Congo, 488.—DC., Prodr., ii. 53,
Ord. 59.—ENDL., Gen., 922, Ord. 196.—Homa-
liacee LINDL, Introd., ed. 2, 55; Veg, Kingd.,
742, Ord. 284.
4H. By. in Adansonia, x. 249, 258. —
Turneraceæ H. B. K., Nov. Gen, et Spec., vi.
123 (Loasearum sect. 2).—DC., Prodr., iii. 345,
Ord. 83.—Enpt., Gen., 914, Ord. 193.— LINDL.,
Introd., ed. 2,150; Veg. Kingd., 347, Ord. 121.
—B. H., Gen., 806, Ord. 73.
5 Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 350.
6 Enpz., Gen., 1017.
7 Gen., 122, trib. 1. M. PLANCHON preserves
a distinct family of the Cochlospermee (in Hook,
Lond. Journ., v. 294; in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4,
xvii. 90, Ord. 13), intermediate to the Cappa-
ridaceæ and to the Bixacee,
8 Fam, Nat., 883.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x.
256,
BIXACEÆ. 301
stamens and perianth). Stamens all fertile, or accompanied by
staminodes, interposed or peripheral.—(15 genera.)
IV. Lacisremezæ. — Flowers hermaphrodite, apetalous, amenta-
ceous with one simple fertile stamen.—(1 genus.)
V. Caranriceæ.—Flowers hermaphrodite, provided with petals
equal to the sepals or shorter, the same or double in number.
Stamens superposed to the petals, sometimes separately, sometimes
in phalanges. Gynæceum free, superior.—(3 genera.)
VI. Homazieæ.—Flowers hermaphrodite, with petals and sta-
mens disposed as in Ca/anticee, but with a concave obconical recep-
tacle, in the cavity of which the ovary is inserted. Fruit dry,
capsular, “adherent.” —(2 genera.)
VII. Pancinz.— Flowers dicecious, with concave receptacle.
Sepals hypogynous, valvate, or imbricated. Petals imbricated, pro-
vided within with a blade or glandular plate, free or adhering for
a variable distance to their inner face. Stamens definite or inde-
finite in number. Fruit generally indehiscent, fleshy, or coriaceous,
often voluminous, rarely capsular and dehiscent at the apex.—(6
genera.)
VIII. Papayeæ.— Flowers unisexual or polygamous, with convex
receptacle. Perianth double. Corolla inappendiculate, dissimilar
in the two sexes, tubular below and gamosepalous in the male flowers,
polypetalous in the female. Androceum diplostemonous, inserted on
the corolla. Gynzeceum superior. Fruit fleshy.—(1 genus.)
IX. Turnerem. — Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth tubular
(receptacle ?). Petals (rarely appendiculate) inserted at the throat
and perigynous. Androceum isostemonous. Stamens inserted with
the petals (and perigynous), or more or less low until below the ovary
(hypogynous). Ovary free, trimerous. Styles distinct, simple or
divided at the summit. Fruit capsular. Seeds arillate—(1 genus.)
X. CocnLosprrMe®.—F lowers hermaphrodite, with convex recep-
tacle, diperianthous. Petals developed, inappendiculate, contorted.
Stamens hypogynous, equal or unequal, indefinite in number.
Anthers linear, opening at the summit by pores or short clefts.
Gynæceum free, with partitions more or less incomplete or almost
complete. Fruit capsular, with the exocarp separate from the endo-
carp, and opening into valves alternate with those of the endocarp.
Seeds incurved or spiral, piliferous, operculate in front of the sum-
mit of the fornicate embryo.—(1 genus.)
302 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The forty genera’ united in this family include about four hun-
dred and fifty species, all belonging to the warmest regions of the
globe. They extend in Africa to the Cape of Good Hope, and are
not found farther north in America than Mexico. The family ceases,
moreover, at Chili, and at one part or another of Central China and
Japan. It is neither represented in Europe, nor in the United States.
The two series of Papayee and Lacistemee are only represented in
America; those of the Calanticee and Pangiee only in the Old
World. This only possesses about a hundred and thirty species of
Bivacee ; the other three hundred and twenty species being American.
There are only American species in the genera Biva, Perdiscus,
Letia, Samyda, Eucerea, Lunania, Tetrathylacium, Ryania, Kuhlia,
Banara, Azara, Abatia. The genus Osmelia is peculiar to tropical
Asia; Idesia to Japan; Dovyalis, Trimeria, Ludia, Aphloia, Pyramido-
carpus, Dissomeria, Asteropeia, Calantica, Byrsanthus, Kiggelaria, and
Rawsonia are peculiar to tropical or subtropical Africa, continental
or insular; Streptothamnus, to Australia. As common to the two
Worlds, but more abundant in the New, we find Oxcoba, Xylosma,
Guidonia, Homaliuim, Turnera, and Cochlospermum. Flacourtia and
Scolopia, natives of the old continent, are found in Asia, Australia,
and Africa. |
The characters common to all the Privaceæ are not numerous ; we
can only cite as constant, or nearly so, the woody consistence
of the stem,’ the parietal placentation, the indefinite number of the
ovules, the presence of a fleshy albumen. In this, Brvacee singu-
larly resemble the 7i/iacee and Terastremiacee, whose ovary cells
are far from being always complete ; and as the preefloration of their
calyx is variable, it may be said that they represent the parietal
placentation of the Z7i/iacez when their calyx is valvate, and of the
Ternstræmiaceæ when it is imbricated. At the same time, the series
with free ovaries bave numerous points of contact with the Cistacee
nearly allied to Cochlospermee, and only differ from them by their
1 Besides those which are doubtful, in which 2 Oxtver (Stem. in Dicot., 6) has studied the
is included Tachibota ( Guian., 287, t. 112) doubt- organization of the wood in Bixra Orellana, and
fully ascribed to Bivacea, by ENDLICHER (Gen., has pointed out the thick numerous medullary
n. 5884), and which ScHREBER (Gen., n. 513) rays, the woody tissue consisting of elongated
had named SaZmasia, but which seem separated cellules little thickened, and often with abrupt
from this family, according to BENTH. & extremities. The mass is traversed by finely
Hooker (Gen. 124). It is perhaps a Sa- punctured or radiated vessels, generally two or
myda. three radial.
BIXACEÆ. 303
orthotropous or incompletely anatropous ovules, and by their non-
fornicate seeds! They are very nearly allied also to what we
consider Z/wrnereæ, having the same corolla and mode of placen-
tation, and are only separated by the mode of insertion of the
corolla. Violacee having regular flowers, among which Zetrathylacium
has been placed, and including the very nearly allied genus Leonia,
are only distinguished from the Pivaceæ with oligandrous
flowers, by the insertion of the stamens in the perigynous types, or
by the arrangement of the pieces of the androceum in the types
with hypogynous insertion.” The Passifloracee, to which Ryania
has been attached, is distinguished from Bivacee by the presence
of the crown of appendages accompanying the perianth, and it is on
this account that we have separated from it the Papayee, which
have not this character, and which Linp1zy has shown to have a
great affinity with Pangiee.
Some Capparidacee analogous to Bivacee are distinctly separated
from it by their exalbuminous seeds. We have already remarked*
the affinity of Bivaceæ with certain groups having usually distinct
carpels, and, moreover, very analogous by the rest of their organiza-
tion. The species of Oncoda, principally those of the section Mayna,
seem to represent the parietal mode of placentation of Maynoliacee, to
which they have sometimes been ascribed. Camella, and Zrythros-
permum have been placed close beside the Bivacee, or even among them,
because this differential character in the placentation no longer
exists among them. To distinguish them, they have only the charac-
ters drawn from the organization of the perianth and androceum.
Cochlospermum and Turneree seem to be forms of the parietal
placentation of Wormia and Acrotrema, and by the union of their
carpels, to be to the latter what the Cis/aceæ is to Hibbertiee, Mono-
doreæ to Anonaceæ, Papaveracee to Ranunculaceae, Nympheeæ (Water
lilies) to Nelwmbee and Cabombeæ, and Berberidopsis to the other
Berberidacee.
The number of useful species‘ is considerable, and their properties
1 See Adansonia, x. 258. 3 See Hist. des Plantes, i. 123.
2 & Violarieæ cet. vald. affin. differ, a Bixi- 4 Enpt., “Enchirid., 477, 479.—Linv1.., Veg.
neis oligandris antheris circa ovar. connivent. Kingd., 328, 331; Fv. Med. 101, 111. —
connatisve.” (B. H., Gen., 122.) RosENTH., Syn, Pl. Diaphor., 662, 1143.
304 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
are far from being uniform. The Anatto' (figs. 288-296) is espe-
cially celebrated as a tinctorial plant. Its seeds, crushed and
diluted with warm water, give a colouring matter contained in
their outer coat, and forming with it a residuum which ferments,
and is dried in cakes or paste. Stuffs, wax, butter, and chocolate
are coloured with it. The Caribbees sometimes use it for staining
the skin. It is also a purgative substance; it is prized as a
remedy for dysentery in warm countries” Coch/ospermum also
contains a yellow or red colouring matter; it is contained in the
soft tunica interior to the testa of their seeds; and in C. tinctorium®
of Senegal it is contained in the stock, which is also considered as an
amenagogue. In Brazil (. #nsigne is prescribed in cases of internal
injury from falls or blows; it is also employed to draw abscesses.
In India C. gossypium’ (fig. 343) is said to produce the gum Avfeera,
called also wrongly G. Bassora, analogous to G. tragacanth, but which
is converted by contact with water into a “transparent jelly, the parts
of which have no adherence with each other.”* The milky juice which
is met with in most of the organs of the Papayads has very active
properties. The fruit of various cultivated varieties of Papaya Carica’
(figs. 332-336) is alimentary. It is not much relished by most
Europeans in a raw state, but they eat it freely when cooked and
treated in various ways.
with sugar.
which by chance was discovered to be a powerful vermifuge.
=
In the colonies it is sometimes preserved
But before maturity, it is filled with an irritant milk,
Its
1 Bixa Orellana L., Spec. 730.—DC., Prodr.,
i. 259, n. 1.— Bot. Mag., t. 1456.—Gu18., Drog.
Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 668, fig. 751.—Rfv., in FV.
Méd. du xix® Siècle, iii, 224, t. 22.—Tr.; in
Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., v. 366.—B. americana
Porr., Dict., vi. 229 (vugl. Urucu, Orleans,
Arnotto ; in Colombia, Onoto Achote).
2 The seed contains bixine and orelline
(CHEVREUL). Bixa Urucurana W. (Enum.,
565), of Brazil and spherocarpa, TR. (loc. cit.,
369), of Columbia, are said to possess the same
properties.
3 Ricu., Guirtem. & PERR. Fl. Sen. Tent.,
i. 99, t. 21.—Ontv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i, 113.—
C. Planchoni Hook. ¥., Niger, 263 (vulg.
Fayar).
4 À. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., n. 57.—ENDL.,
Bot. Med., 119.—ROSENTH., op cit., 737.—
Wittelsbachia insignis Marv. & Zucc., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., i. 84, t. 55.—Maximiliana regia
Marr., in Flora (1819), 452 (vulg. Butua do
curvo).
5 DC., Prodr., i. 527, n. 1.—Wiaut & ARN.,
Prodr., i, 87.—Wieut, in Hook. Bot. Mise.,
ii. 357, t. 16.—Bombax Gossypium L., Syst.,
517. — Cav., Diss., v. 297, t. 157, SONNER.,
Voy. aux Ind. Or. et à la Chine, ii. (1782) t.
133.—Roxs., F1. Ind., ii. 169.— B. Congo BurM.,
Ind,,145.— Xylon L., Fl. Zeyl., 99, n. 222 ex Pr.).
6 Gure., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii, 452, 628.
7 GærIN., Fruct., ii. (1791), t. 122.—P. vul-
garis DC., in Lamk. Dict. v. (1804), 2.—DeEsc.,
Fl. Med. Ant., it. 47, 48.—A. DC., Prodr., xv,
sect. i, 414, n. 1.—P. sativa, Tuss., Fl. Ant.,
il, 45, t. 10, 11.—P. orientalis, Cou., in Hern,
Thes., 870, ic— Papaya Rumen, Herb, Amboin.,
i. t. 50.—Huvueu., Barbad., t. 14, 15.— Carica
Papaya L., Spec., 1466 (part.)—Wiaeur, TUL, t.
106, 107.—Linpt., in Bot. Reg., t. 459; F1,
Med., 107; Veg. Kingd., 321, fig. 221, 222.—
Hoox., in Bot. Mag., t. 2898, 2899.—Roxs.,
F1, Ind., iii. 824.—GurtB., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6,
iii. 268, fig. 639.—EnpL., Ænchirid., 487,.—-
RosEntH., op. cit., 669 (vulg. Papaw, Arbre à
Melons in the Antilles), ‘he specific name of
G2xRTNER has the priority with him.
BIXACEÆ. 305
internal application is said to be a cure for tænia, and other intestinal
worms. It is bitter without acridity, and is so rich in albuminous sub-
stances, that Vauquerin' compares it to blood deprived of its colouring
matter. The pulverized seeds have also vermicidal qualities ; which
may perhaps be explained by their containing the same milky juice
as the other organs. It is said that a few drops of this latex in
water will give it the property of rapidly making meat tender when
too fresh, or the animal too old; and that the same result is
obtained by wrapping the meat during one night in a leaf of the
Papaya. Wicur has remarked, that the seed, when masticated, has
the flavour of the nasturtium. The root has the smell of dried
The negroes make gutters of the stem to receive the rain
The pulp of the ripe fruit,
radishes.
water, and use the leaves to soap linen.
employed as a cosmetic, is said to remove sunburn. In the
Moluccas confections are made of the male flower. Another
species of the same genus, P. digifa/a,? of northern Brazil, is consi-
dered a deadly poison, as terrible, it is said, as the Upas of Java.
Its latex burns the skin that comes in contact with it, and produces
blisters. The male flowers have a repulsive excremental odour.
The fruit is inodorous and insipid; but most animals refuse to
touch it.
On the contrary, the fruits of Papaya cauliflora dodecaphylla,'
Mamaya, microcarpa nana, and pyriformis,’ are said to be edible.
P. quercifolia’ (figs. 337, 338), is the Jacamatchiha of the Guaranis
Indians. The fruit of several Oncobas is also edible; the inner
pulp of that of O. spinosa’ is also eaten. In Macourtia the entire
berry is fleshy and edible, especially in /. sapida,” sepiaria," 1ner-
1 In Ann. Chim., xliii. 271.
2 Carica digitata Parr. & ENDz, Nov. Gen.
et Spec., ii. 260.—Jacaratia spinosa, var. di-
gitata A. DC., Prodr., loc. cit., 419, n. 1 (vulg.
Chamburu).
3 Porr., Dict., Suppl., iv. 296.— Carica cau-
liflora Jacg., Hort, Schenbr., iii, 33, t, 311.—
Vasconcellea cauliflora A. DC., Prodr., loc, cit.,
Alyn ale
4 Carica dodecaphylla Vutt., Fl. Flum., x.
t. 132.—Jacaratia dodecaphylla A. DC.
Prodr., 420, n. 3.
$ Porr., Dict., Suppl., iv. 296.—Carica mi-
crocarpa JACQ., Hort, Schenbr., iii. t. 809, 310,
— Vasconcellea microcarpa A. DC., Prodr.,
418, n. 13.
$ A. DC., Prodr., 415, n. 3.—Carica nana
Bentu., Pl. Hartweg., 288.
VOL. IV.
7 Carica pyriformis Hoox. & ARN., in Bot.
Mise., iii. 325 (nee W.).—C. Gay, Fl. Chil, ii.
413, t. 25.—Vasconcella chilensis Pu., in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér. 4, ii. 259.
8 Vasconcella quercifulia A. S. H., Deux.
Mém. Réséd., 12.—A. DC., Prodr., 416, n. 5
(vulg. Umbuzeiro à Rio-Grande do Sul).
9 Forsk., Ægypt.-Arab., 103.—LamMK., Il.
t: 471.—A. Ricu., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. 32, t. 10.—
Ox1v., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 115.—O. monacantha
STEUD.— Lundia monacantha ScHuM.& THONN.,
Beskr., 231,
10 Roxs., Pl. Corom., i. 49, t. 69; Fl. Ind.,
iii, 834.—DC., Prodr., i. 256, n. 2—Wieur &
ARN., Prodr., 29.—Bu., Bijdr., i. 55.—Ctos, in
* Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, vii. n. 7.
1 Roxs., loc. cit., 48, t. 68.—DC., Prodr., n.
4,—CLos, loc. cit., n. 6.
x
306 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
mis, and in F. Ramontchi or Plumtree of Madagascar. The root
of F. sepiaria passes as being alexipharmic in India, and in the
same country the young shoots of Æ Cataphracta’ (figs. 297-300)
are eaten as tonics, stomachics, and astringents. Letia apetala and
resinosa are considered as purgative in the Antilles, and give a kind
of sandarac having drastic properties.‘ In the Mauritius, 4ph/loia
theiformis has a bark which serves the same purpose as ipecacuanha.
The Acome, especially Homalium racemosum® (figs. 322-325) have
an astringent root, which is used in Guiana as antigonorrhetic.
Turnera opifera Marr., is also an astringent; it 1s prescribed in
Brazil for dyspepsia. 7. wlmifolia Li, and angustifolia Curt.,’ are
employed in America as tonics and expectorants. The Samydee
are also often used as astringents: principally at Para, Gwedonia
adstringens which is used to cicatrize ulcers, and has besides a cer-
tain acridity ; in Guiana, G@. ovata, the bark of which is bitter, the
leaves used in preparing baths for the treatment of rheumatism, and
the fruit, said to have diuretic properties ; in central Brazil, G. u/mi-
Jolia,” which is applied to wounds, is also employed in the treatment
of serpent bites, and used internally in cases of nausea; G. Lingua,"
which has the reputation of curing malignant fevers, and inward
inflammation; in India, G. esculenta,’ of the Circar Mountains,
which has a bitter, purgative root, and edible leaves. The Pangiee,
so nearly allied to the Papayads by their organization, are still more
1 Rox., op. cit., iii. 16; Fl. Ind., iii. 834.—
JACK, in Hook. Bot. Misc., i. 289.— DC.
Prodr., n. 2.—Moon, Cat. Pl, Ceyl., '70.—Ctos,
loc. cit., 216.
2 Luér., Stirp., 59, t. 30, 31—Lamr., JU,
t. 826.—DC., Prodr., n. 1.—Ctos, loc. cit., n.
8.—O1xv., Pl. Trop. Afr., i. 120,—Stigmarota
africana Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 634.
—Alamoton Fuac., Hist. Madag., 124.
3 Roxs., ex W., Spec., iv. 830; Fl. Ind.,
iii. 884.—DC., Prodr., n. 5.—CLos, loc. cit., 216,
n. 2.—Stigmarota Jcngomas Lour., loc. cit.—
Roumea Jangomas SPRENG., Syst., ii. 632.
4 Xylosma orbiculatum KoRsT, or My-
roxylon orbiculatum Forst. (Char. Gen., 63),
owes its name to its balsamic odour, which is
said to be rather agreeable.
5 BENN., Pl. Jar. Rar., 192.—Neumannia
theaformis A. Ricu., Fl. Cub., 96, not.—CLos,
in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, viii. 271, 273.—H.
By., in Dict. Encycl. Sc. Méd., v. 644.—
Prockia theaformis W., Spec., ii, 1214.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 261, n. 5.—Ludia heterophylla Bory,
Voy., ii, 115, t. 24,
6 Jacq., Amer., 170, t. 183, fig. 72.—Sw.,
F1. Ind. Occ., 989, t. 17.—Lamx., JUL. t. 483,
fig. 2.—DC., Prodr., ii. 53, n. 1.—Turp., in
Dict. Se. Nat., Atl., t. 244.—ROsENTH., op. cit.,
666.— ? Racoubea guianensis AUBL., Guian., ii.
590, t. 236.
7 RosENTH , op. cit., 662.
8 Casearia adstringens MART., ex ROSENTH.,
op. cit., 663.
9 Anavinga ovata LaMK., Dict., i. 148.—
Anavinga Rurrp., Hort. Malab., iv.t. 49.—
Casearia ovata W., Spec., ii. (1799), 629.—
DC., Prodr., iii. 49, n. 5.— C. Anavinga
Pers., Syn., i. 485 (1805).—ROSENTH., op. cit.,
663. 5
10 Casearia ulmifolia Vauu. (ex VENT., Ch.
de Pl., n. 47, not.).— DC., Prodr., n. 13.—
A.S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. 233.—LinDz., Fl.
Med., 104 (vulg. Marmeleiro do mato).
N Mart, ex A. S. H., loc. cit., 236 (vulg.
Cha de frade, Lingua de fin).
12 Casearia esculenta Rox8., Cat, Hort. Cale.,
99.—Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 331 (vulg. Garu-
goodoo).
BIXACE A. 307
closely so by their properties. P. edule’ (figs. 327-329), wild in
Java, is cultivated in the Moluccas, and all the Indian Archipelago.
According to BLume,* its juice contains an alkaloid analogous to
menispermine, and the plant contains an extractive and viscous sub-
stance. All its parts are considered in Java as anthelmintic. The
bark, leaves, fruit, and seeds are narcotic; all its parts produce in
man cephalalgia, somnolence, nausea, and a kind of intoxication and
insanity which may terminate in death. The plant is used to poison
fish, being thrown into water-courses for this purpose. Cattle which
eat its leaves generally die. The extracted juice of the leaves is
used in the treatment of chronic cutaneous affections. At Amboyna,
the seeds, cut or crushed, are prepared with cold water, or macerated
for a long time to extract their noxious qualities. The kernel may
then be eaten, and a large quantity of oil is extracted from it, which
is used in frying, and in preparing food. Even then it purges those
persons who are not accustomed to it. The other Pangiee have
analogous properties. /7ydnocarpus venenata’ has a very dangerous,
poisonous fruit, which is fatal to man, and is used in Ceylon to
poison rivers; but the fish which are procured in this way cause
terrible accidents. Zrichadenia zeylanica' is used in the treatment of
the cutaneous affections of children. Gynocardia odorata’ is also
employed in India for chronic skin diseases. The seeds, stripped of
their coats, are crushed or ground with butter, and applied topically
three or four times a day to the sores. The oil extracted from the
seeds is emetic; it is used in the treatment of herpetic, syphilitic,
and scrofulous affections. Some #iracee furnish a useful wood:
in Chili, Azara microphylla, said to furnish the Chinchin wood; in
Java, Pangium edule, the stems of which are very hard ; in America,
the Anatto, logs of which are used for firing, or by wheelwrights, as
those of Homalium are in Guiana and the Antilles.
1 See p. 289, note 1. 323; Fl. Med. 109 (vulg. Chaulmoogra,
2 Rumphia, iv. 19.—Layov1., Veg. Kingd., 328,
—RoseEnthu., op. cit., 665 (vulg. Pangi).
3 GmRIN., Fruct., i. 288, t. 60, fig. 3 (1788).
—Ewnpt., Enchirid., 480.—Linvu., Veg. Kingd.,
323 ; Fl, Med., 109.—ROSENTH., op. cit., 665.—
? H. inebrians VAHz, Symb., iii, (1794), 100.—
DC., Prodr., i. 257.
+ Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 19.
5 See p. 325, note 2.—Linp1., Veg. Kingd.,
Petarkura). .
® Purn., ex RosENTH., op. cit., 664. According
to M. C. Gay (F1. Chil., i. 192), Chilian Azaras
have perfumed flowers, whence the common
name of Aromo. They are used for ornament.
Several species are cultivated in our greenhouses.
Most of them are still called Ziben, and have a
wood of rather a bad quality.
308 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
I. BIXEA.
1. Bixa L.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle shortly
convex. Sepals 5, imbricated, and petals same in number, alternate,
contorto-imbricated, deciduous. Stamens © ; filaments inserted under
gynæceum, free or polyadelphous at base ; anthers extrorse, 2-locular,
induplicate at middle, at the same place dehiscing by short clefts
(falsely terminal). Germen free, 1-locular; style elongated, in bud
recurved, tubular, apex stigmatiferous very obtuse 2-crenate ; pla-
centas parietal 2, but little prominent; ovules in each æ, 2— o-seriate
ascending, anatropous ; micropyle extorse lateral and inferior. Fruit
capsular, densely echinate-setose or more rarely glabrous, laterally
2-valved; valves thick seminiferous inwardly at middle; endocarp
separating. Seeds œ, obovoid; apex of funicle dilated in small
2-lobed aril; outer coat subfleshy suberose-granulate ; chalaza orbi-
cular, finally depressed; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile embryo
foliaceous wide, often incurved.—Small trees (abounding in red or
yellow juice); leaves alternate petiolate digitinerved; stipules 2,
lateral, caducous ; flowers in terminal racemose cymes ; pedicels under
calyx often 5-glandular (Zropical America). See p. 273.
2. Oncoba Forsx.’—F lowers polygamous, moneecious or diæcious.
Sepals 3-5, and petals same in number, of which 4-10 are larger,
esquamate ; all much imbricated in præfloration. Stamens o, in-
serted on more or less thickened receptacle ; filaments free ; anthers
linear, more rarely oblong or abbreviate, apex muticous or apiculate
with more or less produced connective ; cells extrorse longitudinally
rimose. Germen free, 1-locular ; placentas parietal 2-10, ©-ovulate ;
) Fl. Æg.-arab., 103 (1775).—J., Gen., 292 — Beskr., 231 (nec DC., nec Purr.).—Heptaca
Porr., Dict., vi. 210 ; Iil., t.471.—Spacu, Suit. Lour., Fl. Coch., ed. ulyssip. (1790), 657.—
à Buffon, vi. 115.—Env1., Gen., n.5067.—PL, Ventenatia Pat, BEAUV., Fl. Ow. et Ben., i.
in Hook, Lond. Journ., v. 295.—Paver, Fam. 29, t. 17 (nec SM.).— CamBess., in Mém. Mus.,
Nat., 111.—BeEntu., in Journ. Linn. Soc., vy. xvi. 409.—ENpDL., Gen, n. 5402.—Xylotheca
Suppl., 80.—B. H., Gen., 125, 971, n.4,.—Orrv., Hocust., in Flora (1843), 69.—Chlanis K1.,
in Journ, Linn. Soc., ix. 172.—H. BN., in Adan- in Pet. Mossamb., Bot., 144.
sonia, x. 249,—Zundia Scuum, & THôNN.
BIXACEÆ. 309
style simple, apex stigmatiferous not thickened or scarcely so, sub-
entire, or very shortly denticulate (/ayna'), sometimes slightly lobed
or lobes stronger ascending or radiated, separate or peltate coalescing ;
3—7-fid ; lobes entire or more or less laciniate (Carpotroche*), more
rarely much ramified (Dendrostylis’). Fruit subbaccate, more or less
coriaceous and finally ligneous, smooth (Zvoncoba), sulcate or marked
with elevated ribs, sometimes echinate, tubercuiate or muricate
(Mayna), more rarely longitudinally o-winged; wings tuberculate
(Carpotroche), sometimes submembranous crested (Grandidiera’) ; peri-
carp more rarely outwardly much echinate (Dendrostylis), usually
indehiscent, sometimes with difficulty dehiscing or in valves. Seed
o of various forms; testa crustaceous, sometimes outwardly more or
less pulpous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo (sometimes coloured) straight
or incurved cotyledons subovate foliaceous——Trees or shrubs un-
armed or armed with axillary spines, glabrous or pubescent; leaves
alternate, entire crenate, or serrate; stipules linear, small or 0;
flowers’ solitary, terminal or axillary, sometimes in axillary racemes,
more rarely growing from wood of trunk or one year-old branches,
lateral (44 Tropical Regions’).
II. FLACOURTIEZÆ.
3. Flacourtia Commers.—F lowers dicecious or polygamous apeta-
lous ; sepals 4, 5, often squamiform ciliate, much imbricated, some-
times in female flower very small or slightly bractiform. Disk
glandular annular more or less thick, entire or 4, 5-lobed. Stamens
co (in female flower 0, or sterile),
disk of receptacle; filaments free ;
inserted in more or less depressed
anthers extrorse, 2-locular, after-
1 Aust, Guian. (1775), 921, t. 352 (nec
Rapp.).—J., Gen., 281.—Lamkx., Iil., t. 491.—
DC., Prodr., i. 79.—ENDL., Gen. n. 4734.—
Bentu., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 80.—
Oz1v., in Journ, Linn. Soc., ix. 172. — Lin-
dackeria Prest, Rel. Henk., ii. 89, t. 65.—
Expz., Gen., n. 5064.
2 Enpz., Gen., n. 5066.—Mayna Ravp., Pl.
Nov. Bras., 23 (nec AUBL.).
3 Karst. & TR., in Linnea, xxviii. 431. —
BentH., in Journ, Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 82.—
B: H., Gen., 125, n. 7.
4 Jaug., in Bull, Soc. Bot. de Fr., xii, 467.—
Ou1v, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 119.—H. BN., in
Adansonia, x. 250.
5 Large, handsome, or ordinary, more rarely
small, whitish, or yellow.
5 Spec. about 25, of which 15 are American.
Parr. & Enpu., Nov. Gen. et Spec., iii. 63, t.
270 (Lindackeria), 64, t. 271 (Mayna).— CLos,
in Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 4, viii. 262 (Mayna).—
Harv. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 66.—GUILLEM, &
Perr., Fl. Sen. Tent., i. t. 10.—Stes. & Zuce.,
Pl. Nov. Fase., ii. t. 5 (Mayna).—A. Gray,
Amer. Expl. Exp, Bot., i. 12 (Carpotroche).—
Outv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 114,—Kansr., Fl.
Columb., ii. p. ii. t. 106 (Zindackeria).—Tr. &
Pr, in Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii, 94 (Mayna),
95 (Dendrostylis). — Watr., Ann. vii. 223
(Chlanis, Mayna), 224 (Dendrostylis).
310 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
wards versatile, rimose. Germen (in male flower rudimentary or
usually 0) free, falsely 2-2 -locular ; styles 2-w , separate or con-
nate at base to greater or less height, apex stigmatiferous blunt or
2-lobed ; ovules in internal angle of cell 2—s0 , descending ; micropyle
extorse superior. Fruit drupaceous; endocarp in putamen Q—ao,
seeds separate indurated. Seeds often obovoid ; testa subcoriaceous ;
embryo albuminous, cotyledons suborbiculate.—Trees or shrubs,
often spinescent; leaves alternate, dentate or serrate ; petiole arti-
etlated at base; stipules very small; flowers small in small racemes
or glomerules axillary and terminal, simple or compound, sometimes
subumbellate (Asia, Africa, and Warm Australia). See p. 276.
4. Xylosma Forsr.'—Flowers (nearly of /acourtia) dicecious or
sometimes polygamous; receptacle shortly conical. Sepals 4-6,
sometimes squamiform, often ciliate, imbricated. Disk within calyx
glandular-fleshy unequally lobed. Stamens œ, sometimes few, within
disk ; filaments free, usually finally exserted ; anthers extrorse, finally
often versatile; cells longitudinally rimose. Germen (in male
flower 0) within disk free (more rarely surrounded by a few stami-
nodes), 1-locular; style subentire or divided into 2-6 branches to a
greater or less length, apex dilated stigmatiferous ; placentas parietal
2-6, alternating with style branches, ovules in each placenta 1, 2, or
few, either all ascending ; micropyle (obturate) introrse inferior ; or
1, 2, superior, descending. Berry small, indehiscent ; seeds 1, 2, or
few; testa crustaceous; embryo albaminous; cotyledons wide.—
Trees or shrubs,’ often spinescent; leaves alternate, dentate, or more
rarely entire, articulate at base ; stipules small ; flowers’ growing on
the wood or glomerate at axils or in short racemose cymes; pedicel
slender, sometimes articulated* (47 Tropical and Subtropical Regions’).
1 Prodr., 72.—Lamx., Jil., t. 827.—Porr., Wood sometimes odoriferons.
Dict., viii, 817.—Enpu., Gen. n. 5081!.— Small, filaments sometimes purple.
Cros, in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, viii, 127.— 4 Plants in gardens falsely parthenogenesic,
2
3
BeEntH., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 86.—
B. H., Gen. 128, n. 19.—Myroxylon Forsr.,
Char. Gen, 125, t. 63 (nec L. r.).—Hisingera
HELLEN., in Act. Holm. (1792), 32, t. 2.—
Expz., Gen., n. 5815.—CLos, loc. cit., 220.—
Bessera SPRENG., Pl, Pugill., ii. 90 (ex ENDL).
—Roumea Poir.,in Mém. Mus., i. 62, t. 4.—
Crepaloprumnon Karst., Pl. Fl, Colomb,, 123,
t. 161, 162.
(See Adansonia, v. 63).
5 Spec. ad 25. H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
vii. t. 654 (Placourtia).—Porr., in Mém. Mus.,
i. 62, t. 4 (Roumea).—Sres. & Zucc., Fl. Jap.,
t. 88 (Hisingera).— Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat., i.
p. ii, 105.—A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp.,
Bot., i. 76.—Watp., Ann., iv. 108; vii. 229,
230 (Hisingera, Cræpaloprumnon).
BIXACEÆ. 311
5. Dovyalis F. Mry.'—Flowers dicecious apetalous, 4—S8-merous.
Sepals valvate or scarcely imbricated, usually thick. Stamens o ;
receptacle more or less depressed, sometimes subcupulate, between
insertion more or less produced in glandules entire or 2-lobed ; fila-
ments free; anthers extrorse, 2-locular, 2-rimose. Germen (in male
flower 0) surrounded by base of unequally lobed disk’ free, 1-locular ;
placentas parietal 2-5 ; styles same in number, more or less dilated
at apex stigmatiferous ; ovules on each placenta 1, or rarely 2 (Æwdo-
vyalis), oftener 2-6 (Aderia’), descending; micropyle introrse supe-
rior. Berry oligospermous, interior pulpous. Seeds outwardly
glabrous or oftener villous; testa coriaceous ; embryo albuminous ;
cotyledons wide.—Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinescent; leaves
alternate, articulated at base, entire or crenate, penninerved or sub-
3-penninerved ; stipules very small or 0 ; flowers axillary or terminal ;
female solitary or in very few-flowered cymes; male few shortly
racemose-cymes (South and Eastern Africa and Zeylania’).
6. Trimeria Harv.°—Flowers dicecious, 4, 5-merous or oftener
3-merous; sepals scarcely imbricated and petals same in number,
alternate, larger, imbricated. Glandules 3-5, alternipetalous ; sta-
mens o, often few, exterior ; filaments free, finally exserted ; anthers
extrorse, short, rimose. Stamens in female flower 0. Germen free
(in male flower often small, barren), 1-locular ; styles 3, apex stigma-
tiferous obtuse ; placentas same in number, parietal; ovules on each
placenta 1, 2, descending; micropyle introrse superior. Capsule
3-valved ; valves seminiferous at middle.—Tree or shrubs; leaves
alternate serrate, base 3—so -nerved ; flowers small, in spikes, axillary
racemes with single bracts, 1-bracteolate, 2-nate or », glomerate
(South America’).
1 Ex ARN., in Hook. Journ., iii. (1841), 251. 4 Spec. 7, of which 6 are African. A. Rrcn., Fl,
—Ctos, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, viii. 233.—
B. H., Gen. 128, n. 20.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
x. 251.
2 Staminodes sometimes hypogynous 1-a, or
sterile (H. BN., in Adansonia, vy. 62), or some-
times as it seems fertile; whence fertile seeds are
derived without contact of male and female
flowers (T. ANDERSON, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
vii. 57), very similar to false parthenogenesis of
Aylosma,
3 Hocust., in Flora (1844), Beii., 2.—CLos,
in Ann., Sc. Nat., sér. 4, viii. 235.—B. H.,
Gen., 128, n. 21.
Abyss. Tent.,i. t. 8 (Roumea).—HaRy. & SOND.,
Fl. Cap., i. 69, 70 (Aberia).—TUL., in Ann, Se.
Nat., sér. 5, ix, 339.—Watp., Ann., ii, 62;
vi. 231.
5 Gen. of S.-Afric. PI, 417—ENDu., Gen.,
n. 5089!.—B. H., Gen., 129, n. 22.—Monospora
Hocusr., in Flora (1844) Beil., 3—ENpu.,
Gen., n. 5789!, 5092°.—Renardia TurRcz., in
Bull. Mose., (1858), i. 466.
5 Spec. 2. Hoox., Icon., t. 481 (Antidesma).
—Hary. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 68.— Wazr.,
Rep., v. 47 (Monospora); Ann., vii, 232,
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
7. Peridiscus Buyra.'—Flowers hermaphrodite, apetalous ; sepals
4, 5, unequal, subvalvate, finally patent-reflexed. Stamens «, hypo-
gynous inserted round base of disk; filaments adpressed below to
grooves, incurved at apex, finally patent; exterior sometimes thicker ;
anthers suborbicular introrse, rimose at margin. Germen orbicular-
depressed, 1-locular, all round nearly to middle thickened in annular
vertical sulcate disk; styles 3, 4, short, distinct, tapering at apex ;
ovules 6-8, inserted at apex of cells pendulous ; micropyle extrorse
superior. “ Young fruit obovoid fleshy.”—A lofty tree; leaves large,
integerrimus coriaceous lucid; flowers small in simple racemes,
sometimes umbelliferous, fasciculate at old nodes of small branches.
(North Brazil’).
8, Lætia LœrL®— Flowers hermaphrodite apetalous; receptacle
rather wide. Sepals 4, 5, wide subpetaloid, much imbricated, finally
often reflexed. Stamens 10-15 (Casinga‘), or sometimes , hypo-
gynous on eglandular disk, or with exterior subperigynous insertion ;
filaments free; anthers introrse short or ovoid. Germen free, 1-
locular; style simple, apex stigmatiferous, capitate, sometimes wide
sessile (Z/iodia’), or shortly 3-lobed. Berry tardily 3-valved, interior
often resinous-pulpous ; seeds externally pulpous, sometimes aril-
late; testa coriaceous; embryo albuminous, straight; cotyledons
wide, foliaceous, or rather thick.—Small trees; leaves alternate, ser-
rate or crenate, pellucid-punctuate, more rarely coriaceous epunctuate
(Scypholetia’); flowers axillary or terminal, glomerate or cymose,
subcorymbose; bractlets small, sometimes (Scypholetia) larger,
thick, connate in subentire or crenate calyciform involucel (Zrop.
America’).
9? Idesia Maxim.’ — Flowers dicecious apetalous; receptacle
1 Gen., 127, n. 13.
2 Spec. 1. P. lucidus BENTH., loc. cit. Limited
to Venezuela,
3 Tt., 252.—L., Gen., n. 661 (part.).—DC.,
Prodr., i. 260.—ENpD1t., Gen., n. 5071 (part.).—
CLos, in Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 4, viii. 241.—
Bentu., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl, 82.—
B. H., Gen., 126, n. 9.—Thamnia P. BR., Jam.,
245, t. 25.—Helwingia ADANS., Fam, des PL.
ii. 167 (nec. W.).
4 Grises., Lrl. Fl. Trop. Amer., 27, 29.
5 Bunn., Pl. Jav. Rar., 192 (not.).— Light-
Sootia Sw., Prodr., 83 (nec LufR.).
6 Type of sec. 2 species, namely, L. cupulata
Spruce, and Æ. coriacea SPRUCE (ex BENTH.,
loc. cit.).
7 Spec. ad 10. Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ., 950.—
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 355.—Pæpe. &
Enpu., Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii. 86, t. 274
(Samuda).—Manrt., Nov. Gen, et Spec., ii. 169.
—Grises., Fl, Brit. W.-Ind., 22 (Zuelania).—
Tr. & Pz., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 102.—
WALpP., Ann., vii. 225.
8 In Bull. Acad. Sc. Petersb., x. (1866),
485; Mel. Biol., vi. 19.—B. H., Gen., 972, n.
18a. (Genus imperfectly known by dry speci-
mens, much resembling Samyda by insertion of
stamens.)
BIXACEÆ. 313
wide depressed. Sepals 3-6, unequal tomentose, imbricated, deci-
duous. Stamens ©, free, o-seriate subperigynous ; receptacle be-
tween base of filaments more or less glandular; anthers subovate,
introrse (?), longitudinally rimose. Germen (in male flower rudi-
mentary) ; style small, 3—5-fid; in female flower globose, 1-locular,
surrounded by » short staminodes ; styles 3-6, patent, apex stigma-
tiferous thickened. Berry globose ;' seeds œ, nidulant in pulp,
exterior pulpy ; testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile,
straight ; radicle cylindrical ; cotyledons foliaceous, suborbicular.—A.
large tree ; leaves alternate cordate serrate, 5-nerved at base; petiole
rather long, hence glanduliferous; stipules 2, small, caducous ;
flowers’ in axillary and terminal racemes on long subcernuous
branches ; male pedicel slender, elongated (Japan’).
III. SAMYDEA,.
10. Samyda L.—Flowers regular hermaphrodite apetalous ; re-
ceptacle concave, more or less cupulate or campanulate. Sepals 4-6,
connate to greater or less height, equal or unequal (coloured) ; præ-
floration much imbricated. Stamens 8—, inserted in the throat ;
filaments more or less high in tube of perianth, more or less long
adnate connate ; anthers 2-locular, introrse 2-rimose. Germen free,
inserted at bottom of receptacle, 1-locular ; style at apex capitate
stigmatiferous ; placentas 3-8, parietal, &-ovulate. Fruit coriaceous-
fleshy, subglobose or ovoid, finally 3-5-valved at apex. Seeds w,
angular; aril fleshy; hilum ventral; testa crustaceous; embryo
axile, small; cotyledons foliaceous.—Shrubs; leaves alternate, 2-
tichous, pellucid-punctuate, base articulate and furnished with small
stipules; flowers (large), axillary, solitary or sometimes cymose
(Western India). See p. 278.
11. Guidonia PLum‘—Flowers nearly of Samyda, smaller ; tube
of perianth longer or shorter ; lobes 4-6, sometimes petaloid, imbri-
1 Cherry of small size, glabrous, golden, eat- + Prum., Gen., t. 24 (1703).—L., Gen., ed. 2
able. (1742), 520.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 251.—
* Pale yellow, and female smaller than male. Casearia JACQ., Stirp. Amer, (1763), 132, t. 85.
$ Spec. 1. I. polycarpa Maxtm., loc. cit. —DC., Prodr., ii.48.—Enp1., Gen., n. 5060.—
partly translated and reedit. in Ann. Sc, Nat, PAYER, Fam. Nat., 94,—B. H., Gen., 796,
sér. 5, vil. 378, eps
314 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
cated. Stamens 6 (Valentinia') —w ; filaments with squamules same
in number, alternate elongate, glabrous or villous, connate to greater
or less height between themselves and with base of perianth, some-
times short and connate at base round antheriferous filaments
(Buguidonia) ; anthers introrse, apex sometimes penicillate. Germen
free, l-locular; placentas parietal, 3-6, 2- -ovulate; style short,
capitate, stigmatiferous undivided at apex (Zroucana Pitumba,’
Valentinia), or at greater or less height 3-fid (Piparea,‘ Crateria’),
sometimes large subpeltate (Zwe/ania'). Fruit subbaccate pulpous
(Iroucana, Zuelania), almost dry (Crateria) or dry (Pitumba), at a
greater or less height 4-valved ; valves seminiferous at middle, some-
times boat-shaped (Piparea). Seed oblong or angular ; aril fleshy ;
embryo albuminous; cotyledons flat, oblong or orbicular; radicle
straight, terete. —Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, 2-stichous,
entire, serrate or subspinose-dentate, usually coriaceous, pellucid-
punctuate or lineolate, more rarely impunctuate (Piparea) ; petiole
articulate at base; stipules 2, linear, often small; flowers’ solitary,
axillary, usually in umbels (false) or axillary cymes; pedicels arti-
culated, bracteolate ; bracts sometimes (Anavinga) connivent round
flowers in involucel (47 Trop. and Subtrop. Regions).
12. Osmelia Tuw.’—Flowers nearly of Gwidonia, 4, 5-merous ;
sepals much imbricated. Stamens 8-10, inserted with scales, same
in number, oblong, villous, alternate. Gynæceum free ; germen lanu-
ginose, l-locular; placentas 3, parietal, pauciovulate ; styles 3, short
incurved, capitellate stigmatiferous at apex. Capsule subcoriaceous,
3-valved. Seeds few; testa membranous ; aril fleshy (red) ; embryo
1 Sw., Prodr., 63 (1797); Fl. Ind. Occ., 689.
—DC., Prodr., i. 618.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5631,
2 AUBL., Guian. (1775), i. 385, t. 127.—
Vareca GÆRTIN., Fruct., i, 290, t. 60.
3 AuBL., Guian., ii. App., 29, t. 385.—Ana-
vinga LAMK., I, t. 355.—GÆRIN. F., Fruct.,
li. 240, t. 224.— Melistaurum Forst., Char.
Gen., 143, t. 72.—Lindleya H. B. K., Nov,
Gen. et Spec., v. (part.), t. 480 (nec vi. 239).—
Antigona VELLOZ., Fl. Flum., iv. t. 145.
4 AuBL., Guian., ii. App. 30, t. 386.—
GÆRITN. F., Fruct., in. t. 224.—DC., Prodr., i.
316.—Tr. & Pr, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii.
116.—H. By., in Adansonia, x. 252 (Piparea
gen. forte proprium, ex Pu. loc. cit.).
5 Pers., Enchir., i. 485.—Chetocrater R. &
Pav., Prodr., 61, t. 36.
6 A, Ricu., Fl. Cub., 88, t. 12.— Thiodia
GnrisEB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 22 (nec BENN.).
7 Whitish, or virescent, yellow or more rarely
pink ; often small.
8 Spee. 75, of which 30 belong to the Old
World. H. B. K., Nov, Gen. et Spec., v. 366.—
Campess., in À. S, H. Fl. Bras. Mer., ii, 229.—
A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp, Bot., i. 79.—
Benru., Fl. Hongkong., 121; Fl. Austral., iii.
308.—Wiaeut, Zcon., t. 1849.—VENT., Ch. de
Pl., t. 44,—GriseB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 22.—
Bu., Mus. Lugd.-Bat., t. 50.—Miq., Fl. Ind.-
Bat., i. p. ii. 705.—Tr. & Pu, in Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 4, xvii. 106 (Casearia) 114 (Zuelania).
—Watp., Rep., i. 546; ii. 828; v. 406 ; Ann., i.
197 ; ii. 276 (Casearia).
9 Enum. Pl. Zeyl.,20.—B. H., Gen., 797,
n. 2.—Stachycrater Turcz., in Bull, Mose.
(1858), i, 464.
BIXACEZ. 315
albuminous; radicle short; cotyledons foliaceous suborbiculate.—
Trees ; leaves alternate petiolate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sub-
serrate, not punctuate; stipules minute, deciduous ; flowers small in
terminal compound racemes; bracts and bractlets small, approxi-
mate, in short involucel (Zeylania and Philippine Islds.’).
13? Euceræa Marr.*— Flowers very small ; calyx lobes 4, imbri-
cated. Stamens 8; 4 alternate, shorter; filaments alternate with
elongated squamules, barbate at apex, connate in short ring. Germen
free; style very short; stigma subsessile, radiated, 4—6-partite ;
ovules 1, 2, ascending. Berry dry, indehiscent; seeds 1, 2, oblique,
ascending; base furnished with lacerate aril—A small glabrous
tree ; leaves alternate oblong serrate ; stipules deciduous ; flowers* in
ramified compound axillary spikes (Worth Brazil)”
14. Lunania Hoox.’—Flowers (nearly of Guédonia) apetalous, her-
maphrodite or more rarely polygamous ; receptacle shortly cupulate.
Calyx subglobose membranous, valvate, finally divided into 2-5
sepals, patent or reflexed. Stamens 6-12, inserted with squamules
same in number, entire or 2-fid, alternate and connate in short
cupule at base; filaments free, short or elongate; anthers introrse,
ovoid or oblong, 2-rimose. Germen central free, 1-locular, at apex
more or less hians between bases of 3 styles, short, dilated, sub-
2-lobed stigmatiferous at apex; placentas parietal 3, alternate with
styles, wide, o-ovulate. Capsule subcoriaceous oligospermous,
3-valved ; seeds nearly of Samyda.—Trees ; branches flexuose ; leaves
alternate petiolate, 3-5-nerved, minutely pellucid-punctuate ; flowers
small, crowded in slender elongated racemes, axillary or terminal,
simple or ramified, nodding; pedicels articulate at base, minutely
ow -bracteate (West India and Peru).
15. Tetrathylacium Pape. & Enpu.’? —Flowers polygamous-
1 Spec. 3, 4. BENTH., in Journ. Linn, Soc.,
v. Suppl., 88.—Tuw., Hnum. Pl. Zeyl., 20.
2 Nov. Gen. et Spec., iii. 90, t. 238.—ENDt.,
Gen., n. 5060!, Suppl. i, 1420.—B. H., Gen.
797, n. 3.
3 Small, white.
4 Spec. 1. Æ. nitida MART., loc. cit —WArP.,
Rep., v. 407.
$ In Lond. Journ. of Bot., iii. 517, t. 11, 12.
—Benru., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 89.—
B. H., Gen., 797, n. 4.
5 Spec. 5, of which 4 are from the Antilles.—
Grises., Fl, Brit. W.-Ind., 20; Pl. Amer. Trop.,
26; Pl. Wright. Cub., 155; Cat. Pl. Cub., 7.
7 Nov. Gen. et Spec., iii. 34, t. 240.—B. H.,
Gen., 119, n. 14.—Tr. & PL., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
sér, 4, xvii. 105.—Edmonstonia SEEM., Voy.
Her., Bot., 98, t. 18.
316 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
dicecious apetalous. Sepals 4, in male flower, in short cupule at
base; in female, in urceolate-globose tube, much imbricated. Sta-
mens 4 (of which 2 anterior), alternating with the calyx lobes
and marginally inserted at the base of the disk; filaments short ;
anthers introrse, apex exappendiculate, base subcordate, longi-
tudinally 2-rimose. Germen free (in male flower rudimentary), 1-
locular ; style short, afterwards dilated in stigmatiferous head, 3—4-
lobed ; placentas parietal, 3, 4; “ovules on each crowded. Berry
coriaceous, 1-locular, indehiscent or finally 3, 4-valved; seeds » ;
testa hard; embryo axile albuminous; radicle straight inferior.’”—
A sbrub or tree; leaves alternate, large, remotely serrate ; stipules
lateral, 2; flowers small, in ramified spikes springing from trunk or
branches ; each surrounded at base by a bract and 2 bractlets, lateral
membranous, concave, connivent in false involucel (Zrop. South
America).
16. Ryania Vani.*—F lowers hermaphrodite apetalous ; receptacle
subplane or slightly cupulate. Sepals 5, sometimes slightly peri-
gynous, much imbricated.* Stamens o, slightly perigynous free ;
anthers linear ; cells longitudinally dehiscent at margin or introrsely.
Disk interior to stamens, sometimes short cupulate, sometimes much
more evoluted or subpetaloid unequally cleft. Germen subfree, 1-
locular ; style erect, apex dilated stigmatiferous, subequally lobed or
divided into 2-6 branches, capitate stigmatiferous reflexed ; placentas
parietal 2-5, oppositisepalous, o-ovulate. Fruit dry, ligneous-
suberose, 2—5-valved. Seeds &, arillate; testa crustaceous ; embryo
more or less albuminous, cotyledons wide ; radicle straight.—Trees ;
hairs often stellate; leaves alternate entire penniverved, transversely
small veined, sometimes pellucid-punctuate ; flowers‘ axillary solitary
or few cymose (Zropical America’).
1 Spec. 1. 7. macrophyllum Parr, & ENDL, 3 Interior 2, 3, dorsally often subconnate cos-
loc. cit.—SEEM., op. cit., Suppl., 240.—W ALP.,
Rep., ii. 767; Ann. vii. 219.—Edmonstonia
pacifica SEEM. loc. cit. —Watr., Ann., iv.
438.
2 Eel. Amer., i. 51, t. 9.—ENDL., Gen., n.
5093.—beEnTH., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl.,
82.—B. H., Gen., 126, n. 8.—Patrisia L. C.
Ricx., in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par., 110.—
Ryanea DC., Prodr., i. 255.
tate, convolute.
4 Often large, handsome.
5 Spec. 6, 7. PERS., Enchir., ii. 69 (Patrisia).
—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 357
(Patrisia). — Dexess., Ie. Sel, ili. 8, t. 14
(Patrisia). —Tr. & Px., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4,
xvii. 115,—Watp., Rep., ii. 218; Ann., vii.
225.
BIXACEÆ. 317
17. Scolopia Scares. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle wide
pateriform or subplane orbiculate-discoidal at apex. Sepals 4-6,
inserted at margin, imbricated, subvalvate or open long before an-
thesis, not contiguous. Petals (sometimes 0) alternating with sepals
and often subsimilar, sometimes at base suddenly narrowed, imbri-
cated or not contiguous. Stamens , inserted -seriate on the upper
surface of the receptacle, hypogynous or really perigynous ; filaments
erect free; anthers extrorse, 2-locular, 2-rimose, surmounted by a
connective process various in form, glabrous pilose (more rarely 0).
Disk perigynous; receptacle, either sparingly between the inser-
tion of stamens, or more thickly outwardly, dilate-glandular; glan-
dules sometimes very conspicuous, exterior stamens (pale yellow)
single or in pairs alternating with sepals. Germen free central, ses-
sile or shortly stipitate, 1-locular, apex tapering in short subentire or
stigmatiferous 3, 4-lobed style; placentas parietal 3, 4, alternating
with stigmatiferous lobes; ovules on each 2—o, descending; micro-
pyle introrse superior. Berry inwardly pulpous; seeds 2—» ; funicle
more or less elongated ; testa hard; embryo albuminous, cotyledons
foliaceous.—Trees or shrubs, unarmed or spinescent; leaves alter-
nate, penninerved, entire, sinuate or dentate ; petiole at apex some-
times 2-glandular, articulate at base; stipules minute lateral, cadu-
cous ; flowers in axillary or subterminal cymiferous racemes (Zropical
and Subtropical Africa, Asia, and Australia’).
18. Ludia Lamx.*—Flowers nearly of Scolopia, apetalous ; sepals
4-8, imbricated. Exterior of disk dilated in oppositipetalous glan-
dules. Stamens , subperigynous; anthers extrorse, finally more
or less versatile. Germen nearly of Scolopia; style finally elongated,
3—6-fid at apex; ovules on same number of parietal placentas 0.
1 Gen., 335 (1789).—Ctos, in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
sér. 4, viii. 244— PAYER, Fam. Nat. 111.—
BENTH., in Journ, Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 86.—
B. H. Gen., 127, n. 15.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
x. 253. — Phoberos Lour., Fl. Cocinch. (ed.
1790), 317.—EnDz., Gen., n. 5068.—Limonia
GæÆRIN., Fruct. i. 278, t. 58 (nec L.).—Dasy-
anthera Prest, Rel. Henk., ii. 90, t. 66.—
Enpt., Gen., n. 5018.—Rhinanthera Bu., Bijdr.,
1121.— Enpu., Gen., n. 5069.— Æriudaphus
Ness, in Eekl. et Zeyh. Enum, Pl. Afric., 271.
—PAYER, Fam. Nat., 111.—Adenogyrus Ku.,
in Walp, Ann., iv, 226.
? Spec. ad 15. Wieaut & ARN., Prodr., i. 29
(Phoberos).—Brnn., Pl. Jav. Rar., 187, t. 39
(Phoberos)—Hary. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 67
(Phoberos)—Brntu., Fl. Hongk., 19.—M1qQ.,
Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 106; Fl. Sum., 159.—
Trw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 16.—HANCE, in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér. 4, xviii. 214; sér. 5, v. 207.—
H. By., in Adansonia, i. 120 (Eriudaphus).—
Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 107.— F. MUELL.,
Fragm., iii. 11.—Watp., Ann., vii. 227, 228
(Eriudaphus).
3 Dict., iii.612; IU., t. 466.—DC., Prodr., i.
261.—EnpDL., Gen., n. 5070.—Ctos, in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér. 4, viii. 243.—B. H., Gen., 126, n.
10.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 253.
318 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Berry more or less coriaceous (dehiscent ?). Seeds few obovoid, some-
times slightly incurved.—Shrubs; leaves alternate, usually rather
nitid, in the same strips sometimes very polymorphous, impunctuate,
articulate at base; stipules very small or 0 ; flowers axillary, solitary
or few, cymose or glomerate (7ropical Oriental Continent, and Insular
Africa’).
19. Ruhlia H. B. K.’*—Flowers nearly of Ludia (or Scolopia) ;
receptacle shortly cupuliform. Sepals 3, 5, slightly perigynous, and
petals same in number alternate, inserted with and similar to them,
all much imbricated, persistent. Stamens o, slightly perigynous
(or interior all hypogynous), inserted above pagina of receptacle
œ-seriate; filaments capillary free; anthers extrorse, exappendi-
culate. Germen free central, l-locular, tapering into style above ;
style at apex dilated, subentire or more or less deeply 3-5-lobed
stigmatiferous ; placentas parietal 3-5 ; ovules on each o, descend-
ing. Fruit (indehiscent ?) nearly of Zwdia or Scolopia; seeds (often
outwardly undulate-striate) albuminous.—'Trees; leaves alternate,
base sometimes oblique glandular-serrate ; petiole articulate at base ;
stipules small; flowers’ in ramified, terminal or lateral cymiferous
racemes* (V.-Grenada).
20. Banara Avsu.’—Flowers nearly of Auhlia (or Scolopia), her-
maphrodite or sometimes polygamous, 3—5-merous ; sepals valvate.
Germen free; placentas 3-8, parietal, »-ovulate; apex of style
capitellate stigmatiferous ; entire or 3-8-lobed. Berry, sometimes
coriaceous, indehiscent ; seeds o, albuminous, exterior striate.
Other characters of Awhlia.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate,
often unequal at base, often glandular-serrate, sometimes pellucid-
punctuate ; petiole often 2-glandular at apex, articulate at base ;
1 Spec. 3, v. 4. Cros, loc. cif. (part.).—TUL.,
in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 5, ix.334.—WALpP., Ann.,
vil. 226.
6 Guian., i. 547, t. 217.—J., Gen., 293.—
—Lamx., Dict., i. 366; Jil., t. 464.—DC.,
Prodr., 1. 259.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5073.—CLos,
2 Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii. 234, t. 652, 653,—
Enpu., Gen., n. 5074.—B. H., Gen., 798, n. 7.
—H. Bn., in Adansonia, x. 255.
# Small or very minute, whitish.
4 A genus Tr. & Pr. referred not rightly to
the very similar Banara ; it differs from it espe-
cially in its nonvalvate calyx and structure of
seed,
5 Spec. ad 3. Tr. & Px., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
sér. 4, xvii. 101 (Banara).—Watpr., Rep., i.
204; v. 56.
in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, viii. 289.— BENTH., in
Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl, 90.—B. H. Gen.,
798, 1007, n. 6.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x.
255.—Pineda R. & Pav., Prodr., 76, t. 14;
Syst, i. 183.—DC., Prodr. ii, 54,—Don, in
Edinb. N, Philos. Journ., x. 116.—ENDt., Gen.,
n. 5075.—Ascra Sonort, in Spreng. Syst., Cur.
Post., 407.—Xyladenius DESVX., in Ham, Prodr.
Fl. Ind. Occ., 41.—Boca VELLOZ.,, Fl. Flum.,
v. t. 113.—Christannia PRESL, Rel. Henk., ii.
91, t. 67.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5077.
BIXACEÆ. 319
stipules minute; flowers' in simple or oftener compound cymiferous
racemes, short or elongated; pedicels bracteolate (Zrop. America’).
21. Aphloia Brnn.*—Flowers hermaphrodite apetalous; recep-
tacle cupuliform, interior furnished with thin disk. Sepals 4, 5,
much imbricated.‘ Stamens , inserted with slightly perigynous
calyx outside the disk; filaments free, corrugate-inflexed in bud ;
anthers short, introrse, 2-rimose, finally exserted. _Germen subcen-
tral, free sessile, produced in short style, peltate-stigmatiferous
wide at apex; ovules o, usually few, inserted in 2 series on parietal
placentas, horizontal campylotropous.’ Fruit baccate, finally often
dry, dehiscent(?); seeds few, obovoid-incurved; testa crustaceous ;
albumen thin; embryo incurved; cotyledons ovate. — Trees or
shrubs ; leaves’ alternate articulated entire, dentate or polymorphous
and variously inciso-lobed ; flowers axillary, solitary or few, sessile
or pedicellate (Zrop. Eastern Ins. Africa’).
22. Azara R. & Pav.®—Flowers apetalous hermaphrodite or more
rarely polygamous; receptacle depressed or rather concave.’ Sepals
4 or more rarely 5, 6, valvate or more rarely more or less imbricated.”
Stamens , in phalanges equal in number to sepals, and superposed
to them ; filaments in each or more rarely subdefinite in num-
ber ;" the lateral often with the exterior gradually smaller, and some-
times antherless ; anthers short, 2-locular, extrorse, 2-rimose. Glan-
dules 4—6, placed before sepals free, or connate at base in subperi-
gynous disk. Germen free (in male flower rudimentary), inserted in
1 Small, sometimes virescent, pubescent or
tomentose.
2 Spec. ad 12. Parr. & Enpt., Nov. Gen. et
Spec., iii. 74, t. 285 (Kuhlia).—Tuz., in Ann.
Sc. Nat., sér. 3, vii. 288.—GRISEB., Fl. Brit.
W.-Ind., 22 (Trilix)—Tr. & Pu., in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 100 (part.).—Watp., Rep., i.
204, 205 (Pineda) ; ii. 765; Ann., i. 61.
3 Pl. Jav. Rar., 192.—ENDL., Gen., n, 50722
—Cxos, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, viii, 271, 273.
—BENTH., in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 85.—
B. H., Gen., 126, n. 11.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
x. 253.—Neumannia A, Ricu., Fl. Cub., 96,
not. (nec AD. Br.).
4 Usually thinly spotted.
5 Raphe short, micropyle extrorse lateral;
coats double.
5 When dry, often pale lutescent-virescens.
7 Spec. 2, 3. Porr., Dict., v. 627 (Prockia).
—Lamkx., Il, t. 465, fig. 3 (Prockia).— VAHL,
Symb. Bot., ii. 69, 70 (Lightfootia).—Tut., in
Ann. Sc, Nat., sér. 5, ix. 431 (Aphlæa).—Waxr.,
Ann., vii. 226.
8 Prodr., 79, t. 36.—Porr., Dict., Suppl., i.
550.—DC., Prodr., i. 262.—ENpL., Gen. n.
5075.—Paver, Fam. Nat., 110.—Berntu., in
Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl., 85.—B. H., Gen.,
127, 972, n. 14.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x.
525.—Lilenia BERTER. in Bull. Sc. Nat., xx.
108 (ex Enpt.).—TZetracocyne TuRoz., in Bull.
Mosc. (1863), i. 555.
® Sometimes outside below insertion of calyx
thickened in ring.
10 Sometimes finally fleshy, or inwardly pilose.
HN «Tn A, microphylla (Hoox. ¥., Fl. Ant.
ii. t. 244, not.), stam. defin. cum sepal. altern. et
gland. totid. sepal. oppos., ut in Homalineis, sed
stam. vix perig., et cet. omm, cum Azara con-
veniunt.” (B. H., loc. cit.)
320 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
receptacle, 1-locular; style simple tubular, apex stigmatiferous, sub-
entire or 3, 4-lobed; placentas parietal, same in number, o-ovulate.*
Berry subglobose, with often apiculate style, sometimes dehiscent at
apex; seeds «; testa crustaceous; embryo albuminous, straight or
slightly incurved ; cotyledons rather wide.—Shrubs or more rarely
trees ;? leaves entire or serrate; stipules small or oftener rather
large, foliaceous ; flowers* fasciculate or in short spikes or racemes,
sometimes corymbose or subumbellate’ (South Brazil and Chili’).
23. Pyramidocarpus OLiv.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
shortly cupulate. Sepals 3, 4, gradually proceeding to 4-10 coria-
ceous petals, and perigynously inserted with them, much imbri-
cated. Stamens 20-30, perigynous ; filaments erect, short; anthers
oblong subbasifixed ; cells linear, marginally adnate to rather flat
connective, longitudinally rimose. Germen free, 3-agonal, 1-locular,
attenuated into 3 smail styles stigmatiferous at apex; placentas 3,
parietal, alternating with styles, -ovulate. ‘Fruit large,’ very
thick, coriaceous, wide, cubical or pyramidal; angles thickened, ro-
tund; faces carinate at middle; style short cuspidate, 3, 4-valved,
oligospermous. Seeds large, wide, oblong or subrotund, angular ;
testa crustaceous, rugulose, covered with thin pulp; albumen
copious, fleshy; embryo?— A small glaberrimous tree; small
branches terete, smooth, annulate above base of leaves; leaves
alternate petiolate, coriaceous, oblong, integerrimus, bright ; petiole
thickened at apex ; stipules fallen ;” flowers* in dense short axillary
spike ;’ pedicels very short articulated; bracts very short (Zropical
Western Africa”).
24. Abatia R. & Pav."—Flowers hermaphrodite apetalous; re-
Don, in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ., x. 117.—Ho0x.
& ARN., Beech. Voy. Bot., t. 4.—Ctos, in C.
Gay Fl. Chil., i. 191.— Bot. Mag., t. 5178.—
1 Ovules incompletely anatropous, sometimes
suborthotropous ; micropyle introrse superior ;
coats double. In À, crassifolia (cultivated in
our gardens) superior bud much younger than
others.
? Very bitter.
3 Virescent, or (if the anthers are coloured)
abundantly golden.
+ A genus certainly allied to Calantica and
Homalium, according to PAYER (Fam. Nat.,
110), “cæterum inter Bixineas (Flacourtieas) et
Samydaceas (Banareas) quasi medium,” (B. H.,
loc. cit.).
5 Spee. ad 12. R. & Pav., Syst, 137. —
Papp, & Enpz., Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii. t. 167.—
Bot, Reg., t. 1788.—Watp., Rep., 1.104; Ann.,
i. 62; vii. 226.
6 In Journ. Linn. Soc., ix. 171.—B. H.,
Gen., 799, 1007, n. 8.
7 Of the size of Avellana.
8 “ Buds small, globose, glabrous,”
3 Inferior, younger,
10 Spee. 1. P. Blackii Oxtv., loc. cit—Mast.,
in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 495.
ll Prodr., 78, t. 14.—DC., Prodr., i. 503.—
Don, in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. x. 121.—EnDt.,
Gen., n. 6160,—PL., in Hook, Lond, Journ., iv.
BIXACEÆ. 321
ceptacle shortly cupuliform. Sepals 4, valvate. Stamens ©, some-
times subdefinite in number (8-15) (4pherema’); filaments inserted
within receptacle, 2—-#-seriate, slightly perigynous, filiform ;
anthers oblong or shorter (Æaleïghia’) extrorse, finally versatile,
longitudinally rimose ; filamentous hairs* at exterior of androceum
inserted at throat of receptacle, crowded (Hwabatia), or thinner
(Raleighia), sometimes 0 or very few (4phærema). Germen free,
central, l-locular; style slender, tubular, apex stigmatiferous, entire
or shortly 3-lobed; placentas parietal 2-4, m-ovulate. Capsule
globose, accompanied by base of calyx, subcoriaceous, loculicidal.
Seeds o, more or less winged; testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy;
embryo axile straight; cotyledons short.—Glabrous shrubs, or more
or less clothed with fasciculate hairs ; leaves opposite or verticillate,
serrate, exstipulate ; flowers in erect terminal racemes, bracteate
(Zrop. and Subtrop. America’).
IV. LACISTEMEÆ.
25. Lacistema Sw.— Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous ;
receptacle minute convex. Sepals 4-6, free, sometimes very short
or 0, often unequal, incurved at apex in bud, persistent. Disk
unequally-cupulate, obtusely lobed, regular or anterior usually much
larger; margin sometimes variously inflexed. Stamen 1, interior
within disk anterior ; filament free, hypogynous, apex dilated in 2-
crurate connective; anther cells separate, terminating each branch
marginally or inwardly rimose. Germen superior, subsessile or shortly
stipitate, 1-locular ; style erect, apex divided in 3 lobes, slender, re-
curved, unequal, stigmatiferous ; lobes 2 anterior ; the third posterior ;
parietal placentas 3, alternating with style lobes; each 1, 2-ovulate
(sometimes 1, 2 sterile) ; ovules descending, incompletely anatropous ;
micropyle introrse superior. Fruit drupaceo-capsular,. finally locu-
licidal, 3-valved ; interior of valves placentiferous at middle; fertile
usually 1, 1-spermous. Seed descendent; exterior fleshy; testa crusta-
476, t. 16.—B. H., Gen., 199, 1007, n. 9.— 2 GARDN., in Hook. Lond. Journ., iv. 97.—
H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 255.—Myriotriche B.H., Gen., 799, n. 10.
Turez., in Bull. Mose. (1863), i. 554.—Gra- 3 Perhaps in sterile stamens filaments much
niera Mann. & Wepp., Pl. And. Boliv. Exs., n. attenuated; stamens either all fertile or partly
1511 (ex B. H.).- antherless ?
Miers, in Proceed. Hort. Soc. (1863), 4 Spec. ad 8. H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v.
294.—B. H., Gen., 799, n. 11. 358, t. 486.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 256.—
Watp., Rep., v, 834 (Raleighia).
VOL. IV. uf
322 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ceous ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo straight, radicle cylindrical
superior ; cotyledons flat.—Small trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate,
2-stichous, persistent ; petiole articulate at base ; stipules 2, lateral
caducous ; limb simple, penninerved, sometimes pellucid-punctuate ;
flowers in crowded unequal axillary spikes; bracts alternate,
l-flowered ; bractlets 2, lateral linear, often formed like sepals and
usually narrower (Zrop. America). See p. 282.
V. CALANTICEA.
26. Calantica Jaus.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle widely
cupuliform. Sepals 5-8, perigynously inserted at margin of recep-
tacle, valvate. Disk within receptacle, and outwardly dilated at
apex into lobes concave or marginate opposite sepals and adnate to
them. Petals 5-8, perigynous linear, or more rarely 0 (Bivinia).
Stamens same in number, alternating with petals, perigynous, but
inserted a little below petals, sometimes (Svvinia), in alterni-
petalous fascicles; filaments free; anthers 2-locular, extrorse, 2-
rimose. Germen central free, 1-locular ; styles 3-6, apex stigma-
tiferous linear; placentas 3-6, o-ovulate. Capsule ovoid, 3-6-
valved; seeds ©, inserted at middle of valve, external cottony ;
testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy; embryo straight, radicle terete ;
cotyledons foliaceous, ovate or subcordate.—Trees ; leaves alternate,
petiolate, simple, glandular-serrate or crenate; stipules small;
flowers small, in compound cymiferous racemes ; bracts and bractlets
setaceous, often with calyx silky (Zrop. Eastern Cont. and Ins. Africa).
See p. 284.
27. Dissomeria Brnru.'—Receptacle shortly cupuliform. Sepals
4, imbricate. Petals 8, series double inserted with shorter calyx,
imbricated, persistent. Glandules same in number, alternate, peri-
gynous, marginate on disk. Stamens ©, in oppositipetalous fascicles ;
filaments filiform, much pilose ; anthers subglobose. Germen sub-
free, hirsute, l-locular; styles 3, filiform, stigmatiferous at apex,
acute; parietal placentas 3, 4; ovules a few inserted at each apex,
descending. Fruit “thick, coriaceous, indehiscent.’’—A shrub ; leaves
1 Bentu., Niger, 362.—B. H., Gen., 800, n. 14,
BIXACEZ. 323
alternate ovate-oblong, large, glandular-crenate, petiolate; stipules
faleate, rather large, deciduous ; flowers in axillary, slender, elongated,
interrupted spikes (Zrop. Western Africa’).
28. Asteropeia Dur.-T'u.°—Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
very short, cupulate. Sepals 5, obtuse, imbricate, persistent, and
petals 5, alternate, deciduous, perigynously inserted on margin of
receptacle. Stamens 10-15, inserted with perianth; filaments at
base in l-adelphous ring, otherwise free ; anthers short, 2-locular,
rimose. Germen free, sessile, incompletely 3-locular, apex obtuse or
attenuated in style stigmatiferous subentire or 3-fid at apex; ovules
in each cell 2, inserted below apex, descending. Capsule attended by
base of calyx and androceum, loculicidal, sometimes inwardly fun-
gous; seeds o, hippocrepiform; embryo... .?—Humble trees or
scandent shrubs; leaves alternate, etiolate, exstipulate ; oblong or
obovate, entire, coriaceous ; flowers’ in terminal and axillary rami-
fied racemes ; bracts and bractlets caducous (Madagascar’).
VI. HOMALIE.
29. Homalium Jacg.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle con-
cave, turbinate or obconical. Sepals 5-7, and petals same in number,
alternate, linear oblong, inserted in throat of receptacle, imbricated,
persistent. Stamens inserted with petals 2—o and opposite, either
equal in number (Blackwellia) or before each in fascicles with peri-
gynous alternate glandules (Racoubea); filaments free; anthers 2-
locular, extrorse, sub-2-dymous, 2-rimose. Germen partly adnate to
interior of receptacle, l-locular; style lobes 2-6, slender, apex
simple or capitellate stigmatiferous; placentas parietal same in
number, alternate ; ovules on each placenta ©, or few, sometimes 1
(Nisa), descending; micropyle introrse, superior. Capsule semi-
superior, coriaceous, apex 2—6-valved ; seeds usually few, angulate or
oblong ; testa crustaceous ; embryo albuminous; cotyledons foliaceous.
—Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate petiolate simple, usually glan-
1 Spec. 1. D. crenata BENTH, loc, cit— Gen.,n. 5092.—Tux., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4,
Masr., in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr., ii. 496.— viii. 79 (Asteropea).—B. H., Gen., 801, n. 17.
Watp., Ann., ii. 278. 3 Small, whitish; or in other species pale
2 Gen. Nov. Madag., 22,73; Hist. Vég. Iles yellow.
Afr., 51, t. 15.—DC., Prodr., ii. 55.—ENDL, 4 Spec. 2. Tux, loc. cit., 80-82.
ye 2
324, NATURAL: HISTORY OF PLANTS.
dular-crenate or serrate; stipules small or 0; flowers axillary,
in ramified cymiferous racemes (4// warm regions). See p. 276.
30? Byrsanthus Guittem.—F lowers nearly of Homalum ; recep-
tacle obconical. Sepals 4-6, and petals same in number, alternate,
just alike, induplicate at margin, all inserted at summit of receptacle,
persistent. Stamens 3 times as many as petals, of which 4-6
oppositipetalous, are outwardly accompanied by a glandule,
attended without by 2 stamens; filaments slender; anthers ex-
trorse. Disk within stamens, of 4-6 glands, alternipetalous,
perigynous, constant. Germen large, partly adnate to interior of
receptacle, 1-locular; placentas 4-6, parietal, «-ovulate; style at
apex 4-6-fid, lobes dilated at summit stigmatiferous. Capsule
1-locular, apex 4-6-valved ; seed finally 1 ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
wide ; cotyledons foliaceous.—Shrubs ; leaves alternate exstipulate ;
inflorescence of Homalium; pedicels articulated, very short (Zrop.
Western Africa). See p. 287.
VII. PANGIEÆ.
31. Pangium Rumeu.—Flowers dicecious ; receptacle rather con-
vex. Calyx subglobose, valvate, unequally torn. Petals 5-8, im-
bricated ; scales same in number, lying upon them inwardly at base.
Stamens «; filaments at base thickened, subfleshy, much atte-
nuated at apex; anthers ovate, introrse, 2-locular, 2-rimose.
Stamens in female flower few (4-8), subulate. Germen free, sessile,
apex stigmatiferous, wide depressed, subglandular, 2—4-lobed, un-
equally sulcate. Ovules ©, transverse or oblique, anatropous,
inserted on 2 or more rarely 3 parietal placentas rather prominent.
Fruit large, baccate, indehiscent ; seeds o, nidulant in pulp, large,
unequally compressed; hilum lateral large, elongated; testa lig-
neous, exterior prominent-nerved ; albumen copious, oily ; embryo
axile, more or less oblique ; radicle conical ; cotyledons wide, folia-
ceous, base subcordate, digitinerved.—A tree; leaves alternate ;
petiole furnished at base with adnate stipules more or less persis-
tent; limb cordate, digitinerved, entire or 3-lobed at base; flowers
axillary ; males in ramified cymose racemes ; females solitary (/ava).
See p. 288.
BIXACE 4. 325
32. Gynocardia R. Br.'—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Pangium) ;
calyx cupulate, valvate, 5-dentate, sometimes unequally torn. Petals
imbricated or contorted, and stamens of Pangium; anthers elon-
gated, subbasifixed, introrse. Staminodes in female flower 5-15.
Germen sessile; styles 5, at apex wide, capitate, stigmatiferous ;
placentas parietal, 5, #-ovulate. Berry large; seeds ~ (nearly of
Pangium).—A tree ; leaves alternate entire; petiole short ; flowers
solitary or cymose pedicellate, axillary or springing from the wood
(/ndia).
33. Bergsmia B1.®—Flowers small, dicecious ; perianth and oppo-
sitipetalous scales of Pangium. Stamens in male flower 4-6, fertile ;
filaments rather thick at base, coalescing round base of rudimentary
anthers basifixed, introrse, afterwards
radiating; cells finally rimose above ; in female flower 4, 5, sterile,
subulate, alternipetaious. Germen sessile; apex stigmatiferous,
depressed 2, 3-lobed; placentas parietal 2, 3; ovules on each 2- ©.
Fruit. ..?—Trees ; leaves alternate (nearly of Gynocardia), stipulate ;
flowers in axillary simple racemes; pedicels alternate, articulate at
base (/avaï).
gynæceum, recurved at apex ;
34. Trichadenia Taw.—Flowers diæcious (nearly of Pangium) ;
calyx valvate, unequally torn, or calyptrately circumcissile at base.
Petals imbricated or more usually contorted ; scales placed opposite
within, oblong, coriaceous, velvety. Stamens in male flower 5, alter-
nipetalous ; filaments erect; anthers elongated; cells linear, mar-
ginal, longitudinally rimose. Germen (in male flower sometimes rudi-
mentary) apex crowned by short, thick, unequally cristate or crenate
stigmatiferous apex of style. Placentas parietal, 3; ovules on each
1 (or more rarely 2), ascending. Berry oligospermous ; seeds nidu-
lant ; embryo albuminous ; cotyledons foliaceous, plicate-rugose.—A
1 In Roxb, Pl. Corom., iti. 95, t. 299.—- candra Ham. (vulg. Chaulmoogri, Chawul-
B. H., Gen., 129, n. 24.—Chaulmoogra Roxs.,
Fl. Ind., ii. 835.—Chilmoria Ham., in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiii. 500.—Munnicksia DENNST.,
Hort. Malab., i. n. 36 (ex ENDL.) —Marotti
Rueev., Hort. Malab., loc. cit.
2 Spec. 1. G. odorata R. BR., loc. cit.; in
Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar., 207; Mise. Works. ed.
BENN., ii. 716.—BL., Rumphia, iv. 23.—Chaul-
moogra odorata Rox, — Chilmoogra dode-
moogri, Petarcurrah).
3 Rumphia, iv. 23, t. 178 C, fig. 2.—B. H.,
Gen., 129, n. 25.
4 Spee. 1. B. javanica Bu., loc. cit.; Mus.
Lugd.-Bat., i, 16.—Miaq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i.
p- li. 111; Fl. Sum., 159.—Watp., Ann., ii.
5 In Hook. Kew Journ., vii. 196, t. 8. —
B. H., Gen., 129, n. 26.
326 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
tree ; leaves alternate, petiolate, penninerved; stipules foliaceous,
caducous ; flowers in axillary ramified cymiferous racemes (Zey/ania’).
35. Hydnocarpus Garty.? — Flowers polygamous-diæcious ;
sepals 4, 5, free, much imbricated. Petals 5, imbricated or contorted ;
scales same in number, placed within at base, opposite. Stamens in
male flower 5, alternipetalous, or 6-8 ; filaments hypogynous, free ;
anthers basifixed, subreniform or suboblong, 2-rimose at margin.
Staminodes in female flower 5—0o, sterile or sometimes furnished
with fertile anthers. Germen sessile ; styles 3-6, short or more or less
elongated, unequally dilated, stigmatiferous at apex ; placentas same
in number, parietal; ovules on each , anatropous. Berry large,
subcorticate; seeds ©; testa hard, striate; albumen oily; embryo
axile ; cotyledons foliaceous, flat or subplicate.—Trees ; leaves alter-
nate, shortly petiolate; stipules lateral, caducous ; flowers in short
axillary cymiferous racemes ; females few or solitary* (Zrop. Asia’).
36. Rawsonia Harv. & Sonp.’—Flowers polygamous ; sepals 4, 5,
much imbricated, gradually proceeding to same number of petals,
much imbricated. Scales complanate subpetaloid or shortly pilose
(Dasylepis'), placed inwardly at the base, before each petal. Stamens
©, inserted on slightly dilated receptacle ;’ filaments linear or
lanceolate-oblong, more or less sagittate at base. Germen superior ;
placentas parietal, co-ovulate ; style erect, stigmatiferous at apex with
more or less elongate lobes, sometimes finally radiate (Z#rawsomia).
Fruit baccate ?—Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, serrate or
dentate; stipules small, deciduous ; flowers axillary, racemose (Dasy-
lepis), solitary or glomerate’ (Zrop.
Western and Southern Africa’).
1 Spee. 1. 7. zeylanica Tuw., loc. cit. ;
Enum. PI. Zeyl., 19,—Watp., Ann., iv. 229.
2 Fruct., i. 288, t. 60.—DC., Prodr., i. 257.
—ENDL., Gen., n.5085 (part.).— Bu., Rumphia,
iv. 21, t.178 B, fig. 1 (nec).—B. H., Gen., 129,
n. 28.
3 Whether of this genus (characters being a
little changed) Taraktogenos Blumei Hassx.
(Retzia 127 ; —B. H., Gen., 129, n. 27;—Miq.,
Fl, Ind,-Bat.,i. p. ü. 110; Fl. Sum., 159;—
Watp., Ann., iv. 229; vii. 232 ;—Hydnocarpus
heterophylla Bu,), Javanese tree, habit of Hyd-
nocarpus, of which it is said, sepals 4, petals 8,
stamens 8, or three times the number of petals ;
ovules indefinite in number.
4 Spec. 5, 6. Vaux, Symb. Bot., iii. 100.—
Wicur, Z//., t. 16; Icon, t. 942.—Wianr &
Arn., Prodr., i. 30.—M1qQ., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i.
p- ii. 110; FU. Sum., 159.—Watp,, Rep. v.
58 6; Ann., i. 63; i1. 62; iv. 230; vii. 232.
5 Fl. Cap., 67.—B. H., Gen., 127, n. 12.—
H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 257.
6 Oztv., in Jowrn. Linn, Soc., ix. 170.—
B, H., Gen., 972, n. 26 a.
7 Whence often slightly perigynous.
8 In Dasylepis long erect-connivent.
9 Gen. nearly related to Pangiwn and On-
coba. By more recent authors Rawsonia is
placed among the Flacourtiee; while OLIVER
rightly inserts Dasylepis after Trichadenia, on
account of its oppositipetalous scales.
10 Spec. 2. Hary., Thes, Cap., t.31.—WALP.,
Ann.,, vii, 226.
BIXACEÆ. 327
37. Kiggelaria L.'—Flowers diæcious ; receptacle shortly de-
pressed, glandular, rather villous. Sepals 5, free, valvate or
sarcely imbricated. Petals same in number, alternate, imbricated ;
scales same in number, complanate-fleshy, placed inwardly at -base
before each petal, and connate to greater or less height. Stamens
in male flower few (usually 10-12), in female 0; filaments short,
free, erect; anthers basifixed; cells 2, lateral, apex dehiscing in
short clefts or pores. Germen free (in male flower 0); placentas
parietal 2-5 ; ovules usually few ; styles 2-5, stigmatiferous reflexed
at apex. Fruit fleshy, with difficulty dehiscing, or dry, imperfectly
2-5-valved. Seeds 1—o, exterior pulpy; albumen fleshy, copious ;
embryo rather large ; cotyledons foliaceous, digitinerved at base—
Unarmed shrubs, often stellate-pubescent; leaves alternate, exstipu-
late, entire or crenate ; flowers in axillary cymes, shortly racemose,
bracteate (South Africa’).
VIII. PAPAYEÆX.
38. Papaya T.—Flowers diæcious, or more rarely polygamous.
Male calyx small or very minute, 5-lobed or 5-dentate, imbricated or
valvate. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube elongated; lobes 5, oblong
or linear, præfloration dextrorse (Z#papaya) or sinistrorse contorted,
sometimes but more rarely valvate (Vasconcella). Stamens 10, 2-
seriate, inserted in throat of corolla of which 5, oppositipetalous,
often subsessile; other 5 longer, alternate; filaments free or sub-
free, sometimes connate at base to a greater or less height (/aca-
ralia) ; anthers erect, adnate, introrse 2-rimose; connective often
produced beyond cells. Germen rudimentary, subulate. Calyx of
female flower as in male. Petals 5, free, erect, contorted or val-
vate, deciduous. Staminodes 0, or in hermaphrodite flower fertile
stamens 1-10. Germen free, sessile, 1-locular or more rarely by
false septa, 5-locular (Vasconcella) ; placentas 5, parietal, ©-ovulate ;
style short, presently or at the base divided into 5 lobes, dilated or
linear, simple, sometimes 2- œ-lobed. Berry inwardly pulpous, in-
dehiscent. Seeds c ; external coat subfleshy or suberose arilliform ;
1 Gen., n. 1128.—J., Gen., 387.—GÆRTN., 2 Spec. 3. L., Hort. Cliff, t. 29.—JACQ,
Fruct., i, 206, t. 44.—LamK., Dict., iii. 8365; Coll, 296; Ic. Rar., t. 628.—Hanrv. & SOND.,
IU., t. 821.— EnDx., Gen. n. 5082.— DC, Fl. Cap. i, 71.—WaLr., Ann. iv, 230; vii.
Prodr., i. 257.—Cutos, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 232.
4, viii. 267.—B. H., Gen., 130, n. 29,
328 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
testa crustaceous, smooth, rugose or aculeate; albumen fleshy ;
embryo axile; cotyledons flat, elliptical-oblong; radicle terete.—
Trees or shrubs full of milky juice; trunk often simple, apex
leafy ; sometimes aculeate or spinose (/acaratia) ; leaves alternate
petiolate subpeltate palmate or digitate, 5-12-foliolate, more rarely
oblong, exstipulate; flowers solitary or in axillary or terminal
cymiferous racemes, sometimes growing from the trunk, ebracteate
(Trop. America). See p. 289.
IX. TURNERE.
39. Turnera L.—Flowers regular, hermaphrodite ; tube (of re-
ceptacle ?) more or less elongated, cylindrical or obconical ; limb of
calyx campanulate or subinfundibuliform, 5-partite, imbricated.
Petals 5, inserted in the throat; claw short, naked or very rarely
(Erblichia) crowned with short filaments; limb obovate or obcuneate,
or subspathulate wide, membranous, coloured, in bud contorted, or
more rarely minute, shorter than calyx, subsepaloid. Stamens 5,
alternipetalous ; anthers oblong, introrse 2-rimose ; filaments free,
inserted in the throat, or in the tube, at a greater or less height from
base to throat, more or less perigynous or subhypogynous (Worm-
skioldia). Germen free, 1-locular; styles 3, simple or 2-partite
(Piriqueta), apex stigmatiferous subentire (ZrWlichia), or flabellate,
2—-5-œ-fid ; ovules on each placenta 2—@, descending; micropyle
extrorse, superior. Capsule I|-locular, subovoid or oblong, some-
times siliquiform torulose (Wormskioldia), more or les high valvate ;
valves inwardly at middle 1--spermous. Seed oblong or cylin-
drical, slightly curved ; aril membranous ; testa crustaceous, exterior
foveolate; albumen copious, fleshy; embryo axile; radicle cylin-
drical ; cotyledons plano-convex.— Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs,
glabrous, pubescent, or tomentose; leaves alternate, petiolate, or
sessile ; stipules lateral, small, or 0; limb entire, serrate, or pinna-
tifid, base sometimes 2-glandular ; flowers axillary, solitary, or rarely
cymose or racemose, sometimes adnate to petiole to greater or less
height (Zrop. Africa and America). See p. 294.
BIXACEÆ.
ivy)
to
©
X. COCHLOSPERMEZÆ.
40, Cochlospermum K.— Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
rather convex. Sepals 5, imbricated, deciduous. Petals 5, alternate,
large, contorted or imbricated. Stamens o, inserted on eglandular
receptacle; filaments subequal, or some longer and wider, free ;
anthers oblong or linear, 2-locular, apex poricidal, or dehiscing in
short oblique clefts, confluent at apex ; connective sometimes apicu-
late beyond cells. Germen free, 1-locular; placentas 3-5, more or
less prominent in cavity, coalescing in axis at base, or sometimes
nearly to apex (4moreuxia); ovules on each placenta o, laterally
inserted at greater or less height; style simple, tubular, apex stig-
matiferous, subentire or minutely 3—5-denticulate. Capsule 3-5-
valved, incompletely or subcompletely 3-5-locular ; exocarp loculi-
cidal, separating from alternate-valved, membranous or pergamen-
tous endocarp. Seeds o, cochleate-reniform or spiral, exterior
sprinkled with wool or long hairs, sometimes short and remote
(Amoreuvia) ; testa crustaceous or corneous, before apex of cotyle-
dons perforated by pores inwardly stopped by obturator; albumen
fleshy ; embryo fornicate or incurved axile ; cotyledons ovate or
oblong, sometimes uncinate; radicle terete, incurved. — Trees,
shrubs, or more rarely herbs with tuberous rhizome full of yellow
juice ; leaves alternate, palmatifid or digitate ; flowers (handsome) in
simple or ramified racemes, terminal or lateral to upper leaves
(America, Asia, West. Africa, and Trop. Australia). See p. 297.
XXXIT. CISTACE A.
This small family has taken its name from the Cistuses' (figs.
344, 345), which have regular flowers generally hermaphrodite, with
a receptacle in the form of a surbased cone, bearing from below
Cistus (Eucistus) creticus.
Fie. 344.
Floriferous branch.
upwards, the perianth, androceum, and gynæceum. In the most
wide-spread species of this genus, such as Cistus ereticus (fig. 344),
crispus, albidus, purpureus, parviflorus, &e., we observe first a calyx
formed of five’ sepals more or less unequal, arranged in quincuncial
t. 3; Fam, Nat., 144.—B. H., Gen., 113, n. 1.
—Witik., Ic. Hispan., ii. t. 75-99.—Px., in
Bull, Soc. Bot, de Fr., ix. 509.—Cutos, in
Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., ix. 519.—ScOHNIZL.,
Icon., fase. ix, t. 188.
1 Cistus T., Inst., 259, t. 136.—L., Gen., n.
673.—ADANS., Fam, des PL, ii, 443.—J., Gen.,
n. 673.—GæRIN., Fruct., 370, t. 76.—LAMK.
Dict., ii. 12; Suppl. ii, 271; Zl, t. 477.—
Pougr., Hist. des Cistes (ex Cios, in Mém.
Acad. Toul. et Bull, Soc, Bot. de Fr., v. 291).—
Dux., in DC., Prodr., i, 263,—TurpP., in Dict.
Sciences Nat., Atl., t. 190,—SPACH, in Ann,
Se. Nat., sér. 2, vi. 357 ; Suit. à Buffon, vi. 84.—
Enpt., G'en., n. 5028.—PAYER, Organog., 15,
2 There are only three in C, ladaniferus L.,
cyprius LAME, and laurifolius L., types of the
genus Ladanium Spracu (loc. cit, 366, t. 17,
figs. 1-4). :
CISTACEÆ. 331
præfloration in the bud.' The petals, the same in number, are alter-
nate, opposite, or in an intermediate position, sessile or nearly so,
contorted in the bud ;* the whole forms a rosaceous corolla, which
falls very soon after opening. The androceum is composed of an
indefinite number of hypogynous stamens, with free filaments and
anthers dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts, marginal or slightly
introrse.‘ The free superior gynæceum is formed of a sessile one-
celled ovary, with five parietal placentas superposed to the sepals,
and more or less prominent in the interior of the cell’ Hach pla-
centa bears an indefinite number of ovules, orthotropous or nearly
so,° each provided with a more or less elongated funicle. The ovary
is surmounted by a style of variable length, the summit being
swollen and charged with stigmatic papille.’ The fruit, accompanied
at its base by the persistent calyx, is a capsule which separates at
maturity into five valves, and opens from above downwards by five
clefts more or less prolonged. Each valve bears within upon the
midrib a polyspermous placenta. ‘The seeds contain under their
coats* a farinaceous or subcartilaginous albumen, surrounded by an
excentric embryo, with radicle opposite the hilum, and cotyledons
more or less large and flat, spirally rolled. The Cistuses proper’ are
frutescent or suffrutescent plants, often bearing soft and viscous
hairs. The leaves are generally opposite, principally in the lower
parts of the plant, simple, entire, exstipulate. The flowers are ter-
minal or solitary, or more usually grouped at the summit of the
branches in few-flowered cymes; the corolla is pink or rather
purple.
1 The sepals 1 and 2 are quite exterior. The distinguished from these, and should not be
three others, considered by some as the only
sepals, are besides contorted at a certain age.
Sometimes the calyx is accidentally formed of
two series of three leaves each.
2 Spacx admitted “ the petals never alternate
with the sepals.’ Payer in the species observed
by him, has seen, he says, an exact alternation.
PLANCHON bas confirmed both the accounts, the
latter being the less frequent.
3 The direction of the twisting is often
opposite in the corolla and calyx; but this is far
from being constant.
4 The pollen of the Cistaceæ which have been
studied, is ellipsoidal with three folds, and in
water spherical with three papille, (H. Mout,
in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 329.)
5 Spacu has seen that the placentas adnate to
the edge of the partitions “are very clearly
confounded with them,
5 The funicle is inserted either at the base of
the ovule or at a greater or less height on
the sides. The ovule “has a double coat.
That of C. creticus has been described by J.
G. Acarpu (Theor. Syst. Plant., t. 16, figs.
17-19).
7 ‘The style is a tube dilated towards its apex.
The summits of the placentas spread over the
interior of the tube in the form of narrow bands
alternating with the ovary cells, and finish by
dilating a little in as many stigmatiferous lobes.
8 It is composed of three layers, the middle
one being the least resistant and most coloured.
9 Sect. Hucistus—Gen. Cistus SPACH, loc.
cit., 367. This section should include the
Erythrocistus of Duna, except C. symphyti-
folius.
332 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
There are some species of Cistus, such as C. symphytifolius,’ whose
two exterior sepals are small and recurved outwardly, and whose
style, much longer than the stamens, is slightly
geniculate at the base; it has been proposed to
make of them a genus under the name of //o-
docistus® Their petals are red, as in the Cistus
proper. In other species of the genus the
corolla is white and the style very short. They
had formerly been mixed in a section called Ze-
doni (fig. 346) ; they
have since been dis-
tinguished into three
other genera under the
names of Ledonia,* La-
danium, and Stephano-
Helianthemum lasiocarpum.
Cistus (Stephanocarpus)
mons peliensis.
carpus. The genus Cis-
lus, thus circumscribed,
includes some twenty
European, African,and
Asiatic species, most
of them from the Me-
diterranean region.
The Helianthemums’ (figs. 346-345), formerly included in the
genus Cistus, can scarcely be separated from it, except by artificial
Instead of five placentas they have generally but three ;
and their capsule is divided into three valves instead of five. The
inflorescence is really in cymes, but they generally resemble racemes
or spikes.’ The embryo is generally hook-shaped, or at least one of
those defined in technical language as diplicatus or circumflecus. In
Fria. 346.
Inflorescence.
Fia. 345.
Diagram.
means.
1 Lamx., Dict., ii.n.9.—C. vaginatus AIT.—
C. candidissimus Dun.
2 Spacn, loc. cit., 367 (R. Berthelotianus),
3 Don., loc. cit. (nec Spach).
SpaCH, loc. cit., 369 (nec Dun.).
5 See p. 337, note 5. The gynæceum may
here have as many as ten cells.
6 Spacu, loc. cit., 368.
7 Retcus., Ic. Fl. Germ., iii. t. 36-40.—
8 Helianthemum T., Inst., 248, t. 128 (part.).
— Pers. Syn., ii. 75.—Dun., in DC. Prodr.,
i. 266.—SPACH, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 2, vi.
360; Suit. à Büffon, vi. 15.—Enpu., Gen., n.
5029.— PAYER, Organog., 15, t. 3; Fam. Nat.,
145,—Wittk., Ic. Hisp., ii. t. 103-158.—A,.
Gray, Gen. Jil., t. 87.—B. H., Gen., 113, n. 2.
Lem. & Done, Tr. Gén, 429.—Cistus L.,
Gen., n. 673 (part.).
BERNE., in Flora (1828), 688.—WEBB, Phy.
Canar., t. 12.—Gren. & Gopr., Fl. de Fr., i.
161.—Bot. Mag., t. 43, 112, 264, 5241.—
Watp., Rep., i. 206; ii. 765; Ann, i. 64; vii.
204,
® Because the cymes often become uniparous
by abortion, and the axes of successive genera-
tions are placed end to end as in a sympode, so
as to simulate one single axis (fig. 346).
CISTACEÆ. 333
Halimium, which consists of species, some allied to the Helianthe-
mums and others to the Cistus, and which are a connecting link
between the two genera, the embryo is often disposed like that of
the latter, although the gynæceum is formed of three carpels. The
Helianthemums are herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, with opposite
or alternate leaves, stipulate or exstipu-
late inhabiting Europe, the Mediter-
ranean region and Western Asia, the
Tsles of the Western Coast of Africa, and
the two Americas. Some have described
more than a hundred species ;* others have
reduced this number to about a quarter.’
They have been divided into seven or
eight genera,’ five of which we preserve as
subgenera or sections. ‘The flowers are
generally yellow or white, or more rarely pink. In three or four
species, Z1. canadense, corymbosum, and glomeratum,' the flowers are of
two sorts, some polyandrous, and others triandrous or apelatous. In
IT. glomeratum all the flowers are apelatous and oligandrous ; it has
been proposed to make a genus of it, Zærioslema the name being
derived from the stamens,* and which would serve to connect /e/?-
anthemum proper to the other two generically lessened types which
follow.
Hudsonia and Lechea may be considered as reduced types of the
Helianthemum lasiocarpum.
Fie. 348,
Long. sect. of seed.
Fia. 347,
Seed (8).
1 Helianthemi sect. Dun., in DC., Prodr., i.
267.— Gen. Halimium SpACH, loc. cit., 365
(incl.: A. lasianthum, algarvense, umbellatum,
Cistus Libanotis, rosmarinifolius).
2 Cros considered the two exterior sepals of
Helianthemum as being of the nature of stipules.
In Helianthemum the want of alternation
between the pieces of the corolla and calyx is
generally more pronounced than in the Cistuses.
Payer (Organog., 16) assigns the following
position to the petals:—One before sepal 4,
and two before each sepal 3 and 5. In con-
sidering the side of the flower superposed to the
last bract as anterior, there are then four
anterior petals superposed in pairs to two sepals,
3 and 5, and one posterior petal superposed to
sepal 4.”
3 Dun., loc. cit., 266.
4 Spacu only admits twenty-seven. —
Retcus., Ic. Fl. Germ., iii. t. 25-35.— WEBB,
Phyt. Canar., t. 12 B, 13,13 B.—Botss., F1.
Or., i. 439.—Gren. & Gopr., Fl. de Fr., i.
167.—C, Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 202.—A. Gray,
Man., ed. 5, 80.—Cuamp., Fl. S. Unit. St., 35.
—Watp., Rep., i. 208; v. 58 b; Ann., i, 64;
ii. 63; iv. 231; vii. 205.
5 Especially Æuhelianthemum, which is dis-
tinguished by an orthoplocate embryo, Zw-
beraria Dun. (H. guttatum), and Rhodax,
Spacu, which have one, a circumflex embryo,
the other diplecolobed.
6 Type of the genus Heteremeris, SPAOKH, loc.
cit., 270.
7 Span, Loc. cit., 374.
8 They have a linear spathulate filament and a
suborbicular adnate very small anther. In
Fumana section of the genus Helianthemum
(Dux., loc. cit., 274), of which a distinct genus
has also been made (Spacu, Loc, cit., 359, t. 16);
—Expz., Gen., n. 5027), the exterior stamens
are sterile and moniliform. The ovules are not
orthotropous, but incompletely anatropous, as
in some other species of the group. (“ Nobis
erit subgen. Helianthemi.” B. H., loc. cit.,
114.)
334 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
genus Cistus. In Hudsonia: there is, with the same perianth and
androceum as in Cistus, three carpels and three placentas ; but upon
each of these only two ovules, similar to those of Helianthemum.
This small genus contains three species,’ of North America, with
frutescent or subfrutescent stem, small alternate imbricated leaves,
analogous to those of the heather (Fr., Bruyère), and small yellow
flowers, terminal, solitary, pedunculate, near together on small gem-
Lechea mexicana.
Fra. 349.
Floriferous branch.
Fie, 351.
Fie. 350.
Long. sect. of flower (5). Flower with perianth
taken away.
miform branches. JZechea’ has only trimerous flowers, sometimes
dimorphous, apetalous, with few stamens, an ovary with biovulate
placentas, and a style with three stigmatiferous fimbriate divisions.
The four or five known species‘ are also of North America, herba-
ceous or suffrutescent, with flowers disposed in racemes of cymes or
1 L., Mantiss, n. 1263.—J., Gen., 162.—
GæÆRIN. F., Fruct., iii. 152, t. 407.—Lamx., Zl.
t.407.—Dux., in DC., Prodr., i. 284,—Spaou,
loc. cit., 372; Suit. à Buffon, vi. 113.—ENDt.,
Gen., n. 5031.—A Gray, Gen. Ill, t. 90.—
B. H., Gen., 114, n. 3.
2 A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 81.—Cuarm., Fl.
S. Unit. St., 36.—Watp., Rep., i. 213.
3 L., Gen., n.109.—J., Gen., 303.—GÆRTN.,
Fruct., ii. 222, t. 129.—DC., Prodr., i. 285.—
Sracn, loc. cit., 371.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5030,—
Payer, Fam. Nat., 146.—A. Gray, Gen. Iil.,
t. 88, 89—B. H., Gen., 114, n. 4.—Lechidium
Spacu, in Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 2, vi. 372.
4 Lamx., Til, t. 281, fig. 3 (Gaura)—A.
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 81.—Torr. & Gray, Fl.
N.-Amer., i. 152,—Cuarm., Fl. S. Unit. St.,
36.—Spacu, in Comp. to Bot. Mag., ii. 282,
286,—WaALP., Rep., i. 212; v. 58 b.
CISTACEÆ. 335
glomerules. In Z. Drummondii, raised to the rank of a genus, under
the name of ZLechidium, the partitions are incomplete, and the pla-
centas thicker than in the other species, and persistent after the
dehiscence of the fruit.
The Cistuses formed, according to ApAnson,’ in 1763, a family
between “the Poppies and Ranunculuses ;” he included in it a great
many Bivacee, Hipericaceæ, and Clusiacee, Sarracena, the Fennel
flowers, &c. A. L. pe Jusstev? much reduced the limits of the family
in placing there, on the one hand, the Cistuses and the Helianthe-
mums, and on the otber hand, as genera afinia, almost all the
Violacee known to him. He ranged Hudsonia among the Heaths,
and Zechea beside the Flaxes. In 1824, Dunat’ defined the family
as most authors‘ have done since his time, and as we have done in
enumerating the four genera—Cistus, Helianthemum, Hudsonia, and
LecheaS Urnvury,® in 1846, added Cochlospermum, a genus really
very nearly allied to the four preceding, more nearly allied still to
Bivacee and Ternstremiacee. The number of species in this group
do not seem to be more than sixty: these are known in Australia,
South Western Asia, and in middle and South Africa. The Cistuses
are Mediterranean. The Helianthemums, inhabiting the same
regions, extend to the islands of Western Africa, in Asia, as far as
the Punjaub, and there are some in the temperate regions of
America. All the known species of Hudsonia and Lechea are from
North America.
There is a great affinity between Cistacee and Dilleniacee ; so
much so, in external characters, that the most cultivated species of
Hibbertia among us singularly resemble the Cistus, as do also a great
many small species of Australian Candollea and Hibbertia. The sta-
mens and petals are often the same in both groups, as to form and
artificial, not clearly defined, generally with
links insensibly connecting them with each
1 Fam. des P1., ii. 434, Fam. 64.
2 Gen., 294, Ord. 20 (Cüsti).
3 In DC, Prodr., i. 263, Ord. 15 (Cis-
tineæ).
4 Enpu., Gen., 903, Ord. 188 (Cistineæ.)—
Spacu, in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 2, vi. 257, 357;
Suit. à Buffon, vi. 1-114 (Cistaceæ).—B. H.,
Gen., 112, Ord. 14 (Cistineæ).
5 These genera are however, we think, very
other, which proves that this small group is a
most natural one, and might be generically
divided and multiplied at will.
® Introd., \xix. (1836); Veg. Kingd., 349,
Ord. 122.
7 H. volubilis AnpR. (Vol. i.
figs. 128-
130).
336 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
colouring. It is however certain, the mode of insertion, and the
organization of the ovules are very different in Cistacee and Dilleni-
aceæ ; if not, we might consider the former as representing a form
of carpels united edge to edge in a unilocular ovary, while the latter
would have, in general, independent and unilocular carpels, and
would be to Cistacee what I/licee is to Canellee, Anonee to Mono-
doree, Astrocarpee to Resedeæ, &e. The false racemes of Helianthe-
mum, compared with the unilateral inflorescence of certain species of
Mibbertia, would singularly complete the analogy between the two
groups. On the other hand, Cisfaceæ has been placed by most
authors near Capparidaceæ, Resedacee, and Bixacee. They have not
the habit, corolla, anatropous or campylotropous ovules, nor the
seeds of either of them. They cannot always be absolutely distin-
guished from all the Capparidaceæ, by the presence of an albumen,
since certain of them are also provided with it. But in Cistacee it
is either farinaceous or subcartilaginous. The orthotropy of the
seeds, and the more or less pronounced curvature of the embryo,
often convolute and conduplicate, serves, however, to distinguish
Cistacee from Bivaceæ. The latter have sometimes a calyx, with
unequal sepals, with two small bractiform and exterior leaves, as in
so many species of Helianthemum, such as Ryania, which is, moreover,
destitute of petals. The /7o/acee are correctly considered as nearly
allied to Cistacee ; but they have either irregular flowers, or when the
corollais regular, a definite number of stamens and ovules, and seeds of
quite a different character. The polypetalous Canellee@ have almost
the same organization as the Cistacee as to perianth and placenta-
tion; but their monadelphous stamens, fleshy fruit, and anatropous
seeds are totally different in character. There are also analogous
resemblances between Zuvemburgiee and Cistacee ; but the former
has a characteristic foliage, an eccentric gynæceum, and anatropous
ovules. We may say, in short, that Cis/aceæ, a syncarpous form of
Dilleniacee ?, is a connecting link also between Bivacee and Violacee.
Turnereæ, which we have, moreover, connected with Bixacee, is also
very analogous to the Cés/aceæ by its corolla, mode of placentation,
and capsular fruit; it is distinguished from them particularly by
the definite number of its stamens, and often also, but not con-
stantly, by the difference in their mode of insertion.
CISTACEX. 337
Very few species supply useful productions. The most celebrated
are those which secrete /adanum or labdanum, a resinous balsamic
substance, with strong odour, more or less like that of ambergris,
with a flavour slightly aromatic and bitter, much esteemed formerly
as stimulating, resolvent, anti-ulcerous, anti-catarrhal, and emmena-
gogue. It came originally from Candia or Crete, where it was
collected at first by combing the beard of the goats which browsed
on the leaves of the Cistuses, especially C. creticus' (fig. 344); it is
secreted by the hairs formed of numerous superposed cells, on the
surface of which it may be seen borne in the state of small fluid
drops.’ It is now collected by passing over the Cistuses a kind of
instrument, formed of leather thongs placed on the top of a common
handle, like the teeth of a rake or comb.® These thongs are after-
wards scraped with a knife, and the resin is enclosed in bladders,
where it increases in consistence. It often becomes pitchy, of a
dark brown ; gradually it loses its water, and becomes lighter, more
brittle, and greyish. It is rarely pure in commerce, but generally
adulterated with ordinary resin, or mixed with sand and earth,‘
which causes it to be only partly, instead of entirely, soluble in
alcohol. It is also almost disregarded now by doctors, although
formerly considered a powerful remedy, and is scarcely used except
by perfumers in the preparation of cosmetics. There is another
ladanum, which comes from Spain. It is said to be obtained by
boiling the principal parts of C. /adaniferus. Vt is blackish like
pitch or storax.’ The Helianthemums, especially 77. vulgare,’ are con-
sidered astringent and vulnerary.
5 L., Spec., 737.—DC., Prodr., i. 266, n.
27.—Nets, loc. cit., t. 425.—Ladanium offi-
cinarum Spacu, loc. cit., 367 —Ledon CLüs.,
Hist., i. 78, ie (ex DC.).
6 Guts., loc. cit. These are cited as pro-
ducing ladanum; in Spain, © cyprius Law,
1 L., Spec., 737.—JACQ., Ic. Rar., i. t. 95.—
DC., Prodr., i. 264, n. 6.—Nxes, Pl. Med., ii.
t. 426.—Mér. & Dex, Dict. Mat. Med., ii.
iv. 17.—A. Ricu., Ælém., éd. 4, ii. 377, t.
79.—Guis., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 666. —
Linpt., F0, Med., 131; Veg. Kingd., 350.—R£V.,
in Fl. Méd. du xix Siècle, i, 349, t. 33.—
PEREIRA, Elem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii.
575.—ENDL., Enchirid., 467.—-ROSENTH., Syn.
Pl. Diaph., 655.—C. vulgaris SPACH, in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér. 2, vi. 368.
? Une. & Korscx., Die ins. Cypern, cap. vi.
Authors go so far as to think that it is the _
Cistus which gave its name to the island of Cyprus
(ex anal., in Bull, Soc. Bot. de Fr., xii, Bibl., 35).
3 T., Voy. au Levant, i, 84.
4 This must have been the case with that
analysed by Perxerier (in Bull. Pharm., iv.
503).
VOL. IV.
laurifolius L., and Ledon Lamx.; in Grerce,
C. monspeliensis Li. (fig. 345). Spiral ladanum,
or im tortis of the pharm., is generally all
adulterated. CC. villosus L., which is used in
Greece in preparing infusions similar to tea, and
also as a drug, is the C/stus mas of the ancients.
(Their C. femina was C. saivifolius L.).
7 Gertn., Fruct., i. 371, t. 76.—Dun., in
DC., Prodr., i. 250, n. 86.—Rosenru., op. cit.,
657 (Herba Helianthemi s, Chamecysti vulgaris
Off.) —H. variabile Spacu, loc. cit, 362 —
H. canadense Micux., is employed as a depu-
rative and as anti-sciofulous,
Z
338 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
1. Cistus T.—Flowers regular, generally hermaphrodite ; recep-
tacle rather convex. Sepals 5, more rarely 3, unequal; 2 exterior
often much smaller; 3 interior usually convolute ; præfloration
usually imbricated. Petals 5, more or less opposite sepals, some-
times alternate, very shortly unguiculate, imbricate or usually con-
torted, very fugacious. Stamens », hypogynous; filaments free, ex-
terior sometimes antherless ; anthers 2-locular ; cells longitudinally
introrsely or laterally dehiscing. Germen free sessile, 1-locular ;
septa parietal 3 or 5, alternipetalous, more rarely 6—12, more or less
prominent, sometimes inwardly contiguous ; style simple, very short
or almost wanting, sometimes cylindrical elongated, apex dilated
and divided into short lobes (apices of septa) more or less con-
spicuous stigmatiferous ; ovules on each placenta 2, or oftener o,
funicle often long extended; orthotropous or very rarely more or
less adnate to funicle subanatropous. Capsule dehiscent from apex
to a greater or less distance into valves equal in number to and
bearing placentas at middle within. Seeds »; testa crustaceous
(oftener damp exterior mucilaginous) ; albumen farinaceous or sub-
cartilaginous ; embryo subcentral or oftener excentric, curved con-
volute, 2-plicate or conduplicate, more rarely suberect ; cotyledons
flat or semiterete ; radicle remote from hilum or more or less near
(adnate to funicle).—Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; leaves opposite
or sometimes alternate, simple, subentire; stipules 0, or small,
sometimes foliaceous ; flowers solitary terminal or falsely racemose
(cymose) secund (Southern and Mediterranean Europe, Mediterranean
Africa, South Western Asia). See p. 33
2. Helianthemum 'l’.— Flowers nearly of (ists, some 2-morphous;
sepals 83-5. Petals 5, or more rarely 3, sometimes 0. Stamens «,
exterior sometimes sterile (/wmana). Germen 3-merous; placentas
or semisepta 3; style often articulate, form longitudinal and
varied, apex stigmatiferous capitate or cristate-3-lobed. Capsule
3-valved. Seeds 2; embryo uncinate, 2-plicate or circumflexed.—
CISTACE A. 339
Herbs or undershrubs, often decumbent at base; leaves alternate or
opposite, stipulate or exstipulate ; flowers cymose, usually 1-parous
by abortion, in false racemes, or more rarely umbelliform (ÆZwrope,
N. Africa and Western Islands, W. Asia, Temperate America, both Con-
tinents). See p. 332.
3. Hudsonia L.—Flowers nearly of Helianthemum ; petals 5, very
fugacious. Stamens 3. Placentas 3, 2-ovulate. Capsule included
in connivent calyx, 3-valved. Seeds 1 or few; embryo slender
uncinate-cireinate.—Cæspitose undershrubs, or small shrubs (eri-
coidal); leaves small, acerose, imbricated; flowers smail (orth
America). See p. 333.
4. Lechea L.—Klowers 2-morphous; petals in fertile flowers 3,
small, narrow. Stamens few. Placentas of germen 3, 2-ovulate ;
style usually short, stigmatiferous fimbriate, 3-merous at apex.
Capsule 3-valved; valves finally separating from placenta or semi-
septa, membranous or firmer (Zecheoïdes) ; seeds few ; embryo sub-
central, nearly straight or subspiral—Herbs or undershrubs many
stemmed, thin ; flowers very small (North America). See p. 333.
XXXIII VIOLACH &.
I. PAYPAYROLA SERIES.
The Violets (figs. 352, 363-369), which have given their name to
this family, are not, however, the regular type. This is found in
Paypayrola’ (figs. 353-355), which has upon the receptacle a pen-
tamerous imbricated calyx, and five alternate petals, subequal among
Viola odorata.
Fra, 352.
Habit,
themselves, also imbricated in the bud. Below they are formed
into a tube, but without adhering, beyond which the limbs spread
more or less widely. The stamens, five in number, alternating with
the petals, have their filaments united into a short tube, and two-
celled introrse anthers dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The
gynæceum is superior, composed of a unilocular ovary, surmounted
1 Augz., Guian., i. 249, t. 99.—J., Gen., Wibelia Pers. Syn., 210,—Sprena., Syst., i.
427.—Porr., Dict., v. 118; Suppl. iv. 337.— 794 (nec Brernu., nec Hopp.). — Periclistia
Lamx., Ill. t. 125.—Tuxz., in Ann. Sc. Nat., Bentu., in Hook. Journ., iv. 108.
sér. 8, vii. 368.—B. H., Gen., 118, n. 9.—
VIOLACEÆ. 341
by a style swollen and stigmatiferous at the apex. In the ovary cell
are seen three parietal placentas, the two anterior each supporting a
Paypayrola quianensis.
Fig. 353. F1G. 355, Fig, 354,
Flower ($). Flower without perianth. Long. sect, of flower.
various number of anatropous ovules.’ The fruit is a three-valved
capsule, which opens elastically in the intervals of the placentas, the
Amphirrox longifolia.
Fra. 356. Fia, 357.
Flower (2). Long. sect. of flower (4).
cartilaginous endocarp’ separating at the same time from the exocarp.
The middle of each valve bears rounded seeds, the coats covering an
1 With double coat. ? Thin, sharp upon the edges.
342 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
embryo surrounded by a fleshy albumen. These are trees of tropical
America; four or five species of them are known.’ The leaves are
alternate, simple, entire, accompanied by two lateral stipules ; the
flowers are disposed in spikes or racemes at the summits of the
branches, and the axils of the leaves.
Amphirrox (figs. 356, 357) only differs from Paypayrola by its
stamens, the filaments of which are free, and the anthers sur-
mounted by a pointed prolongation of the connective. Lsodendrion,
consisting of shrubs from the Sandwich Isles, have the free stamens
of Amphirroæ, and the non-apiculate anthers of Paypayrola. The
stigmatiferous summit of their style projects on one side, instead of
being terminal; the placentas support two or four ovules each, and
there is no deduplication of the pericarp at maturity.
Rinorea (figs. 358-362) may be considered as the type of a distinct
subseries, because the regular or slightly irregular corolla is formed
: inorea physiphora.
Rk physiph
Fra, 358. Fie. 360. Fig. 359.
Flower (5). Stamen, internal face. Long, sect. of flower.
of petals quite distinct to the base, and not adhering to each other
at this point. The stamens are free, or the filaments united for a
variable distance ; their back is sometimes bare, sometimes appendi-
culate ; and the connective is prolonged above the anthers in a plate
of variable form. On each of the three parietal placentas one or
several ovules are inserted ; the fruit is a three-valved capsule, with
seeds smooth, or furnished with a cottony down.
In a Rinorea of Ceylon, distinguished as a genus under the name
of Scyphellandra, the very small flower has a sort of disk, represented
by five scales, each corresponding to the back of an anther.
} Tut., loc. eit,, 370; xi. 153.— Wap. Rep., v. 407; Ann. i. 60; ii. 67.
VIOLACE A. 343
Gleospermum, which we have only been able to separate from
Rinorea as a section, has a fruit more or less fleshy without, and
perhaps indehiscent at maturity.
Its seeds are clothed outwardly |
with a viscous layer of cells,
transforming themselves in the
Rinorea of the section Zusio-
spermum into woolly hairs, the
pericarp being, moreover, in this
section of the same consistence
as in Glæospermum.
The fruit of Leonia is a berry,
and the flowers analogous to those of Rinorea ; but their monadel-
phous stamens are destitute of all pointed prolongation of the con-
nective.
Rinorea physiphora.
Fie. 362.
Fruit (4).
Fie. 361.
Transverse sect. of
5
stamen (5).
Beside Leonia are placed the two genera Melicytus and Hymenan-
thera, very nearly allied to each other, and the polygamous, regular,
and pentamerous flowers of which are remarkable for their anthers
surmounted by a prolongation of the connective, and lined without
by a tongue, attached more or less low upon its back. The fruit
is an indehiscent berry in Melicytus and /lymenanthera, which are
distinguished from each other: the first, by subsessile anthers, and
three placentas uni- or pluriovulate; the latter, by short and mon-
adelphous filaments, and two uniovulate placentas.
Il. VIOLET SERIES.
The genus Viola’ (figs. 352, 363-369), several species of which are
known in our country, the Pansy,’ for example, or the sweet Violet,’
includes plants having hermaphrodite irregular flowers, with convex
receptacle. The calyx is formed of five sepals, subequal among
1 Viola T., Inst., 419, t. 236.—L., Gen., n.
Fl. Gard., t. 170.—Chrysion Spacu, loc. cit.,
1007 (part.)—Apans., Fam. des P1., ii. 389.
509.—Mnemion Sracu, loc. cit., 510,— Lo-
J., Gen., 294.— GæRTN., Fruct., ii. 139, t. 112.
—Porr., Dict., viii, 623 ; Suppl. v. 482.—Lamx.,
Tu., t. 725,—Gine., in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Gen., ii.t. 1; in DC., Prod». i. 291.—Spacu,
Suit. à Buffon, v. 501.—EnDr., Gen., n. 5040.
—PayeEr, Organog., 177, t. 37; Fam, Nat.,
107.—A. Gray, Gen. IU., t. 80.—B. H., Gen.,
117, 970, n.5.—-Ærpelion DC., ex SWEET, Brit.
phion SPACH, loc, cit., 516.
2 V. tricolor L., Spec., 1326.—DC., Fl. Fr.
iv. 808; Prodr., loc. cit., 303, n. 81.—GREN. &
Gopr., Fl. de Fr., i. 182.
3 V. odorata L., Spec., 1324.—DC., Prodr.,
296, n. 29.—SmM., Fl. Brit., 245.—V. suavis
Bis, Fl, Taur.-Cauc., Suppl., 164.
34d NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANT'S.
themselves, prolonged below, beneath their insertion, into a sort
of membranous plate. Two of them are anterior, two lateral, and
the fifth posterior, disposed in the bud in quincuncial præflora-
tion. The corolla, very irregular, is polypetalous, and the pieces of
Viola odorata.
Via. 363. Fia. 364. Fia. 365. Fra. 366.
Flower. Diagram. Sect, of flower (2). Flower with perianth
taken away (4),
three kinds. The two posterior of one kind, symmetrical to each
other, differ in form, and often in colour, from the lateral ones.
These covered by the two posterior sepals in præfloration, are also
symmetrical to each other; they envelop in the bud the anterior
sepal which alone is regular, formed of two equal halves, and which,
instead of being flattened in its whole length like the others, dilates
a little above its insertion into a hollow spur, more or less wide
and arched, making a prominence in the interval of the two ante-
rior sepals (fig. 364). The androceum is formed of five alterni-
petalous stamens. Hach is composed of a two-celled introrse anther,
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts,” surmounted by a membranous
prolongation of the connective, and of a very short filament broad
and flattened. But while in the three posterior stamens the fila-
ment bears no projection, in the two others the anterior edge is
dilated into a kind of open spur, glandular at the apex, and descend-
1 Generally darker than the other petals, and and in water spherical depressed with three
of an even colour, while the anterior and lateral bands without papilla (V7. biflora, odorata), or
petals often paler, of the same colour as each in the form of quadrangular or pentangular
other, or but slightly different, are frequently prisms (V7. #ricolor), “with folds upon the
spotted with purple more or less dark upon a angles, transparent; in water, ellipsoidal with
light whitish or yellow ground. four or five bands, upon which are large papilla.”
2 The pollen is ellipsoidal, with three furrows, (H. Moux, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 329),
VIOLACEÆX. 345
ing into the interior of the spur of the anterior petal.! The gynæceum
is free and superior; it is composed of a unilocular ovary, sur-
mounted by a style, the apex of which is dilated into a kind of sac
or pocket, varying in form according to the species. On the an-
terior side of this dilatation is found an opening, more or less small,
conducting into a cavity lined with stigmatic tissue. The ovary
Viola tricolor.
Fie. 369.
Long. sect. of seed.
Fie, 367.
Dehiscent fruit.
Fra. 368.
Seed (5).
contains three parietal and multiovulate placentas, two being ante-
rior, and the third posterior. ‘The anatropous ovules’ are arranged
in several ranks, their micropyle being directed towards the pla-
centa.
The capsular fruit, generally accompanicd at its base by the
dried calyx, opens elastically at maturity into three panels, bearing
upon the middle of their internal face an indefinite number of
seeds.* These are provided with a small arillate dilatation, springing
principally from the hilum,’ and enclose under their coats’ a fleshy
albumen, the axis of which is occupied by an elongated straight
1 So that this receives the nectar secreted in
small quantities by the glandular parts of the
spurs of the two stamens alternate with the
anterior petal.
? They have two coats.
3 In several species there are only fertile
fruits in certain flowers produced in summer and
autumn, but little visible, apetalous or erypto-
petalous ; while the spring flowers, with well
developed brilliant flowers, are generally sterile.
4 The aril of V. tricolor commences by a
slight subcircular thickening of the circum-
ference of the hilum, and it is the same in the
other species. The circular cushion, formed of
fleshy, turgid, whitish cells, thus produced, after-
wards extends much on the side of the raphe, and
touches this for a variable length according to the
species, At this side it often tapers to a point.
In the Viola odorata this thickening is after-
wards elongated into a cone, with soft lengthened
cells on the side of the placenta and of the
funicle, which is as though enclosed in it. In
several species the cellular hypertrophy reaches
the micropyle, which is effaced, and as though
lost in the edge of the aril covering it. The
arillate cells are very elastic, which assists
with the elasticity of the fruit-valve in project-
ing the ripe seeds,
5 There are four; that is to say, the middle
coat testaceous and crustaceous, and the other
two thin, soft, and white. The arillate thicken-
ing is produced at the expense of a part of the
cells of the outer coat.
346 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
embryo.’ There are some hundred species* of this genus, although
twice as many have been described. They are herbs, rarely frute-
scent, two-thirds of which belong to the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere. The others are met with in the mountainous
parts of South America, in Australia, New Zealand, and South
Africa. The leaves are alternate, entire, or more or less cut, accom-
panied by two lateral stipules, generally foliaceous, wide, with
lamina often deeply divided. The flowers are axillary, pedunculate,
generally solitary, with two or three bractlets inserted on the
peduncle at a variable height.*
Beside the Violets are placed several genera; they have all nearly
the same corolla, with a dilatation of varied shape above the base of
the inferior petal. They only differ from each other in characters
of little value; such as the presence or absence of a prolongation
below the insertion of the sepals, the form and consistence of the
capsular fruit, the shape of the style and seeds, the consistence of
the stems, and the mode of inflorescence.* These are the genera
Hybanthus, Agation, Schweiggeria, Anchietea, Noisetlia, and Corynostylis.
Ill. SAUVAGESIA SERIES.
The flowers of Sauvagesia’ (figs. 370-375) are hermaphrodite and
regular. Upon the conical receptacle are inserted five sepals quin-
cuncially imbricated, and five equal alternate petals, arranged in
contorted præfloration in the bud. The androceum is formed of ten
1 Often greenish.
2 Cav., Icon., t. 529, 531.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen, et Spec., t. 492, 493.—-Retcus., Ze. F1,
Germ., iii. t. 1-23 bis.—A. S. H., Pl. Rem.
Brés., 275, t. 26; Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. 135.—
Wient, Jil., t. 18.—Wient & ARN., Prodr., i,
31.—Roytr, Jil. Himal., t. 18.—Hook, Fr. &
Tuoms., Fl. Brit. Ind., i, 182.— Parr. &
Enpu., Nov, Gen. et Spec., t. 165, 166.—C.
Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 205.—Tr. & PL., in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 119, — Grises., Il. Brit.
W.-Ind., 26.— Cuarm., Fl, 8. Unit. St., 33.
—A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 76; Unit. St. Lxpl.
Exp., Bot., i. 83.—Bunvu., Fl. Austral., i. 98.
—Hoox. F., Handb. New Zeal. F1. 16.—
Boiss., F1, Or., i. 450.—Harv. & Sonp., Fl.
Cap., i. 73.—Outv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 15.—
Tuz., in Ann. Se, Nat., sér, 5, ix. 299.—Tr, &
Pr,, in Ann, Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xvii. 119.—Mi@.,
Fl. Sum., 159.—Ovprm., Viol.,7—Tuw., Cat.
Pl, Zeyl., 20.—GREN. & Govr., Fl. de Fr. i.
175.—Watp., Rep., i. 218; ii. 766; v. 59;
Arn., i. 65; ii. 65; iv. 282; vii. 809,
3 De Gineins has divided this genus into
five sections, founded principally on the form
of the style: 1. Nominium ; 2. Dischidiwn (gen.
Chrysion Spach); 3. Chamemelanium (gen.
Lophion Spacn); 4. Melanium (Jacea DC. ;—
Gen. Mnemion Sracn); 5. Leplidium.
4 For these differences, which it would be
superfluous to repeat, see Genera,
5 L., Gen. n. 286.—J., Gen. 426—DC.,
Prodr., i. 315.—A. S. H., in Mém. Mus., xi. 11,
t. 6, 7.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5050,— Payer, Fam.
Nat., 91.—B. H., Gen., 120, n. 18.—SCHNIZL.,
Iconogr., fase. 14, t. 191.— Sauvage NEOK.
ÆElem., n. 1118.—ApaAns,, Fam. des Pl., ii.
449.—Trion P. Br., Jam., 179, t. 12, fie. 3.
bo j
VIOLACEÆ. 31
stamens : five fertile, superposed to the sepals, each formed of a
short free filament, and a two-celled extrorse anther, dehiscing upon
the edges by two longitudinal clefts, and five oppositipetalous, trans-
formed into petaloid plates, contorted in the bud, and forming alto-
Sauvagesia erecta.
Fre, 373. Fie. 370. Fie, 375.
Fruit (3). Floriferous branch. Long. sect. of seed.
Fie, 371. Fra. 372.
Flower (3). Long, sect. of flower.
gether a kind of second interior corolla! Between the androceum
thus constituted and the perianth, is generally seen a large number
of tongues, often swollen into a gland at the apex, and which have
been considered as the elements of a disk? The gynæceum is free,
! According to Payer (loc. cit.), “this second nothing but the exterior staminodes of a phalanx,
corolla is only a disk deep fringed or not fringed, of which the inner petaloid plates form also a
as in Passifloreæ.” part only distinguished from the exterior sta-
? The form of the terminal gland much recalls minodes by their size and petaloid consistence.
that of a sterile anther in some species. It is The glandular supports often lave their
possible that these tongues, often compared to summits divided into two (rudimentary ?) cells.
the stipitate or ramified glands of Parnassia, are
348 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and superior ; it is composed of a unilocular ovary, surmounted by a
style swollen at apex, and covered with stigmatic papillæ. In the
ovary three parietal placentas are seen, the two posterior each
bearing an indefinite number of ascending anatropous ovules, with
interior and inferior micropyle.' The fruit is a capsule, whose dehis-
cence is only according to the midrib of the placentas; so that the
three valves of the fruit, superposed to the sepals 1, 2, and 3, bear
the seeds on their edges. Their coats cover a fleshy albumen enve-
loping an axile embryo with cylindrical radicle, longer than the
cotyledons.
Some dozen species’ of Sauvagesia are admitted. They are gla-
brous herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at the base. The leaves are
alternate, simple, entire or serrulate upon the edges, accompanied
by two lateral, pectinate-ciliate stipules. The elegant flowers’ are
axillary and solitary, or collected in terminal racemes. All are
natives of the warm parts of America; S. erecta, however, is also
found in all the tropical regions of the Old World.
Beside Sauvagesia are placed two very analogous types from the
Indian Archipelago, which perhaps ought not to be generically
Lavradia glandulosa,
Fia. 377.
Long. sect. of flower.
Fra, 376.
Flower (4).
distinguished. These are: Schuuwrmansia, with oppositipetalous
stamens, each represented by a linear or subulate filament, scarcely
larger than the numerous tongues of the disk, which they resemble
a little in form; and ÂVeckia, which, besides the tongues, has a
1 They have two coats.
2 Jacg., Amer., 77, t. 51.—AUBL., Guian.,
t. 100.—A. S. H., Pl. Rem. Brés., 58, t. 1-4;
Fl, Bras. Mer., ii. 109.—Mart. & Zucc., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., i, 34, t. 24, 25.—A. Gray, Unit.
St. Expl. Exp, Bot. i. 97.— Grises, Fl.
Brit. W.-Ind., 26.—Srrm., Voy. Her. Bot.,
80.—Tr. & Px. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4,
xvii. 275.—Tux., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 5, ix.
320.—Watp., Rep., i. 225; ii. 767; Ann. ii.
68; iv, 236; vii, 220.
3 White, pink, or violet.
VIOLACE A). 349
dozen claviform staminodes, united below into a tube with the
fertile stamens.
Lavradia (figs. 376, 377), all the species of which are American,
has five fertile stamens, and around them a sort of disk (staminodes ?)
in the form of a cylindrical-conical tube enveloping them completely,
the summit being cut into ten small divisions.
This small family was distinguished under the name of /7o0/acee,
in 1805, by Dr Canporrs! Before him Viola had been ranged by
Apanson’ with Geranium, and with Cistus by Dre Jussinu.* The
latter knew the types of the regular or subregular flowers of this
family, such as Rénorea, Conohoria, Paypayrola ; but he classed the
two first among the Berberidee, and the latter in the Genera incerte
sedis. In 1824, De Cannot,‘ taking part in the researches of DE
GINGINS,’ united in the order Violacez,’ the three tribes, Violee,
Alsodince, and Sauvagee, comprising nine genera, which we have
preserved as distinct: the first, Corynostylis (Calyptrion), Noisettia,
Schweiggeria (Glossarrhen), Viola, Hybanthus (Pombalia, Tonidium, and
Pigea) ; the second, the Rinoreas (Conohoria, Rinorea, Alsodeia, Pen-
taloba, Ceranthera, Physiphora), Lavradia, and Hymenanthera; the
third, the single genus Sawvagesia. Since then the old genera
Paypayrola,’ Amphirrox,* Melicytus and Leonia,” have been collected
in this family. A. Sarxr-HirarRe established, in 1824, the genus
Anchietea ; Buumn, the genus Schuurmansia, in 1849. Ultimately, the
Sauvayesia group was enriched by the type Veckia;" while Asa
Gray, instituting the two genera Agafea (Agation) and Jsodendrion,
in 1854, made the eighteen which we can preserve in this family.
They include about two hundred and fifty species, of which about
two-fifths belong to the genus /7o/a, and a third to Hybanthus. The
Violet series contains besides some ten species, distributed among
the five other genera; and that of the Sawvagesiee about twenty
species. The other species, more than sixty in number, belong to
the genera with regular or subregular flowers of the Paypayrola
1 Fl. Fr., iv. 801. Veg, Kingd., 338, Ord. 116.—Violee R. Br.
2 Hist. des Pl,, ii. 389. Congo, 440; Mise. Works (ed. BENN.), i. 122.
3 Gen. (1789), 294. 7 Augz., Guian. (1775).
* Prodr., i. 287, Ord. 16. 5 SPRENG., Syst., Cur. Post. (1827).
5 In Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat, Gen., ii. 1. 9 Forsr., Char. Gen. (1776).
6 Violariee GinG., loc. cit.—BarTrz., Ord. 10 R. & Pav., Fl. Per., ii, (1798).—Envt.,
Vat,, 283.— Enpu., Gen., 908, Ord. 190.— Gen., 738 (? Myrsineæ).
B. H., Gen., 114, Ord. 15.—Violacee J.,in Ann. 1 Korvu., in Ned, Kruidk. Arch., i. (1839).
Mus., xviii. 476.—Lanvt., Syn., 35 ; Introd., 46;
350 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
series. In this the three genera Paypayrola, Amphirrox, and
Leonia are American; the three genera, Lsodendrion, Melicytis, and
Hymenanthera axe only found in Oceania. Among the Savvagesiee,
the two genera Schuurmansia and Necfia belong to the Indian Archi-
pelago ; Lavradia and Sauvagesia, except one species, are confined to
America. As to the Violets, the two large genera Viola and
Hybanthus are found in all parts of the world ; but the Agations are
all from Oceania, and America alone possesses the genera Anchietea,
Schweiggeria, Corynostylis, and Noisettia. The general characters of
these three series of this family, are the following :—
I. Paypayrotea.—Flowers regular or slightly irregular, with free
petals often formed into a tube. Androceum isostemonous, without
staminodes. Loculicidal capsule or berry.
IT. Viorxzæ.—Flowers irregular, isostemonous.
gular, without staminodes. Capsule loculicidal.
III. Sauvacesieæ.'— Flowers irregular. Corolla polypelatous.
Stamens fertile, same in number as the petals. Staminodes interior
petaloid, five in number, free or united in a tube, and accompanied
outwardly by a number of fertile narrow glandular staminodes.
Androceum irre-
Capsule septicidal.
By the last series, the /7olacee are closely connected with Oc4-
naceæ by the Luxemburgia series, from which we shall see how
difficult it is to distinguish them clearly. On the other hand, we
are scarcely able to distinguish the regular /o/acee with fleshy fruit
from the isostemonous Sivacee.” The mode of placentation is the
same; but the Violacee are never perigynous, as most of the Bivacee
with isostemonous androceum are. The Cistacee differ from the
regular /7olacee by the form of their embryo and the usual direction
of their radicle with regard to the micropyle. It is only by the genera
with irregular corolla, and anterior petal prolonged in a sac or spur,
that the /7o/acee are clearly distinguished from neighbouring families.‘
1 Barti., Ord. Nat., 289.—ENDL, Gen.
912, Ord. 191.—Sauvagee DC. loc. cit. —
Sauvagesiaceæ MART., Consp., n. 238 (1835).—
Linpz., Veg. Kingd., 343, Ord. 119.
pissime in annulum dispositis distinguendæ, ple-
ræque flore plus minus irregulari, antheris ap-
pendiculatis, capsula elastica, ete., insignes.”
(B.H., Gen., 115.)
? Thus Zetrathylacium, ranged by Triana &
PLANCHON among the Bixaceæ, has been attri-
buted by Bent. & Hook, (Gex., 119, n. 14)
tothe Violacee. Piperea or Guidonia has also
been frequently reckoned among the Violacee,
3 « Violarieæ, Bixineis arcte affines, imprimis
andræcio 5-mero, antheris introrsum adnatis sx-
4 A. Sr.-HILAIRE again has connected Sauva-
gesieæ with Frankenieæ, but this connexion is
not generally admitted. “ Tribus Sauvagesia-
rum Frankeniaceis accedit, sed facile sepalis
liberis imbricatis, habitu aliisque notis distin-
guitur.” (B. H., doe, cit.).
VIOLACEÆ. 351
There are five constant characters in this family: the quinary
floral type ; the presence of free petals covering each other in præ-
floration ; the number of fertile stamens equal to the petals, with
which they alternate; the parietal placentation and fleshy albumen
of the seeds. Several features of organization, although not con-
stant, are only wanting in a very few cases: these are the alternation
of the leaves,’ the presence of stipules,’ the indefinite number of
ovules,* the consistence of the capsule.‘ The other characters vary in
the different genera, which they serve to distinguish from each other.
The properties’ of the plants of this family are tolerably homo-
geneous. Their roots are emetic to a slight degree in the European
species, and decidedly so in those of South America, so that they
have been employed as a false Ipecacuanha. The most celebrated in
this respect is the plant giving the false Ipecacuanha of Brazil and
Guiana, a drug much used’ in its native country for the same pur-
poses as the true Ipecacuanha, for which it is often substituted ; the
species should certainly take the name of /Hydanthus Ipecacuanha
The root of Cuichunchilli or Cuchunchully of Peru, another powerful
emetic, belongs to a second species of the same genus, 77. micro-
phyllus®
HH. scandens, Poaya,® Maytensillo™ lanatus," brevicaulis,
? ? 4 ? ?
1 Opposite in some species of Rinorea and
Hybanthus. |
? Hymenanthera is destitute of it.
3 There are one or two on each placenta in
some Rinoreas,
4 It is more or less fleshy in Leonia, and
several species of Rinorea.
5 Enpu., Enchirid.,471.—LinDt., Veg. Kingd.,
339 ; Fl. Med., 97.—Gur8., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6,
iii, 662,—RosentuH., Syn. Pl. Diaphor., 658.
5 Evacuant, emetic, purgative, antidysenteric ;
it contains ementine.
7 Viola Ipecacuanha L., Mantiss., 484; Diss.
de Viol. Spec., 1; Mat, Med., 484,—V, Itubu
AUBL., Guian,, 11. 808, t. 318.—? V. diandra
L., Syst. Veg., 669.—Pombalia Ipecacuanha
VANDELL., Fasc., 7, t. 1—P. Itubu GInG., in
DC., Prod., i. 307, n. 1. — Lonidium Itubu
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. t. 496.—T.
Itouboa VENT., ex GUIB., op. cit., iii. 99, fig. 589.
—I, Ipecacuanha A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras. n.
11; Pl. Rem., 307.— Bot. Mag., t. 2453.—
Linpu., Fl. Med., 98.—Gurs., loc. cit., 97.—
RosenrTH., op, cit., 660.—PEREIRA, Elem, Mat.
Med., ed. 4, ii. p. ii. 575. (Vulg. Poaya branca,
P. da Praja, Brés,; Ipekaka, Guiana). If the
synonym of V, diandra is correct, this specific
name should be rejected on account of the real
number of the stamens. V. Calceolaria Li.
(Lonidium Calceolaria VENT.) probably belongs to
the same species, which presents numerous varieties.
8 Tonidium microphyllum H. B. K., Nov.
Gen, et Spec., v. 374, t. 425.—DC., Prodr., i.
310, n. 21.—Linpt., Fl. Med., 98.—Bancr.,
in Comp. to Bot. Mag., i. 278. In Trop. Ame-
rica this drug, in addition to its evacuant pro-
perties, is said to cure obstinate cutaneous affec-
tions, especially the elephantiasis of Quito, named
by the Spaniards Malo de San Lazaro.
9 Jacq. (ex ROSENTH., op. cit., 660).— Viola
Hybanthus W.—LIonidium Hybanthus Ven,
(vulg. Ipecacuanha, Pira-aia).
10 Tonidium Poaya A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras.
t.9; Pl. Rem., 308 (vulg. Poaya do campo).
Is used as ipecacuanha in the Minas province.
D Tonidium Maytensillo Feurzz., Chil., iii, 41,
t. 28.—RosENnTH., op, cit., 661 (according to
Hooker, another name for J, parviflorum
A.S. H.). Considered as a most powerful pur-
gative in Chili.
2 JT. lanatum A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii.
145, n. 11.
13 T, brevicaule MART, Mat. Med. Bras. t.
3, 8, fig. 7.—Linpt., Fl. Med., 99. A mild
purgative is prepared in Brazil by mixing the
pulverized root with sugar and milk.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
urticefolius,. strictus,? verticillatus, parviflorus,’ circeoides,’ bicolor,®
albus,’ guaraniticus,> setigerus, scariosus,° indecorus," although less
known, are so many species described as belonging to the genus
Jonidium, and which, possessing qualities more or less decidedly
emetic, are employed, like the false or white Ipecacuanhas, in the
hottest regions of America. In Madagascar 77. duaifolivs,” and in
Asia ZT. heterophyllus® and suffruticosus,* are said to yield_similar
drugs. The European and Amerian Violets have similar virtues,
and the roots of Viola odorata” (figs. 352, 363-366) and those of
V. canina,' sylvestris,” palmata,* &e., were formerly used as emetics.
In Brazil, V. cerasifolia,® gracillima,” longifora,” subdimidiata,” &e.,
are employed like Hybanthus. Other emetic properties are found in
Noisettia longifolia® of Cayenne, and in Anchiefea salutaris* of South
Brazil. Sai?-Hivatree says that it is not on account of the Europeans,
and because of the botanic analogy with our Violets, that the natives
of Brazil have learned to know the virtue of this plant, the culti-
vators of which round Rio Janeiro value the root as purgative, and
1 I. urticefolium Manrt., loc. cit. t. 4, 9,
figs. 17, 18. Used as an emetic in Brazil.
2 Viola stricta Portr., Dict., viii. 648.
Tonidium striclum VENT. Malmais., n. 27, not.,
DC., Prodr., n. 9. A species of the Antilles.
3 Viola verticilla'a ORTEG., Dec., iv. 50.—
Solea verticillata SPRENG., in Schrad. Journ.,
ii. (1800), 190, t. 6.—TLonidium polygalæfolium
VENT., Malmais., t. 27.—DC., Prodr.,n. 13.—
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 376, t. 496,
of Mexico and the Antilles,
4 Viola parviflora Mur. (ex L. FIL., Suppl.,
306).—Tonilium parviflorum VENT. loc. cit.,
27.—DC., Prodr., n. 20.—ROSENTH., op. cit.,
660, (Peru (?) and Columbia); the white /peca-
cuanha of Peru is attributed to it. It has
sometimes been attributed to the root of Cu-
chunchully,
5 Tonidium circeæoides H. B. K., Nov. Gen.
et Spec, v. 379, t. 498,—DC., Prodr., n. 18
(Guayaquil).
6 ALS. H., Pl. Rem. Brés., 301.
7 A. S. H., ex Rosentn., op. cit, 661.
8 A. S. H., ex Rosentu., loc. cit.
9 VENT. ex ROSENTH., Loc, cil.
10 À. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. 144.
M Avcording to A. S. H. (41. Bras. Mer,, ii,
145), ofa var. I. Ipecacuanha.
12 Viola buxifolia Porr., Dict., vii, 646.
—Tonidium buxifolium Venv., loc. cit.—Dv.,
Prodr., n. 6. *
1% Polygala frutescens Burm. Fl. Zeyl.,
195, t. 35? Jonidium heleroplyllum VENY., loc.
cil.—DC., Prodr., n. 5 (China, Ceylon),
M Viola suffruticosa Rovu., Nov. Spec., 165.
—Tonidium ? suffruticosum GING., mss, (ex
DC., Prodr., n, 24).
15 See p. 343, note 3.
16 L., Spec., 1324 (part.).—DC., Prodr., i,
208, n. 44—GREN. & Gopr., Fl. de Fr., i.
17.—Linou., Fl. Med. 97.—Gu18., op. cit.,
664.
7 DC., Fi. Fr., ii. 689.—Reicus., Ic. Fl.
Germ., t. 4503.— V. sylvatica KR., Fl. Hall.
61,.—GreEn. & Gopr., loc. cit., 178.
18 L., Spec., 1823.—DC., Prodr., n. 2. Used
as Ipecacuanha in N. America.— V’. suavis Bres.,
anbigua WALDST. & Kir, campestris Bres.,
mirabilis L., collina Buss., pedata Li, (digitata
PursH), pubescens AIT. enneasperma L., &e.,
have the same reputation in various parts of
Europe and N. America. (See Mfr. & DE,
Dict, Mat. Méd., vi, 200,—ROSENTIH., op, cit.,
659).
19 À. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii, 136, n. 3.
20 A.S. H., loc. cit., n. 1.
21 L., Mantiss., 120.
22 A. S. Hz, loc: cit., n. 2.
#3 H. B. K., Nov, Gen. et Sprc., v. 382, t.
499.— Do., Prodr., i. 290, n. 1.—ROSENTH.,
op. cit, 661.—Viola longifolia Poir.,, Dict.,
viii, G49.—Tonidium longifolium Ram, & Scr.,
Syst., v. 398.
24 A, S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 20; Pl. Rem.,
290; Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. 140.—ROSENTH., op.
cit., G61.—H, By., in Dict. Æacycl. des Se.
Meéd., iv. 299.—Noisetlia pyrifulia Marr,
VIOLACEÆ. 353
as curing chronic skin affections. rorea presents but slightly
different properties. 22. castaneefolia,’ Cuspa” and physiphora of
South America, are regarded as bitter and astringent; their bark is
a febrifuge. The leaves of Z?. physiphora (figs. 8358-362) are eaten
as a vegetable. Sauvagesia erecta’ (figs. 370-375) is the Herbe Saint-
Martin of the inhabitants of French Guiana;’ it is used as mucila-
ginous and astringent in cases of ophthalmia and diarrhoea. In the
Antilles it is employed as a diuretic and antiphlogistic, especially in
affections of the urinary channels and of the digestive tube. Our
common Violets and Pansies are considered depurative ; they are par-
ticularly recommended for skin affections. They contain violine,
an alkaline principle, bitter, acrid, nauseous, and even poisonous.°
L Herbe de la Trinité, or Viola tricolor’ (figs. 367-369), and its variety
arvensis, better known by the name of wild Pansy, is always used in
preparing purifying drinks.’ A large quantity of Violet flowers are
consumed in Europe, which often comprise, besides those of 7. odo-
rata, those of V. canina, sylvestris, hirta,’ tricolor, &e. The seeds of
V. odorata ave purgative, and formerly formed part of double catho-
licon ; its petals are laxative, and are sometimes given to children as
an aperient.” They are especially valued for the dye and coloured
syrup prepared from them, and formerly used as reagents of acids
and alkalies in the chemist’s laboratory; still more so for their
delicious perfume, on account of which they are much prized for
making bouquets, for the extraction of a precious essence, the
preparations of bonbons, aromatic pastes, and slightly pectoral
1 Alsodeia castaneæfolia SPRENG. (ex Ro-
SENTH., op. cit., 661).—Cohonoria castaneæ-
folia A. S. H.
? Alsodeia
Cuspa H. B. K,
3 Alsodeia physiphora KR. Br, in Herb,
Binks; Congo, 21. — Conohoria Lobolobo
A. S. H.—Physiphora levigata SOLAND., in
Herb. Banks.—DC., Prodr., i, 314.
4 L., Spec., 241 (nec SPRENG.) — Jaca,
Amer., T7, t. 51, fig. 3.—W., Spec., i. 1155.—
R. & Pay., Fl. Per., iii. 11.—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., v. 389.—A. S. H., Pl. Rem.
Brés., 63, t.3 a; in Mém. Mus., iii. 215; xi,
102.--DC., Prodr., i. 315, n. 2.—Linpx., Fl,
Med., 99 ; Veg. Kingd., 343.—ExDz., Enchirid.,
479. — ROSENTH., op. cit., 663.— S. Adyma
AUBL., Guian., t. 100.—S. nutans PERS.—S,
peruviana Ram. & Scu., Syst. v. 437.
5 It seems to bear the same name in Peru.
MOTMINE
Cuspa SPRENG. — Cohonoria
It is also the Adima of the Galibes and the
Yoaba of the Caribbees.
5 BouLLay, in Mém. Acad. Méd., i. 417.—
Mfr. & Det., Dict. Mat. Méd., vi. 905.
7 See p. 343, not. 2. Linpz., F1. Med., 97.—
A. Ricu., Elém., éd. 4, ii. 71.—Guis., Drog.
Simpl., éd. 6, iii, 665.—Moa., Bot. Méd., 38,
fig. 6.—Rév., in Bot. Méd. du xix* Siècle, iii.
40, t. 3.
8 The Pansies have hitherto been considered
as alexipharmic, and in the United States it is
said VW, ovata Nur. (Gen., i. 148; DC.
Prodr., n. 13), is a remedy for bite of the rattle-
snake,
9 L., Spec., 1324.—SM., Fl. Brit., 244,—
DC., Prodr., n. 25.—RosENTH., op. cit., 658.
1 The bruised leaves of several Violas, espe-
cially Viola tricolor, have the odour of peach-
stones ; whence the tolerably widely-spread idea
that they contained eyanbydric acid.
AA
304 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
aromatic conserves. The Romans used Violet Wine, and the sher-
bets of the Sultan are yet perfumed with the petals of these plants.
Their flowers are valued for the ornamentation of gardens, but espe-
cially those of the rare Pansies, the cultivated number of which is so
considerable.’
1 For all the facts relating to the etymology, history, and cultivation of Pansies see BARILLET, les
Pensées (Paris, 1869, icon.).
VIOLACEÆ. 355
GENERA.
I. PAYPAYROLEÆ.
1. Paypayrola AuBL.—Flowers regular or subregular herma-
phrodite ; receptacle convex. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals same
in number, subequal, free; claws approximate, or cohering in tube ;
limbs finally patent; præfloration closely imbricated. Stamens 5,
alternating with petals; filaments connate in short tube ; anthers
at the summit of tube sessile muticous, introrse, longitudinally
2-rimose. Germen, free, l-locular; style straight, apex stigma-
tiferous ; placentas parietal 3, «-ovulate. Capsule coriaceous, locu-
licidal, 3-valved ; endocarp cartilaginous separating elastically from
exocarp. Seeds , subglobose; testa coriaceous ; albumen fleshy ;
embryo axile straight.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, entire ;
stipules small; flowers in spikes or terminal and axillary racemes
(Trop. America). See p. 340.
2. Amphirrox Sprene.'—Flowers nearly of Paypayrola ; limb of
corolla suboblique. Stamens 5, free; filaments short, flat; con-
nective produced beyond cells in linear-subulate membrane. Other
characters as in Paypayrola.—Shrubs ; leaves alternate or crowded
at summit of twigs, entire or serrulate; flowers’ in terminal pe-
dunculate racemes, 1-3-nate of «-flowered cymes (Zrop. America’).
3. Isodendrion A. Gray.‘'— Flowers nearly of Paypayrola ;
corolla slightly oblique. Stamens 5, free ; connective not produced.
Germen 1-locular ; style stigmatiferous at clavate, curved, anterior
apex ; placentas parietal 3; each 3-4-ovulate. Capsule coriaceous,
3-valved ; endocarp not separating; seeds obovoid.—Small trees
1 Syst., Cur. Post., 51, 99.—ENDL., Gen., n. ? Large, handsome ; claws of petals elongated
5046.—Payer, Fam. Nat., 109.—B. H., Gen., into false tube, approximate ; lobes patent.
118, n. 8.—Spathularia À. H. S., Pl. Rem. 3 Spec., 2, 3. A.S. H., #7. Bras. Mer., ii.
Brés., 317, t. 28.—Braddleya Vet.0z., Fl. 148 (Spathularia)—A. Gray, Unit. St. Expl.
Flum., 93; Atl, ii. t. 140.— Amphirroge Exp., Bot., i. 88.
Reicus,, Pflanz. Syst., 269, 4 Unit. St. Expl., Bot., i. 92, t. 8, 9.—B. H.,
Gen., 118, n. 10.
AA 2
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
or shrubs; leaves alternate, crowded; stipules 2, lateral; flowers
axillary to upper leaves, sometimes to inconstant or caducous bracts,
solitary; stipules laterally persistent; pedicels short, bracteolate'
(Sandwich Ins.*).
4. Rinorea Avsu.’— Flowers regular or subregular, 5-merous ;
sepals imbricated. Petals sessile or very shortly unguiculate, equal
or subequal, imbricated. Stamens 5, alternipetalous; filaments
free, or more or less connate, appendiculate or naked at back ;
anthers introrse, 2-rimose ; connective produced beyond cells, free,
approximate or cohering in rings. Germen l-locular; placentas 3,
1- œ-ovulate ; style straight, stigmatiferous at apex, disk sometimes
formed of 5 free glands (Seyphellandra'). Fruit dry, or sometimes
outwardly fleshy or baccate, indehiscent (?) or dehiscing with diffi-
culty (Zasiospermum, Gleospermum'), or much oftener elastically or
simply dehiscing (Zwrinorea), sometimes externally covered with setas
very densely and softly echinate (J/edusa’). Seeds few, externally
glabrous or rarely gossypinous (Las/ospermum) ; testa coriaceous or
crustaceous ; albumen fleshy.—Trees, or more frequently shrubs ;
leaves alternate or more rarely opposite, entire or serrate; stipules
small; flowers® solitary, or oftener in simple or ramified racemes,
sometimes cymiferous, axillary or terminal (4// Trop. and Subtrop.
regions [except Australia ?}).
1 Bracteoles often analogous to sepals, margin
paler subscarious, much approximate to genus
Rinorea sect. Pentaloba, ditfers in petals con-
nivent at base, and connective not produced.
2 Spee, 2,3. A. Gray, loc. cit.
8 Guian., i. 285, t. 93 (1775).—J., Gen.,
287.—Porr., Dict., vi. 211.—Lamx., J/l., t.
134.—Riana AvBL., loc. cit., 237, t. 94.—J.,
loc. cit..—Porr., Dict., vi. 196; T/l., t. 135.—
Conohoria AvBI.., loc. cit., 239, t. 95.—LamMk.,
Dict., ii. 96.—Conoria J., loc, cit.— Passoura
AUBL., op. cit., Suppl., 21, t. 380.—Pentaloba
Lour, Fl. Cochinch. (1790), 154.—Physi-
phora SOLAND., mss. (ex R. Br., Congo, 440).—
Alsodeia Duv.-Tu., Hist. Vég. Afr. (1804), 55,
t. 17, 18.—Gine., in DC. Prodr., i. 312.—
Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, v. 497.—Envu., Gen,
n, 6047.— Payer, Fam. Nat. 108.—B. H.,
Gen., 118, 970, n. 11.—A/sodea Marr. & Zucc.,
Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 27, t. 19~21.—Ceran-
thera Pat. BEAUv., Fl. Owar. et Ben, ii.
(1807), 10, t. 65, 66.—Dripax Nor., mss. (ex
ENDL.).— Vareca Roxs., Fl. Ind., i. 647.—
Prosthesia Br, Bijdr., 866. — Dioryctandra
Hassk., Retzia, 125.—Imhofia Zour. & Mor.
in Evs, Jav. n. 2979 (De gener. nom. prior. cfr.
H. BN., in Adansonia, x. fase. 12).
4 Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 21.—B. H., Gen.,
120i 17:
5 H. By., in Adansonia, loc. cit.
6 Tr. & Ph, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xvii,
128.—H. BN., in Adansonia, loc. cit.— Gloio-
spermum B. H., Gen., 119, n. 13.—ENDL.,
Watp., Ann., vii. 219.
7 Lour., Fl. Cochinch, (éd. 1790), 406.—
Enpt., Gen., n. 5329.
8 Small, usually yellow or whitish.
9 Spee. 40, of which 20 are American.
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 387, t. 491
(Conohoria)—A. 8. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 10;
Pl. Rem. Brés., t. 319; Fl. Bras. Mer. ii.
148 (Alsodeia).—Hoox., Icon.,t. 63 (Conohoria).
—Monrnic., Pl. Nouv. Amér., t. 46, 47,—SEEM.,
Voy. Her., Bot., t, 14 (Alsodeia).—Tr. & PL.
in Ann. Sc, Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 126 (Alsodeia).
—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 26.—Tvu., in
Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 5, ix. 303 (Alsodea).—MiQ.,
Fl. Ind.-Bat., Suppl, i. 160.—Oxxv., F1. Trop.
Afr., i. 106 (Alsodeia).—Hook. ¥, & THOMS.,
Fl, Brit. Ind., i. 186 (Atsodeia). — Wazr.,
VIOLACEX.
307
5. Leonia KR. & Pav.'—Flowers hermaphrodite, regular, 5-merous ;
sepals and petals same in number, longer, alternate, free or coherent
at base, præfloration imbricated. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ; fila-
ments connate in short tube; anthers short, exappendiculate, in-
serted at summit of tube, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen free, L-locular ;
style short, apex stigmatiferous, entire or scarcely 3-dentate ; pla-
centas parietal 3, «-ovulate. Berry globose, indehiscent; seeds
#, subglobose, nidulant in pulp.—Trees ; leaves alternate, entire,
pellucid-punctuate ; flowers small, in axillary or terminal cymes,
long ramified-compound (Zrop. and Subtrop. South America’).
6. Melicytus Forsr.*—F lowers subregular polygamous, 5-merous ;
sepals and longer petals sessile imbricate. Stamens alternipetalous 5 ;
filaments very short, subconnate; anthers introrse, 2-rimose; con-
nective produced at apex in membrane, and dorsally more or less
above the base, with appendiculate ascendent squamules. Germen
(in male flower rudimentary) free, 1-locular; style (sometimes very
short) stigmatiferous at apex, 3-5-fid, subdiscoidal or divided into
3-6 lobes, more or less thick, sometimes sessile; placentas parietal
3-5; ovules in each ». Berry subglobose ; seeds æ, subglobose,
albuminous ; testa coriaceous or crustaceous.—Small trees or shrubs ;
leaves alternate, dentate; stipules 0 or minute ; flowers rather small,
axillary, cymose ; pedicels at apex 2-bracteolate (ew Zealand, Norfolk
Island’).
7? Hymenanthera kh. Br.’—Flowers (nearly of Melicytus) poly-
gamous ; filaments of stamens short, connate in tube; connective
(as in Welicytus) at apex and back appendiculate. Germen 1-locular ;
style short, apex stigmatiferous, 2-lobed, or very short subdiscoidal ;
placentas parietal 2, l-ovulate. Berry subglobose, 1- or 2-spermous ;
seeds subglobose ; embryo albuminous; cotyledons narrow.—Small
Rep., i. 224; v. 60; Ann, i. 71; ii. 67; iv.
235; vii. 218 (Alsodeia).
1 Fl. Per. et Chil., ii.69, t.22 (nec Lu. & LEx.).
—DC., Prodrom., viii. 669.—ENDz., Gen., n.
4231.—BenTH., in Hook. Journ., vy. 215.—
B. H., Gen., 119, 970, n. 12.
2 Spec. 3. Mart., Nov. Gen. et Sp., ii. 85, t.
168, 169 (Steudelia).—M1Q., in Mart. Fl. Bras.,
Ebenac., 17, not.
DC., Prodr., i. 257+—EnDL,, Gen., n. 5081.—
B. H., Gen., 119, 970, n. 15.
4 Spec. 4, Hoox., Lond. Journ., iii. t. 8
(Elæodeadron) —Hoox. ¥., Fl. N.-Zel., i. 17,
t. 8—Watp., Ann., vii, 220.
5 Congo, 442; Misc. Works (ed. BENN.), i.
125; ii, 705.—Gine., in Mém. Gen., ii. t. 2,
fig. 9.—DC., Prodr., i. 314.—ENDL., Gren., n.
5049 ; Iconogr., t.108; Prodr. Fl. Norfolk., 70.
3 Char. Gen., 123, t. 62.—J., Gen., 428.—
GÆRIN., Fruct., i, 206, t. 44, fig. 3. —DEsRoUss.,
in Lamk, Dict., iv. 59.—Lamk., IL, t. 812.—
—B. H., Gen., 120, 970, n. 16,—Solenantha
G. Don, Gen, Syst, ii. 39.
358 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
trees or rigid bushes; branches sometimes spinescent at apex ;
leaves alternate or fasciculate, usually small, entire or denticulate ;
stipules minute or caducous ; flowers axillary, solitary or in few-
flowered cymes; pedicels short, 2- or few-bracteolate' (dustraha,
New Zeyland’).
II. VIOLEZÆ.
8. Viola T.—Flowers irregular; receptacle slightly convex.
Sepals 5, subequal, base produced beyond insertion, imbricated.
Petals unequal, dissimilar, imbricated; inferior usually larger,
regular, above base calcarate or variously saccate. Stamens 5, alter-
nipetalous; anthers equal, 2-locular, introrse longitudinally rimose ;
connective produced beyond cells in membrane; filaments short or
very short, membranous; 2 anterior at base anteriorly calcarate.
Germen free, L-locular; placentas 3 (2 anterior, 1 posterior),
#-ovulate; ovules anatropous; style above clavate and variously
dilated, more or less recurved; dilatation inwardly stigmatiferous,
and anterior side of varied form, open. Capsule elastic, longitudi-
nally dehiscing. Valves 3, inwardly seminiferous at middle. Seeds
#, ovoid or globose; testa crustaceous, usually nitid, at hilum
minutely arillate; albumen fleshy; embryo straight, axil albu-
minous, subequal.—Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent; leaves alter-
nate, base furnished with 2 stipules, often foliaceous wide persistent ;
flowers (often 2-morphous, fructiferous ones asepalous or crypto-
petalous), axillary, usually solitary; peduncle 2-3-bracteolate
(Temp. regions of N. Hemisphere, Mount. S. America, N. Zealand, South
Africa). See p. 343.
9. Hybanthus Jacq.’—Flowers nearly of Viola; sepals not pro-
duced at base. Anterior petals larger than others, slightly above
) Nearly related to Gen. Welycitus (might be
a section of it).
? Spec. 4. Hoox. F., Fl. Tasman., i. 27; Fl.
N.-Zel., i. 17, t, 7.—Bentu., Fl. Austral., i.
104.— Bot. Mag., t. 3163.—Watr., Rep, i.
225; ii. 767; Ann., vii. 220.
3 Amer., 77, t. 175, figs. 24, 25 (1763).—
Nercx., Elem., n. 1386 (1790).—DC., Prodr., i.
311.—Calecolaria Lart., It. Hisp. (1758), 183
(nee FEUILL.).—Pombalia VANDELL., Fase., 7,
t. 1 (1771).—DC., Prodr., i. 306.—Tonidium
Vent., Jard. Malmais., t. 27 (1803).—DC.,
Prodr., i. 807.—SpacH, Suit. à Buffon, v. 519.
ENDL., Gen., n. 5041.— PAYER, Fam. Nat.,
108.—A, Gray, Gen, Iil., t. 82.—B. H., Gen.,
117, 970, n.6.—Solea GING., in DC. Prodr., i.
306.—A. Gray, op. cit, t. 81—Pigea DC.
Prodr., i. 807.— Vlamingia DE VRIESE, in Pl.
Preiss., i, 398.
VIOLACEZ. 359
base gibbous or subsaccate. Stamens 5, free or more or less connate
or coalescing ; filaments short, or more or less elongated, sometimes
linear; 2 anterior, or rarely 4, outwardly calcarate at base, gibbous
or glanduliferous ;' connective produced in membrane beyond cells.
Germen of Viola; style recurved-clavate at apex, anteriorly stigma-
tiferous. Capsule sometimes crustaceous, elastically 3-valved ; seeds
ovoid-globose ; testa crustaceous. Other characters of 7o/a.—Herbs,
sometimes suffrutescent or erect shrubs ; leaves alternate, sometimes
opposite; stipules usually small; flowers axillary pedunculate, soli-
tary or fasciculate, sometimes in terminal racemes (A// Tropical
regions’).
10? Agation An. Br.i—Flowers nearly of Hysanthus ; sepals 5,
subequal, not produced at base, deciduous. Petals unequal ; ante-
rior larger, labelliform, narrow at base and below gibbous saccate.
Stamens 5, free ; filaments free, coalescing at margin; superior often
finally free ; 2 anterior outwardly below apex furnished with short
recurved glands; anthers introrse, apex mucronulate; connective
produced beyond cells in petaloid lamina. Germen free ; placentas
3, œ-ovulate; style thickened at apex recurved, anteriorly stigma-
tiferous. Capsule crustaceous-ligneous ; valves 3 inwardly semini-
ferous at middle. Seeds m, compressed-winged, unequally 3, 4-
angular,’ imbricated ; albumen often thin; embryo wide, radicle
cylindrical ; cotyledons flat, unequally sub-3-angular or obovate.—
Sarmentose shrubs; leaves alternate, entire or dentate; stipules
minute or caducous; flowers in compound racemes, axillary and
terminal; pedicels articulate, 2-bracteolate’ (W. Caledonia, and Fiji
Islands’).
1 Glands sometimes coalescing in 1 entire or 2
lobes (in Solea and Euhybanthus).
2 Spec. 40, of which 4 are African, 5 or 6
Australian, others of N. and S. America. AUBL.,
Guian., te» 318 (Viola).— ¥orst., in Trans.
Linn. Soe., vi. 309, t. 28 (Viola).—H. B. K.,
Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 385, t. 494 (Hybanthus).
—A. S. H,, Pl. Us: Brasi, t. 9 VW; 20;0Pr
Rem., t. 27.—A. Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exp.
Bot., i. 87 (Ionidium); Man., ed. 5, 76 (Solea).—
Caarm., Fl. S. Unit.-St., 34 (Solea)—C. Gay,
Fl. Chil; i. 227 (Lonidium).— Miq., in Linnea,
xxii. 355.—Hary. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 74
(lonidiun). — Bentau., Fl. Austral. i. 101
(Lonidium). — OuvEm., Viol, 6 (Ionidium).—
Tux, in Ann. Se. Nut., sér. 5, ix. 300.—Tr. &
PL., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, xvii. 124 (Loni-
dium).—Turez., in Bull. Mosc. (1863), i. 556
(Tonidium), — Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 21
(Lonidium). — Oxxv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 105
(Zonidium).—Kt., in Pet. Mossamb., Bot., 148
(Zonidium).—Grisrs., F1. Brit. W.-Ind., 26;
Cat. Pl, Cub. 11 (Zonidium).— Hook. Fr. &
Tuoms., Fl. Brit. Ind., i. 185 (Lonidium).—
Watp., Rep., i. 221; ii. 767; v. 55; Ann., i.
68 : ii, 67; iv. 234; vii. 217 (onidium).
3 In Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fv., viii. 79; in Ann.
Se. Nat., sér. 5, i. 346.—B. H., Gen., 118, 0.
7.—Agatea A. Gray, Unit. St, Expl. Exp.
Bot., i. 89, t. 7.
4 Testa, as affirmed, crustaceous on internal
face, and there separating, “nigra et ad faciem
internam membranacea.”
5 Gen. scarcely distinct from Pombalia, but
differing by winged seeds.
5 Spee. 2, 3. Waxzr., Ann., vii. 218.
360 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
11. Schweiggeria Sprenc.'—Flowers nearly of Viola; sepals 5 ;
3 exterior much larger, wide, hastate-cordate ; 2 interior narrow,
much smaller. Anterior petals larger than others, calcarate above
base. Stamens and germen of Vio/a ; style subclavate, apex expanded
in 2 lobes, membranous, wing-shaped, anteriorly stigmatiferous
between lobes. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved ; seeds ovoid-globose ; testa
crustaceous. — Erect shrubs; leaves alternate; stipules minute;
flowers axillary, solitary ; peduncles articulate above bracts (Zrop.
America’).
12. Anchietea A. S. H.‘—Flowers nearly of Viola ; sepals sub-
equal, base not produced. Anterior petal larger than others, long
calearate. Stamens and germen of Vio/a; style subclavate, ante-
riorly stigmatiferous at apex. Capsule very large, membranous-
vesiculate, inflated, 3-valved; seeds plano-compressed; testa mem-
branous, margin expanded in wide orbicular wings. — Scandent
shrubs ; leaves alternate; stipules small; flowers in short axillary
racemes (Brazil').
‘13. Noisettia H. B. K.’—Flowers nearly of Vio/a ; sepals sub-
equal, base not produced. Anterior petal larger than others, long
calcarate. Stamens and germen of /7ola ; style clavate, incurved, an-
teriorly stigmatiferous at apex. Capsule ovoid, elastically 3-valved ;
seeds ovoido-globose ; testa crustaceous. —Subsimple erect under-
shrubs; leaves alternate ; stipules 2, lateral; flowers axillary, shortly
racemose ; pedicels articulate above middle (Zrop. America and N. Sub-
trop).
14. Corynostylis Marr.’—Flowers nearly of /7o/a; sepals mi-
nute, subequal, base not produced. Anterior petal larger than others,
1 Neue Entd., ii. 167.—DC., Prodr., i. 290.
—Enpu., Gen., n. 5044.—B. H., Gen., 117,
n. 4.—Glossarrhen Marv, & Zucc., Nov. Gen.
et Spec., i. 21, t. 15.—DC., Prodr., i. 290.
2 Spec. 2. A. S. H., Pl. Rem. Brés., t. 26 B.
—Mart., in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xii. t. 8
(Glossarrhen). — Bot. Reg. (1841), t. 40.—
Wazr., Rep., i. 223.
3 Pl, Us. Bras., t. 19; Pl. Rem. Brés., 290.
—Expz., Gen., n. 5048.—B. H., Gen., 117, n.
3.—H. BN., in Dict. Encyl., iv. 290.
4 Spec. 2, 3. ? H. B. K., Nov. Gen, et Spec.,
i, 28, t. 499, 499 4, fig. 1(Noisettia).—? A. S. H.,
PI. Rem. Brés., i. 26 (Noiscttia)—A, GRAY,
Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot., i, 88. — Watr.,
Rep., i. 223.
5 Nov. Gen. et Spec., v. 382, t. 499 b, fig. 2
(nee Mart.).—DC., Prodr, i. 290.— EnDt.,
Gen. n. 5042.—B. H., Gen. 117, n. 2.—
Bigelowia DC., mss. (ex ENDI.).— Violæoides
Micux., mss. (ex ENDL.).—? Jonidiopsi, PRESL ,
Bot. Bem., 13.—WaAtP., Ann., i. 69.
6 Spec. 2 v. 3. Tr. & Px, in Ann. Se. Nat.,
sér. 4, xvii. 123.—Watp., Rep., i. 223.
7 Nov. Gen. et Spec., i. 25, t. 17, 18 —END1.,
Gen., n, 5045. — B. H., Gen., 116, n. 1—
Calyptrion GinG., in Mém, Gen., ii. t. 2, fig. 15
in DC. Prodr., i. 288.
VIOLACEZ. 361
produced above base into a very large spur; limb small. Other
petals smaller; anterior connivent, lateral rather erect. Stamens 5 ;
filaments very short, subperigynously inserted ; 2—4 inferior, shortly
villose-calcarate at back. Anthers introrse, flat adnate, and germen
nearly of Viola, globose-3-gonal. Ovules very numerous; style
clavate, anteriorly at apex stigmatiferous. Capsule coriaceous, large,
ovate, sub-3-agonal, ligneous, corticate ; valves 3, not elastic, semi-
niferous at middle; seeds suborbiculate, plano-compressed ; testa
crustaceous, rugose, not winged; albumen thin.—Scandent shrubs ;
leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate, often sharply serrate or serru-
late, glaberrimous, nitid; stipules deciduous; flowers’ in terminal
racemes ; inferior solitary, in axils of upper leaves; pedicels elon-
gated at middle, 2-bracteolate, and above bractlets articulate (7rop.
America’).
III SAUVAGESIE/A.
15. Sauvagesia L.—Flowers regular hermaphrodite ; receptacle
convex. Sepals 5, subequal, imbricated, finally very patent, fruc-
tiferous closed. Petals same in number, alternate, convolute, patent
at anthesis, deciduous. Stamens 5, fertile, alternipetalous, hypo-
gynous ; filaments free ; anthers linear, 2-locular, extrorsely or sub-
laterally rimose. Laminz petaloid 5 (staminodes ?), alternating with
fertile stamens, and exterior to them, convolute, surrounded by fila-
ments, externally glanduliferous at apex (linear staminodes ?), 5-10,
oftener o, in alternipetalous bundles. Germen free, 1-locular ; ovules
o , anatropous, ascendent, inserted on three parallel placentas ; style
simple, apex stigmatiferous, obtusely or scarcely dilated. Capsule
attended by persistent calyx and androceum, septicidal, 3-valved.
Seeds o, small; testa crustaceous, usually scrobiculate ; albumen
fleshy ; embryo axile ; radicle rather terete, longer than cotyledons.—
Glabrous herbs or undershrubs ; leaves alternate, rather rigid, entire
or serrulate, shortly petiolate or sometimes sessile; stipules pecti-
nate-ciliate ; flowers axillary or in terminal racemes, bracteate (Zrop.
America, all trop. regions). See p. 346.
Handsome.
Spec. 1, 2. Tr. & PL., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér, 4, xvii, 124.—Watp., Rep., i. 223.
1
2
362 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
16? Schuurmansia Bu.'—Flowers nearly of Sauvvagesia ; sepals
5, equal or slightly unequal, preefloration much imbricated. Petals
subequal, convolute. Staminodes 5, linear or subulate, subcon-
formed to filaments of disk , exterior smaller and slighter. Fila-
ments of fertile stamens 5, short, free, erect; anthers oblong-linear,
dehiscing at apex of pores or subintrorsely or laterally by longitudinal
clefts. Capsule nearly of Sevvagesia, septicidal 3-valved. Seeds a ;
testa membranous, dilated in orbicular wings; embryo axile, albu-
minous, cotyledons very short; radicle terete.—Glabrous trees or
shrubs ; leaves alternate or approximate at summit of twigs, entire
or serrulate ; stipules small; flowers in compound terminal racemes
Indian Archipelago’).
17? Neckia Korrn.*—Flowers nearly of Sauvagesia; sepals sub-
equal, imbricated. Petals 5, equal; præfloration convolute. Sta-
mens 3-morphous ; exterior #, small, setaceous or glanduliform at
apex; interior to 10, clavate, base connate in tube with fertile sta-
mens ; filaments very short, inserted at summit of tube between
staminudes. Germen nearly of Sauvagesia; placentas parietal 3,
æ-ovulate ; style simple, erect, apex stigmatiferous. Capsule at
apex septicidally, 3-valved. Seeds », not winged.—Glabrous shrubs
and undershrubs; leaves alternate, serrulate; stipules subulate,
rigid; flowers axillary, long-pedunculate (Indian Archipelago’).
18. Lavradia Vrii.\—Flowers nearly of Sauvagesia ; sepals sub-
equal or unequal ; preefloration much imbricated. Petals 5, equal,
convolute. Stamens 5, fertile, alternipetalous ; staminodes® out-
wardly connate in conical entire or 5—10-dentate tube, including
sexual organs. Anthers subsessile, ovate or oblong-linear ; cells 2,
subintrorse or laterally rimose. Germen from base to apex 1-locu-
lar, or at base 3-locular ; placentas parietal 3; ovules on each ©,
oblique ; style simple, apex stigmatiferous, obtuse. Fruit capsular,
1 Mus, Lugd.-Bat., i.177, t.32.—B. H., Gen, Fi. Sum., 159.— Watp., Ann., ii. 67; vii.
120, n. 20. 221.
2 Spec. 2. Hoox. F., in Trans. Linn. Soc., 5 Ex VanDELLz., in Rem. Script., 88, t. 6,
xxiii, 157.—Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p.ii.117.— fig. 6.—A. S. H., in Mém. Mus., xi. 107, t.
Watp., Ann., ii. 68 ; vii. 220. 7-10; Pl. Rem. Bras., 69, t. 4, fig. 6, t. 5-8;
3 In Ned. Kruidk. Arch. i. 358.—B. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., ii. 111.—DC., Predr., i, 314.—
Gen., 120, n. 21. Enpu., Gen., n. 5051.—Pavyer, Fam. Nat., 91,
4 Spee, 2, 3. Hook. r., in Trans, Linn. Soc, —W. H., Gen., 120, n. 19.
xxiii. 158.--Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 118 ; 6 Disk petaloid gamophyllus, ex PAYER, loc. cit.
VIOLACE A. 363
surrounded at base by persistent calyx, more or less distant from
apex septicidally 3-valved; seeds «, small, albuminous ; embryo
axile, straight. Other characters of Sauvagesia.—Glabrous under-
shrubs ; leaves alternate, crowded, rather rigid entire or subserrate
shortly petiolate; stipules entire or oftener pectinate-ciliate, per-
sistent ; flowers in terminal, simple or compound racemes, sometimes
axillary, bracteate (Brazi/’).
Spec. 6. A. S. H., in Mém. Mus., ix. 325,—Marv. & Zucc., Nov. Ger. et Spec., i. 31, t. 22, 23,
—Watrpr., Rep., i. 226.
XXXIV. OCHNACEZÆ.
I. OURATEA SERIES.
Ochna, from which this small family has received its name, is not
the simple type of it; but it is met with in most of the species of
Ouratea' (figs. 378-380), which have regular hermaphrodite penta-
Ouratea decora.
Fie, 378.
Flower
Fra. 380.
Long. sect. of flower (3).
and bud.
On their convex
receptacle are generally inserted five quincuncially imbricated sepals
and five alternate subsessile petals,? contorted in præfloration.
The stamens are attached above the perianth, superposed, five to
the sepals and five to the petals, each formed on a very short or
subnil free filament and basifixed elongated erect anther, with two
lateral or slightly introrse lobes, their wall quite covered with trans-
verse unequal wrinkles, and each dehiscing at the summit by a kind
of pore by which the pollen escapes.’ After bearing the androceum
merous flowers, with diplostemonous androceum.
1 Avs. Guian., i, 397, t. 152 (1775).—
H. BN., in Adansonia, x. fase. 12.—Jabotapita
PLum., Gen., 41, 32 (1703). — Sophisteques
CommMers., mss., ex J., Gen., 282 (1789).—
Gomphia Scures., Gen., i, 291 (1789).—DC.,
Prodr., 5. 736 ; in Ann, Mus., xvii. 414, t. 6-10.
—Tvrp., in Dict, Se. Nat., Atl., t. 121.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5958.—SCHNIZL., Iconogr., t. 248.—
B. H., Gen., 318, 993, n. 2.—Cittorhynchus W.,
mss, (ex ENDL.).—Correia VELLOZ., in Ram.
Script., 106, t. 6 (ex Enpu.). — Philomeda
Noronu. (ex Dur.-Tn., Gen. Nov. Madag.,
wn):
2 Yellow, sometimes very odoriferous.
3 Ovoid; three folds; in water ovoid, three
bands with papille. “ Ochna atropurpurea,
Gomphia fimbriata Bos.” (H. MouL., in Aun.
Se. Nat., sér, 2, iii. 339).
OCHNACEÆ.
365
the receptacle elongates more or less into a column or gynophore,
the five alternipetalous carpels being arranged in a verticil on the
summit. Each carpel is composed of a unilocular ovary, surmounted
by a style more or less gynobasic' uniting with
the neighbouring styles,so as to form with them
a conical tube,’ stigmatiferous at apex, simple
or scarcely denticulate. Jn the internal angle,
towards the base, is inserted an ascending ana-
tropous ovule, with micropyle looking down-
wards and outwards. After fertilization the
ovaries become independent drupes, grouped
towards the summit of the thickened, often
fleshy, coloured,‘ receptacle, accompanied at the
base by the persistent calyx. In each not
very thick stone’ is seen an ascending seed, the
coats covering a fleshy exalbuminous embryo,
with plano-convex cotyledons’ and short in-
ferior radicle.’ There are some hundred spe-
cies’ of Ouratea; they inhabit all tropical
regions, but are especially numerous in Ame-
rica. They are glabrous trees or shrubs, with
alternate persistent simple leaves, often coriaceous, generally finely
cut on the edges like the teeth of a saw, with numerous secondary
parallel nerves. They are accompanied by two free or connate
axillary stipules. The flowers are united in terminal or axillary
racemes generally ramified, more rarely simple or umbelliferous,
Ouratea decora,
Fre. 379.
Gynæceum and
a5 = 10
stamen (1°).
1 In reality each style is detached from the
internal angle of the ovary more or less’ near the
base, creeping from without inwardly, and from
below upwards upon the receptacle, against
which it is closely applied and proceeding to
join the other styles, with which it unites by
the edges to form a common tube from the
summit of the receptacle. The same arrange-
ment is pretty clearly seen in several Ochnas.
»This tube is often traversed by spiral
flutings corresponding to the edges, by which
the five styles unite.
3 With double coat.
4 Generally dark purple; the pericarps be-
come nearly black at maturity.
5 It is often of the consistence of parchment,
The mesocarp is sometimes quite membranous,
5 In some species they are pink, lighter or
darker upon the edges.
7 Sometimes longer than the cotyledons,
conical at the summit; sometimes, on the con-
trary, truncate, and shorter than the cotyledons.
5H. B., Pl. Atquin, ii. 21, t. 74.—H. B. K.,
Nov. Gen. et Spec., vi. 13 (Gomphia).—A. 8. H.,
Pl. Rem. du Brés., 90, t.9; Pl. Us., t. 38; Fl.
Bras, Mer., i. 60, t. 12, 13 (@omphia),—Pout..,
PI. Bras., t. 178-185 (Gomphia).—Vezroz.,
Fl. Flum., v. t. 89-94 (Ochnd).—Hook., Icon.,
t. 712 (Gomphia)—Pat. BEAUV., Fl. Ow. et
Ben., t. 71, 72 (Gomphia).—Onv., Fl. Trop.
Afr., i, 319 (Gomphia).—H. BN., in Adan-
sonia, ix. 75 (Gomphia).—Tr. & Pu., in Ann.
Soc. Nat, sér, 4, xviii, 273 (Gomphia).— Bot.
Mag., t. 5262.—Wazr., Rep. i. 526; v. 399;
Ann, i. 181; ii. 260; iv, 421; vii. 543
(Gomphia).
366 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
provided with bracts, the divisions bearing small groups of flowers,
frequently cymes with articulate pedicels.
Ochna leucophlæos.
Fia. 381. Fra. 382.
Longitudinal section of flower. Gynæceum and stamen (£).
In several species of Owratea, the flowers are here and there
tetramerous and the carpels four to six in number. In others the
ovule is surmounted at the chalaza by an arillate dilatation taking
Ochna mozambicensis,
Fia. 383. Fra. 384.
Fruit. Longitudinal section of fruit.
the form of a hook.! This fact is especially noticeable in certain
Asiatic and particularly in Oceanian species, having axillary fasci-
culate flowers, and of which the genus Brackenridgea has been made.’
1 We have already stated this fact in certain 2 A, Gray, Unit.-St. Expl. Exp. Bot., i.
African species, as O. Duparquetiana (Gomphia 361, t. 42.—B. H., Gen., 318, 998, n. 3.—F.
Duparquetiana M. BN., in Adansonia, ix. Muezz., Fragm. Phyt. Austral. v. 29.—WaAtx?.,
77). Ann, iv. 421.
OCHNACE ZL. 367
In O. Theophrasta; also distinguished generically under the name
Wolkensteinia ; the flower presents outside the five petals eight
or ten coloured sepals* instead of five.
Beside Ouratea is found Ævasia, which instead of totally inde-
pendent carpels has them united below into a 2-5-lobed ovary and
an androceum formed of four, five, or an indefinite number of sta-
mens ; Zetramerista, which has tetramerous, tetrandrous flowers with
four-lobed ovary; and Ochna (figs. 381-384), whose name this
family bears, but which may be considered as a type derived from
Ouratea, having flowers with an indefinite number of stamens, a
gynæceum and fruit formed of independent carpels, like those of
Ouratea, from three to fifteen in number.
II. EUTHEMIS SERIES.
The flowers of Zulhemis (fig. 385) are externally similar to those
of Ouratea and Ochna, with five unequal, ciliate, imbricated sepals,
more or less persistent, and five alternate, im-
bricated or contorted petals. The androceum
is composed of five fertile, alternipetalous
stamens, formed of a very short filament and
two-celled rostrate anther, dehiscing at the
summit by a pore; and five sterile stamens,
alternating with the preceding,
partly wanting. The gynæceum is inserted
upon the apex of the receptacle slightly pro-
longed into a cone; it is composed of an ovary
with five alternipetalous incomplete cells,
tapering above into a subulate style, stigma-
tiferous, simple or scarcely dilated at the apex. Towards the internal
angle of each cell are two descendent, anatropous ovules, with
micropyle directed upwards and outwards. The fruit is a small
Euthemis leucocarpa.
which may be
Fia. 385.
Diagram.
1 Linp. ex Hook. F., in Bot, Mag., t. 5642.
—H*er., in Hortic. Franc., xxi. 15, t. 1.
? There are five more interior quincuncially
arranged, exactly alternating with the petals;
then outside these three others similarly imbri-
cated, two of them posterior. The petals are con-
torted, and the five shortest stamens superposed
to them are inserted a little lower and outside
the five others.
3 ReG@et,, in Gartenfl., xiv. (1865), 131, t. 471.
4 Jack, Mal. Mise., in Hook, Bot. Mise.
ii. 69.—Watt,, in Rorb, Fl. Ind., ii. 303.—
Enpu,, Gen. n. 5961,—B. H., Gen. 319,
n. 6.
368 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
drupe with pulpy sarcocarp enveloping five fibrous stones, in each
of which are one or two descendent seeds. ‘These contain under
their coats a fleshy albumen, and an axile, slender, cylindrical
embryo, with elongated superior radicle. Huthemis consists of
shrubs from Malayasia; four species' have already been described ;
their habit is analogous to that of Zuvemburgia, Sauvagesia, &e.
The alternate petiolate leaves are simple, coriaceous, smooth, cut upon
the edges in small teeth like a saw, as are those of Ochna, with
numerous secondary and parallel nerves. The flowers’ are arranged
in terminal leaf-opposed racemes, solitary or geminate in the axil
of each bract of the inflorescence, and accompanied by one or several
sterile bractlets.
III. LUXEMBURGIA SERIES.
Luvemburgia’ (figs. 386-390) has hermaphrodite irregular flowers
with convex receptacle. The calyx is formed of five unequal sepals,
Luxemburgia polyandra.
Fie, 386. Fra. 387. Fic, 388.
Bud (3). Flower (2). Long. sect. of flower.
often ciliate upon the edges, caducous, and arranged in quincuncial
preefloration,’ and the corolla of five alternate subequal petals im-
1 Hook., Zcon., t. 711.—Hoox. p., in Trans. in Voy. Lind., 62.—Plectranthera Mant, Nov.
Linn. Soc. xxiii. 1683.—Watr., Rep., i. 528; Gen. et Spec., i. 39, t. 36.
v. 60, 400; Ann., 1. 179; vii. 544. 4 There are two exterior generally smaller ;
2 White or pink. and the three interior, often more developed
3 A. S. H., in Mém. Mus., ix. 351.—DC., than the others, are besides contorted in the
Prodr., i. 350.—B. H., Gen., 319, n. 7.-- Pu, bud,
OCHNACEZ. 369
bricated' or contorted in the bud. The stamens are indefinite in
number, sometimes pretty considerable, often also only from ten to
eight. Their filaments are short, united into a sort of thick tube,
widely cleft on the anterior side of the flower, so that the androceum
only surrounds the gynæceum behind. The anthers are elongate-
linear, basifixed, two-celled, divided into four
secondary cells separated by longitudinal
grooves; they open almost at the summit by
two pores or short clefts. The gynæceum is
composed of a superior ovary slightly ex-
centric, tapering at the summit into a subu-
late style with simple stigmatiferous apex. In
the ovary are seen two, three, or five parietal
placentas, more or less prominent in the in-
terior of the cavity, and bearing on their
reflexed edges’ a number of anatropous, im-
5 : H Fie. 389. Fra. 390.
bricated, ascending ovules. ‘The fruit is a peniscent fruit. Seed (8).
septicidal capsule, divided at maturity imto
three or five valves, often leaving upon the receptacle, from which
they detach themselves, woody bands corresponding to their edges.
The seeds are small, numerous, attached within towards the edge of
the valves. Their outer coat is more or less dilated in the form of
a wing; and their inconsiderable, fleshy albumen surrounds a cylin-
drical embryo.
Luvemburgia, of which half a dozen species* are known, consists of
Luxemburgia polyandra.
trees and elegant shrubs, ramose and glabrous, natives of Brazil.
Their cylindrical branches are loaded with alternate simple, petio-
late, coriaceous, smooth serrulate leaves, often ciliate upon the edges
and summit, penninerved, with parallel secondary nerves, fine, close,
generally subperpendicular to the midrib, with two lateral ciliate
stipules. The flowers‘ are disposed in simple terminal racemes, each
supported by an articulate pedicel at the base, accompanied by two
lateral bractlets.
Beside this genus are placed several others, which all belong to the
1 There is often one large one enveloping all ? Their transverse section often has the form
the others, then three often smaller than the of an arrow head.
preceding, covered on one edge, and covering by 3 A,S.H., Pi, Rem. Brés., 331, t. 29, 30;
the other; finally, a fifth, quite interior, and Fl, Bras. Mer., ii. 113.—Watp., Rep., i. 226;
enveloped on both edges, Ann., i, 175.
4 Yellow, elegant, sometimes odoriferous,
VOL. IV. BB
370 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
warm regions of South America, and are only distinguished by incon-
siderable characters. They are: Godoya, with sepals accompanied by
axillary tongues, stamens ten or indefinite in number, ramified in-
florescences, and simple or pinnate leaves; Cespedesia, with sepals
naked within, the other characters being nearly those of Godoya ;
Blastemanthus, which has flowers arranged in racemes, with a calyx
accompanied without by imbricated bracts analogous to sepals, and
round ten fertile stamens a variable number of subulate staminodes ;
Pecilandra, which has five fertile stamens, polymorphous stami-
nodes, and ramified inflorescences ; finally, Wad/acea, with flowers
nearly like those of Pæcilandra as to the five fertile stamens and
exterior staminodes, but solitary or geminate in the axils of the
entire leaves.
De Canpotrg,’ in 1811, considered this small family distinct.
Before him pe Jussieu’ placed Ochna among the group allied to
Magnoliacee and Ouratea among the Gen. incerte sedis. The
family, adopted by most botanists,* was only represented at first by
the genera of the Ouratee and Gomphiæ series, to which Mique.‘
added the genus Zetramerista. In 1846, Piancnon’ extended the
limits of the group by adding the two tribes Luthemidiee and Luxem-
burgieæ ; the former only being then represented by the genus
Euthemis, the latter by the four genera Zurembergia, Godoya, Cespe-
desia, and Blastemanthus. BeNTHAM and Hooxnr,’ adopting the
same limits for the Ochnacee family, have added to its last tribe the
new genus Wallacea of Servcn, and Pœcilandra before connected
with Zernstremiacee. In introducing, as we have done, Bracken-
ridgea in the genus Ouratea, the number of types generically pre-
served is eleven, including about a hundred and thirty species.
The distinctive characters of the three series are the following :—
J. Ouratrkæ.—Gynæceum with carpels independent in the ovary,
or ovary 2—15-celled, with one ovule in each cell, subtransverse or
1 In Ann. Mus,, xvii. 398; Prodr., i. (1824),
735.
2 Gen. (1789), 232.
or Mesia (GxærIN., Æruct., i. 344, t. 70), of
which Brntu. & Hoox. say: “ Gen, fid. PLAN-
CHONII falsum est, ex icone floris erron. JZorti
3 A.S. H., in Mém. Mus., x. 129.—LinD1.,
Introd., ed. 2, 129; Veg. Kingd. (1846), 474,
Ord. 178,
* Fl. Ind.-Bat., Suppl. (1860).
5 In Hook. Lond. Journ., v. 584.
6 He excluded Walkera (SCHREB., Gen., 378)
malab. et fructu imperfecto anal, falsa Garr-
NEKI fictum. Cf. Hook, Lond, Journ, v.
593.”
7 Gen., 316, Ord. 41.
8 Tur. in Ann. Sciences Nat., sér. 3, vili.
(1847).
OCHNACEZL. 371
ascendent, with inferior exterior micropyle. Styles often gynobasic,
united above into a single column. Fruit drupaceous or dry, inde-
hiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.—(4 genera.)
IT. Evrsemmrx.—Gyneceum with carpels united among them-
selves, with two ovules in each cell; micropyle superior and exte-
rior. Fruit drupaceous, with five stones. Seeds albuminous.—
(1 genus.)
III. LuxemBurG1æ.—Gynæceum generally eccentric, with parietal
placentas (2-5), more or less prominent, multiovulate upon the edges.
Fruit capsular, septicidal, polyspermous. Seeds albuminous. —
(6 genera.)
All the species of this last series, fifteen or sixteen in number, are
natives of the tropical regions of South America. The /uthe-
mideæ, three or four in number, belong entirely to Malaysia. The
only known Zet¢ramerista is from Sumatra. The genus Z/vasia is
entirely American. All the Ochnas belong, on the contrary, to the
tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World. The genus
Ouratea has the most extended geographical area. It is represented
in tropical America by about two-thirds of its species, that is to
say, some fifty; but it is met with in Asia and Africa, and in
Oceania is found that particular form constituting the subgenus
Brackenridgea.
The only common characters of all the members of this small
family are the woody consistence of the stem, the alternation of the
leaves, the presence of stipules, the convexity of the floral receptacle,
the independence of the petals, and the absence of the glandular
disk. But there are other characters very frequent, without being
absolute. These are principally: the simple nature of the leaves,’
their mode of nervation, the secondary nerves being crowded, parallel,
oblique or nearly perpendicular to the principal nerve, and the fine,
regular marginal cuts, like the teeth of a saw, sometimes glandular,’
the prolongation of the receptacle into a column of variable height
between the insertion of the androceum and gynæceum. ‘The other
characters are subject to variations; those drawn from the orga-
nization of the gynæceum and fruit have been used, as we have seen,
to distinguish the series or tribes ; the others to separate the genera.
1 Pinnate in the only Godoya (Rutidanthera) ? With punctuate edges in Pecilandra and
splendida Pu. (in Hook. Lond. Journ., v. 599, Bilastemanthus; a character found in some
t. 19, 20), of New Grenada (vulg. Quiebrahacka). analogous types of the allied family Rutacee,
BBQ
372 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
It cannot be denied that the organization of the Ochnacee
give them the greatest analogy with Rutacee, of which they
might possibly be considered a tribe. It is true they have not
glandular punctuations, they do not contain odoriferous essen-
tial oil, they have stipules, the flowers are destitute of glandular
disk, and in their fruit the endocarp, when it is capsular, does not
separate from the exocarp; but these are characters which may
possibly be wanting in the Æwfaceæ, and which have not much
value in themselves. The functional organization of the gynæceum
in the Ochnaceæ is, moreover, much more similar to that of the
Rutaceæ than is generally supposed. Certain Hypericacee have ap-
parent analogies with the Ochuacce ; but their leaves are opposite
and odoriferous. Perhaps the Dilleniacce of those genera with yellow
imbricated petals, independent carpels, and fleshy fruit, are more
closely allied to the Ochnacee than they are said to be. Crossosoma
seems also to nearly approach the Ochnaceæ with independent car-
pels, and certain Simarubee. But where this great analogy presents
itself, the Dilleniacee have different leaves from those of the Ochnacee,
arillate seeds, and a small embryo situated towards the summit of an
abundant fleshy albumen.
We have seen how! Zernstremiacee, to which the genus Pæci-
landra has been attributed, is distinguished from Ochnacee, only by
unimportant characters it is true. The same may be said of those
separating Ochnaceæ from certain Violacee, such as the Sauvagesie.
It is not without strong reasons that these latter have been classed
by some authors’ in the same group with Zuæemburgiæ, and perhaps
they are as well placed there as among the Ochnaceæ. The Luvem-
burgie axe always distinguished from the Sauvagesiæ by “ their simple
anthers dehiscing by two short pores,’ not connivent round the gynæ-
ceum, and, by the very different character of the staminal filaments.”
It may be admitted to a certain point, in consequence of what has
been said, and by the comparing of the vegetative organs, the
leaves, &c., of certain species of Rinorea with Ochne, that these latter
represent a regular form, with independent carpels, of the arbo-
rescent Violacee. The woody Cistacee, so nearly allied to Violacce,
have, for the same reason, some aflinity with the Ochuacce.
See p. 256.
See LINDL., Veg. Kingd., 348.—Tr. & Pu, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xviii. 275.
Except Wallacea (B, H., Gen., 316).
J)
OCHNACE 1. BY)
The small number of useful species' that are found in this group,
are remarkable for their bitter qualities, recalling those of Quassia.
In Brazil, Ouratea Jabotapita® and hexasperma’ are used in all cases
where bitter drugs are considered useful. The bark of the latter,
which probably acts in this case as an astringent, is used in treat-
ing wounds of cattle caused by stings of insects. At Malabar, the
root and leaves of O. angustifolia‘ are prescribed as bitter, stomachie,
digestive, and as preventing sickness. A decoction is administered
in milk or water. In the Antilles, the same properties are ascribed
to O. ilicifolia.’ The seeds of O. parviflora’ give an oil used in Brazil
as a condiment. The wood of some beautiful trees of the Zuvem-
burgiæ group is usefully employed in Columbia, and the habit, foliage,
and the beauty of their flowers make them valued in our greenhouses.
We may especially mention: Cespedesia Bonpland® and macrophylla,
Godoya splendida’ and antioquiensis" Gomphia Theophrasta” is also
beautiful and ornamental; O. mozambicensis (figs. 383, 384), atro-
purpurea, and some Ourateas, with abundant brilliant yellow flowers,
are also cultivated.
1 Enpu., Enchirid., 606. — Linpu., Teg. O. Jabotapita Vrutoz., Fl. Plum. v. t. 90
Kingd., ATA—ROSENTH., Syn. Pl. Diaphor., (nec PLUM.).
869, 1156. 7 Goup., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 3, ii. 319.—
2 Gomphia Jabotapita Sw., Fl. Ind. Oce., Maregravia H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii.
ii. 740 (nec Vetuoz.).—DC., in Ann. Mus, 277 (Lingua de vacca, of New Grenada).
xvii. 418.— Ochna Jabotapita L. (part.). 8 SErM., Voy. Her., Bot., 97.
3, A.S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., n. 38, ic. 9 See p. 371, note 1.
4 Gomphia angustifolia Vaut., Symb. Bot., 10 Pr, in Hook. Lond. Jown., v. 597, ic.
ii. 49. (Caunce, in N. Grenada). At the Cape, the
5 DC., loc. cit., n. 10; Prodr., i. 736, n. 11. wood of Ochna arborea Burcn, is used for
6 DC., in Ann. Mus., xvii. 420, t. 16.— domestic purposes.
11 See p. 367, note 1.
374 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
GENERA.
I, OURATEA.
1. Ouratea Avusi.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle convex.
Sepals 5, or more rarely 7, 8, very often coloured, imbricated, per-
sistent or deciduous. Petals 5, slightly longer than calyx, obovate,
shortly unguiculate, imbricated or contorted, usually deciduous.
Stamens 10, inserted with perianth, 2-seriate ; filaments free, very
short; anthers elongated, outwardly rugose, 2-locular, poricidal at
apex. Carpels 5 (or more rarely 6-8), alternipetalous, inserted at
summit of receptacle, produced in cylinder beyond insertion of
androceum. Germen free, 1-locular ; style more or less gynobasie,
afterwards strictly coalescing in long conical tube, at apex stigma-
tiferous, not thickened, free at a greater or less height, or not
distinct; ovules in each germen solitary, ascending, subbasilar ;
micropyle extrorse, inferior. Drupes 5, or fewer by abortion,
inserted on variously enlarged coloured receptacle. Seed suberect ;
testa membranous; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons plano-
convex, fleshy ; radicle short, inferior—Glabrous trees or shrubs ;
leaves alternate, persistent, simple, coriaceous, nitid, sharply serrate;
nerves crowded, parallel; stipules 2, usually slightly super-axillary,
free or connate ; flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, sometimes
subumbellate, compound cymiferous ; pedicels bracteolate, articulate
at base (47 Trop. and Subtrop. regions). See p. 365.
2. Elvasia DC.'—Flowers 3-6, or oftener 4, 5-merous; recep-
tacle depressed conical. Sepals petaloid and petals same in number,
alternate (of Ouratea or Ochna). Stamens hypogynous, 6-10, or « ;
filaments inserted slightly above perianth, persistent; anthers elon-
gated (Luelvasia’) or short (fostmannia’), poricidal at apex. Germen
placed at summit of slightly stipitiform receptacle, outwardly sul-
cate; cells 2 (Hostmannia), ox 4, 5 (Euelvasia), alternipetalous ; style
1 In Ann. Mus., xvii. 422, t. 20; Prodr., i, 738.—A. S. H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 69, not.—
A. Juss., Mém. Rutac., 60, not.— ENDL., Gen., n, 5957.—B. H., Gen., 318, n. 4.
2 pt,, in Hook, Lond, Journ., v. 648. # Px., in Hook, Icon., t. 709.
OCHNACEÆ. 379
long subulate, at apex stigmatiferous, capitate or 4, 5-denticulate ;
ovules in each cell 1, or more rarely 2, ascending or subhorizontal ;*
micropyle extrorse, inferior. Fruit 2—5-lobed ; lobes radiating or
subcupular ; lobes depresso-radians, obtuse at apex ; coriaceous, inde-
hiscent ; fertile cells 1-3, 1-spermous; seed thick, depressed, sub-
horizontal; cotyledons thick.—Glabrous trees; branches terete ;
leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, entire ; nerves crowded, parallel ;
stipules 2, setaceous ; flowers? in compound much ramified terminal
racemes, bracteate at base; pedicels articulate, bracteolate at base
(South Eastern Trop. America’).
3. Tetramerista Mrq.‘—Sepals 4, decussate imbricated, of which
2 interior are smaller lateral, persistent. Petals 4, of which 2
are anterior, widely inserted at base, decussate imbricated, per-
sistent. Stamens 4, alternipetalous; filaments free, flattened at
base ; anthers cbhlong-sagittate, introrsely 2-rimose. (iermen inserted
at summit of receptacle, 4-lobed; style subulate, simple stigma-
tiferous at apex; ovules in each cell 1, or 2(?), ascending. “ Berry’
globose, coriaceous, with evanescent septa 1-locular, 4-spermous ;
seeds oblong.” — A tree?; leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple,
oblong-lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous; flowers in axillary
racemes, naked at base; bracts foliaceous; bractlets 2, lateral,
analogous to sepals, narrowly decurrent on both sides of pedicels
(Sumatra’).
4. Ochna Scuris.’— Flowers nearly of Ovratea; petals 5-10.
Stamens co. Carpels 3-15; styles same in number, stigmatiferous
at apex, free for a greater or less distance ; ovules, drupes, large fruc-
tiferous receptacle, and seeds of Owratea. — Glabrous trees or
sbrubs ; leaves alternate, deciduous, entire, or much oftener serru-
late, coriaceous, lucid; nerves much crowded, parallel; stipules
1 Sometimes slightly descending (PL, in 5 Spec. 1. 7. glabra MrQ,, loc. cit.—WALP.,
Hook. Lond. Journ., loc. cit., 649) in 2, Host-
mannia.
? Small, yellow.
3 Spec. 3, 4. Wazp., Rep., v. 400; Ann. i.
179.
4 Fl, Ind.-Bat., Suppl., i. 584,—B. H., Gen.,
318, n. 5.
5 * Mole nucis Juglandis.”
Ann., vii, 544.
7 Gen., n. 354.—J., Gen., 282 (part.). —
Lamx., Dict., iv. 509 (part.); Suppl, iv. 117
(part.); JU, t. 472.—DC., in Ann. Mus., xvii.
410, t. 12-16; Prodr., i. 735.—Spacu, Suit. a
Buffon, ii. 380.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5959.—PL.,
in Hook, Lond, Journ., v. 649.—B. H.. Gen.,
317, n. 1.—LeM. & Dene., Zr. Gén., 370.—
Diporidium Wernvt, F,, Beitr, ii, 24.
376 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
axillary, 2-nate, free or connate; flowers! in simple or much oftener
ramified compound racemes, often springing from squamose buds
within one year old leaves; pedicels articulate (47 Trop. and Sub-
trop. regions of Old World’).
IJ. EUTHEMIDEA.
5. Euthemis Jack.—Flowers hermaphrodite; sepals 5, often
ciliate, imbricated, deciduous, or persistent. Petals same in number,
longer, imbricated. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, or 10, of which 5 are
alternipetalous, sterile ; anthers fertile, subsessile, rostrate, 2-celled,
poricidal at apex. Germen inserted on receptacle, slightly produced
beyond androceum, semi-5-celled, elongated, produced at apex in sub-
ulate-acute style ; ovules in each cell (alternipetalous) 2, descending ;
micropyle extrorse, superior. Berry pulpous, 5-pyrenous; pyrene
fibrous, 1, 2-spermous; seeds descending; testa membranous; albu-
men fleshy; embryo axile, terete; radicle superior, elongated.
Glabrous shrubs; branches terete; leaves alternate, petiolate, cori-
aceous, lucid, sharply serrate; nerves crowded, parallel; stipules
ciliate, caducous; flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed bracteate
racemes, often in axil of each bract, 2-nate, bracteolate (Malay Arch.).
See p. 367.
TITI. LUXEMBURGIÆ.
6. Luxemburgia A. S. H— Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
conical, suboblique. Sepals 5, unequal, sometimes ciliate, imbri-
cated, deciduous. Petals 5, alternate, equal, imbricate-convolute,
very patent. Stamens 4-8 or ~, hypogynous; filaments very short,
connate in posterior mass; anthers basifixed, linear, aggregate,
2-celled, 2-porous at apex. Germen excentric, lanceolate, sometimes
very shortly stipitate, 3-5-agonal, apex in subulate acute narrow
style; placentas 3-5, parietal, more or less prominent; ovules æ,
1 Pale yellow, often handsome; fructiferous Adansonia, ix. 74.—Oxtv. Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
receptacle often rather purple. 316.— Hook., Zcon., t. 588. — Tuw., ÆEnum.
2 Spee. 25. Roxs., Pl. Coromand., t. 89.— Pl, Zeyl., 70,— Bot, Mag. t. 4519.—Watpr.,
Wieurt, IL, t. 69.—A. Ricu., Fl. Sen. Tent., Rep. i. 527; ii, 826; v. 400; Ann, i. 179; ii.
i, 187, t, 85.—Hary. & Sonp., F7. Cap.,i, 448.— 260; vii, 548.
Kt., in Pet. Moss., Bot., 88, t. 16.—H. Bw., in
OCHNACE ZL. 377
inserted on the edges of placenta, recurved on both sides, ascending,
anatropous. Capsule coriaceous, acute, 3—5-angular, l-celled, sep-
ticidally 3-5-valved ; seeds », inserted on semiseptate margin, sub-
imbricated ; testa above or at margin membranous, winged or
marginate; albumen scanty, fleshy; embryo terete-—Handsome
ramified glabrous nitid trees or shrubs; twigs terete; leaves alter-
nate, coriaceous, serrulate, teeth and apex ciliate; nerves crowded,
parallel, perpendicular or oblique to ribs; stipules 2, ciliate ; flowers
in simple terminal racemes, fructiferous lateral; pedicels articulate
above base, 2-bracteolate (Brazil). See p. 368.
7. Godoya R. & Pav.'—Flowers nearly of Luwemburgia ; sepals 5,
unequal (interior shorter), scarious, base inwardly fimbrilliferous,
closely imbricated, deciduous. Petals 5, obovate, convoluto-imbri-
cate or contorted. Stamens 10-20, secund declinate ; filaments very
short or almost wanting; anthers erect, declinate; cells 2, linear,
sometimes transversely rugulose (2utidanthera’), poricidal at apex.
Germen excentric, shortly stipitate, rostrate, minutely stigmatiferous
at apex; cells 5, incomplete ; ovules æ, ascending, inserted on margin
of placenta, reflexed on both side. Capsule more or less completely
5-celled, septicidal ; valves 5, pendulous from 10-parted axis, finally
separating. Seeds , compressed, ascendent ; embryo ?—Fine trees;
branches annulate, lenticellate ; leaves alternate, coriaceous, simple
(Lugodoya'), stipulate, crenate or serrate, sometimes pinnate’ (Æwti-
danthera) ; flowers in terminal axillary simple or ramified cymiferous
racemes (Peru ; N. Grenada).
8? Cespedesia Goup.’— Flowers nearly of Godoya; sepals 5,
small, subequal, much imbricated, deciduous. Petals 5, longer,
convolute. Stamens 10—c, all fertile; sometimes sub-3-seriate ;
filaments free, short or elongated, thickened below apex; anthers
basifixed, linear, 4-agonal, sometimes curved, 2-porous or 2-rimose
at apex. Germen subexcentric, shortly stipitate, tapering at
1 Prodr., 58, t. 11; Syst, 101.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 558.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5427.—Pt., in
Hook. Lond. Journ., v. 597, t. 19-22. —
B. H., Gen. 319, n. 9.— Godovia PERS.
4 Pt, loc. cit., 596, t. 21, 22.
5 «Tune exstipulatis?” (B. H.).
6 Spec. 2, 3. Tr. & Pu., in Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 4, xvili, 272.—Watp., Rep., i. 375; Ann.,
Enchirid., i. 467.
2 Pr, loc. cit., 599, t. 19, 20.
3 Pores sometimes prominent pale before
dehiscence.
i, 122, 176.
7 In Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 3, ii. 369.—Pu., in
Hook. Lond. Journ., v. 645.—B. H., Gen.
320, n. 11.
378 ATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
apex stigmatiferous at apex, simple, not dilated; placentas 5, or
more rarely 4, parietal, more or less prominent, sometimes inwardly
contiguous ; ovules in each o, 2-seriate, ascending, crowded. Cap-
sule incompletely 4, 5-celled, septicidally 4, 5-valved ; placentas some-
times separating ; seeds w, linear, small; testa pellucid, produced
in filiform sheath; embryo albuminous, straight.—Large glabrous
trees ; secondary branches annulate; leaves alternate, large, coria-
ceous, oblong-ovate; base narrow, crenate ; nerves distant, arched
or substraight ; secondary nerves crowded, subtransverse ; stipules
squamiform or sepaloid, inserted high up the petiole, sometimes
inwardly furnished with filaments at base; flowers' in large terminal
ramified cymiferous racemes’ (Zrop. East. S. America’).
9. Blastemanthus PL‘ Flowers nearly of Godoya; sepals 5,
passing externally into 2—5- or more rarely », 2-stichous, imbricated
bracts, the smaller lower; closely in præfloration imbricate, deci-
duous. Petals 5, narrow, contorted or convoluted. Stamens fertile
about 10, secund declinate, surrounded externally by staminodes
5-20, subulate or filiform, unequal; filaments short; anthers erect,
elongate-linear, laterally 2-sulcate, rostrate, 2-porous at apex. Germen
subexcentric, stipitate, fusiform, tapering into rostrate style, simple
stigmatiferous at apex; cells 3-5, incomplete; ovules æ, 2-seriate,
inserted on placentas, recurved outwardly at margin, ascending, im-
bricated. Capsule fusiform, attenuated on both sides, rather terete,
rostrate at apex, septicidally 2-valved ; endocarp of each cell subpy-
reniform, subpergamentaceous, interior longitudinally hians ; seeds ©,
linear; embryo . . . ?—Glabrous trees; leaves alternate, coriaceous ;
nerves very thin, parallel ; stipules (?) above leaves dentiform, deci-
duous ; flowers’ in terminal and supra-axillary simple and compound
cymiferous racemes, springing from squamous buds (North Brazil,
Guiana’).
10. Pœcilandra Tu1.°—Flowers nearly of Godoya (smaller); sepals
1 Rather large, handsome, yellow.
? Gen. very approximate to Godoya.
3 Spec. 4. R. & PAv., Syst., 102; Fl. Per.
ined., v. t. 359 (Godoya).—H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., vii. 277 (Marcgravia).—Tr. &
Pu., in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 4, xviii, 274—
SEEM., Voy. Her, Bot., 97.—WaAtpP., Ann., i.
178; iv. 421.
4 In Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 644.—B. H.,
Gen., 320, n. 9.
5 Leaving on the top of the pedicel, after the
decay of the budlike calyx, scars like sepals.
6 As to corolla and stamens nearly like
Ouratea, buds oblong gemmiform.
7 Spec. 2. Mart. & Zucc., Nov. Gen. et
Spec., i. 118, t. 74 (Godoya).—WAtpP., Ann.,
dade
8 In Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 3, viii, 342.— Pr,
see Linden, 63.—B. H., Gen., 320, n. 10.
OCHNACE A). 379
5, unequal, closely imbricated. Petals 5, contorted. Stamens fertile
5, alternipetalous ; filaments hypogynous ; anthers basifixed, longer
than filaments, articulate at apex; cells 2, linear, suleate at margin,
poricidal at apex. Staminodes , 2-seriate; interior 5- ©, longer,
alternating with stamens, subulate ; exterior smaller, unequal, subu-
late or at apex subspathulate. Germen free, subexcentric, 1-celled,
tapering into erect hollow style at summit; apex of style shortly
3-dentate stigmatiferous ; ovules o-, descending, inserted at margin
of 8 parietal placentas. Capsule linear-elliptical, rather terete, sep-
ticidally 3-valved; seeds few; testa membranous, widely 3-winged ;
nucleus oblong; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile, terete ; cotyledons
narrow. — À glabrous tree ; leaves alternate, searcely petiolate,
obovate-oblong, crenulate, punctuate ; nerves parallel; “stipules
small, caducous ;” flowers in terminal compound racemes; pe-
duncles bracteate, and pedicels 2 bracteolate, ciliate’ (@uiana’).
11. Wallacea Sprucz.'—Flowers nearly of Godoya; sepals 5,
elongated, lanceolate, imbricate, afterwards patulous. Petals same
in number, longer, convolute. Stamens fertile 5, declinate ; fila-
ments short; anthers elongated; cells 2, linear, longitudinally
rimose, and below apex confluent poricidal ; staminodes exterior «,
sub-3-seriate, from the exterior to the interior longer subulate.
Germen subcentral, shortly stipitate, fusiform, apex tapering into
long subulate style; placentas parietal 3; ovules », subtransverse,
œ -seriate. Capsule ligneous, swollen, thick, unequally oblong-
ovoid, acute on both sides, 2-valved. Seeds o, angular; testa
thick; embryo... ?—Small glabrous trees; twigs annulate; leaves
alternate, obovate-oblong, integerrimus; nerves crowded, striate ;
stipules elongate-convolute, sheathing upper leaves, deciduous ;
flowers‘ axillary, pedunculate, solitary or 2-nate; bractlets deci-
duous’ (North Brazil’).
1 Gen. closely allied to Sauvagesia, as also 4 Handsome, pink.
very near to Blastemanthus. 5 Gen. allied to Blastemanthus, differing
2 Spee. 1. P, retusa Tun., loc, cit.—Watpr., in inflorescence, staminodes sub-3-seriate, and
Ann., i. 123, leaves.
3 Ex B. H., Gen., 320, n, 12. 5 Spec. 1. W, insignis Spruce, loc. cit.
XXXV. RUTACE ZX.
I. RUE SERIES.
The Rues (figs. 391-398") have regular, hermaphrodite, penta-
Ruta graveolens.
Fra. 391.
Floriferous branch.
Fie. 393.
Diagram.
Fig. 394.
Longitudinal section of flower.
merous or tetramerous flowers.’ In the former the convex receptacle
IW Ruta T., Inst, 25701. dads) Cor., 19:—
L., Gen., n. 523 (part.).—ADANs., Fam. des
Pl., ii. 343.—J., Gen., 297.—Porr., Dict., vi.
333; Suppl, iv. 725.—Lamx., Ill, t. 345.—
DC., Prodr., i. 709 (part.).—Turr., in Dict. Se.
Nat., At], t. 122.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii.
315.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 462, t. 17,
fig. 9—Enpt., Gen. n. 6027.—PAYER, Or-
ganog., 73, t. 15.—B. H., Gen., 286, n. 10.—
Lem. & Done., Tr. Gén., 361. —H. Bn., in
Adansonia, x. fase. 10 (incl.: Desmophyllum
Wess, Japlophyllum <A. Juss, Ruteria
Mepik.).
2 Sometimes even hexamerous.
RUTACEZ. 381
supports a slightly gamosepalous calyx, with deep divisions imbri-
cated in the bud. The petals alternating with the divisions of the
calyx are free, clawed, hollowed above into a spoon-shape, more or
less cut upon the edges, and arranged in the bud in an imbricated
or contorted præfloration. The stamens are ten in number, disposed
Ruta (Euruta) graveolens.
Fie. 397.
Long. sect. of seed.
Fie. 395.
Dehiscent fruit (3).
Fie. 396.
Seed (7).
upon two verticils, superposed five to the divisions of the calyx, and
five shorter to the petals, each composed of a free filament and a
basifixed,' two-celled anther dehiscing within or upon {the edges by
two longitudinal clefts.® Above them the floral receptacle dilates
into a thick circular glanduliferous* disk surrounding the base of the
gyneceum. This is formed of five oppositipetalous carpels, the
ovaries of which are free,’ one-celled, each surmounted by a style
springing from the summit, and from within the ovary, free at the
base, but proceeding to meet the other styles, and to unite with
them in forming a column apparently single, surmounted by a very
small stigmatiferous dilatation. In the internal angle of each ovary
is a parietal placenta supporting an indefinite number of ovules,
inserted in, two ranks, anatropous, looking at each other by their
raphes, subtransverse or more or less oblique, according to the height
at which they are inserted.’ The fruit, accompanied at its base by
the dried calyx, is formed of five follicles longitudinally dehiscing
1 The successive and alternating movements of 3 The large glands are sometimes arranged on
the stamens at the period of impregnation have
drawn the attention of a great many observers,
The filaments at first incline towards the style,
afterwards spreading round the flower. At this
moment the anthers are emptied of their pollen.
The very pointed summit of the filament is often
inserted at the bottom of a conical cavity, hollowed
in the connective.
2 he pollen is “ ovoid, three folds ; in water,
round with three papillose bands.” (H. Mout.,
in Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 2, iii, 339.)
the disk with tolerable regularity, so as to cor-
respond to the stamens, being placed alone or in
pairs above the insertion of each.
4 Except at the base, where they are slightly
united among themselves, and especially con-
nected with each other by that part of the
receptacle upon which they are widely in-
serted,
5 They have two coats.
382 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
above, according to their internal angle, and gaping within the
summit, while their bases are united by means of the receptacle then
become dry and pentagonal. The seeds, variable in number, are
arched and triangular ; they contain under their coats a fleshy oily
albumen surrounding a large embryo with fleshy conical radicle. The
Rues are perennial herbs or undershrubs. All their parts are endowed
with a penetrating, often disagreeable odour, proceeding from trans-
lucid reservoirs of essential oil, more or less prominent, with which
all the organs are charged. 'The leaves are alternate compound tri-
foliolate, pinnatisect or decompound, exstipulate.'
Their flowers are disposed at the summit of the
branches in cymes, pluriparous at the commence-
ment, and generally becoming uniparous towards
the circumference. In the Rues proper it is fre-
quently the case that the central flower of the cyme
is pentamerous ; the others, although organized the
same, becoming tetramerous. In those constituting
Haplophyllum, the leaves are generally simple ;* the
petals entire; the flowers almost constantly pentamerous ; and the
ovules few in number in each carpel. In Ruta pinnata the ovary
is divided into four or five cells through almost the whole height ;
and the fruit only opens incompletely at the summit (fig. 398), or
even not at all. Thus formed, the genus Rue comprehends some
forty species,’ all natives of the Mediterranean region and of centro-
western Asia.
In Ruta albiflora, à small species of cool India and Japan, the
delicate leaves of which are bipinnate, the flowers are white and
small, united in a raceme of terminal cymes, tetramerous with four
or six stamens, and the gynæceum supported by a slender foot
Ruta (Ruteria) pinnata.
Fie. 398.
Fruit dehiscent at
summit (2).
1 In certain species the two inferior lobes of
the leaf inserted quite against the branch seem
to take the place of these organs,
2 A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 464, t. 17,
fig. 10 (Aplophyllum).—DrtEss., Ie. Sel., iii.
t. 43, 44.—Enpu., Gen., n. 6028. — Spacn,
Consp. Gen. Haplophyllum (in Ann. Sc. Nat,
sér. 3, xi. 174).
3 Sometimes trisect; very rarely pinnatisect,
4 L. x, Suppl., 232.—DC., Prodr., n. 1.—
Bot. Reg., t. 307.— Ruteria pinnata MEDIK.—
Desmophyllum pinnatum WxBz, Phyt. Canar.,
i, 14.
5 Reions., Le. Fl. Germ. v. t. 155-157;
Pl. Crit., vii. 786-790.—Jaca., Ic. Rar., t. 76.
—Duuam.,, Arbr., ii. t. 61.— SiBTH., Fl. Grae.,
t. 8368-370.—Trn., FU, Neap., t. 36.—Gren, &
Gopx., Fl. de Fr., i. 328.—Laxitt., Syr., Dec.
i, t.14.—Jaus; & Spxcu, JL Pl. Or; i, t.
261-270 (Haplophyllum).—Botiss., Fl. Or.,. i.
931.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 489.—TONTHATCH.,
As. Min. Bot., vii. 154.—Bot. Mag., t. 2018,
2254 (Haplophyllum), 2311.—Watp., Rep., i.
517, 518; ii. 824; v. 394 (Haplophyllum) ;
Ann., i. 156 (Haplophyllum) ; ii. 251 ; iii. 840
(Haplephyllum) ; vii. 507.
RUTACEÆ.
383
more or less elongated. On this account a distinct genus has been
made of this plant under the name of Banninghausenia.
Thamnosma, consisting of small plants of North-Western America,
have the tetramerous flowers of the Rue; but the stipitate
gynæceum is reduced to two carpels united to a much greater
distance at their internal angle, so as to form almost one two-celled
ovary.
In Zetradiclis, consisting of fleshy, many-stemmed herbs from the
East, the flower is also tetramerous; but the androceum is isoste-
monous, and the four sub-independent ovaries constituting the
gynæceum are separated from each other from their base by the
central column represented by a single gynobasic style.
The Fraxinellas' have hermaphrodite or regular flowers, represent-
ing on that account a distinct subseries of Dictamnee. Their
calyx has five subequal sepals arranged in the bud in slightly
imbricated præfloration. The corolla is formed of five alternate free
petals, provided with a narrow claw. They are imbricated in the
bud, so that the anterior covers the two lateral. These, in their
turn, envelope the two posterior, one of which is covered on both
edges. At anthesis the four posterior petals, almost alike, are pro-
jected from the side of the axis, and the anterior petal on the side of
the axile bract.? The corolla thus appears bilabiate. Quite against
the petals the stamens are inserted, superposed five to the sepals,
and five, rather shorter, to the petals. They are free,’ and composed
of a filament bearing prominent glands,‘ and of a two-celled introrse
anther opening longitudinally by two sublateral clefts. The gynæ-
ceum is supported by a cylindro-conical foot, the base surrounded
by a not very thick glandular* disk, upon the edges of which are
articulated the staminal filaments. Upon the summit of the recep-
tacle five oppositipetalous carpels are inserted. ‘The ovaries are inde-
1 Dictamnus L., Gen. n. 522.—J., Gen.
297.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xiii. 467, t. 18,
fig. 12.—LamK., Dict., ii. 277 (Dictamus) ;
Suppl., ii. 476; JU, t. 344.—DC., Prodr., i.
712.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii, 323.—Env1.,
Gen., n. 6024.—PavER, Organog., 98, t. 21.—
B. H., Gen., 287, n. 13.—Fraxinella T., Inst.,
4 The tapering extremity is inserted at the
bottom of a conical cavity at the base of the
connective.
5 Pollen “ovoid;” three folds; in water
ovoid, with three bands and three papillæ on
each band.” (H. Mout., in Ann, Sc. Nat.
sér. 2, iii, 339.)
430, t. 248.—Garvn., Fruct., i. 337, t. 69.
? In the pink flowers the lateral petals are of
a different tint from the upper.
# All declinate, projected sooner or later after
anthesis, towards the anterior side of the flower.
5 As this podogyniim thickens more on the
posterior side than in front, it acquires a greater
size and elevation behind; the insertion of the
gynæceum seems slightly excentric.
384 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
pendent among themselves, and each tapers above into a slender style,
uniting with the others in forming a single column tapering and stig-
matiferous at the apex. In the internal angle of each ovary is a
parietal placenta generally supporting three anatropous ovules. Two
of them are superior, more or less collateral, and more or less oblique,
oftener ascending than descending.’ If they were horizontal, as
they are occasionally, the micropyle would be above the raphe, which
would become inferior and horizontal. The inferior ovule is always
descending ; its raphe is dorsal; its micropyle directed inwards and
upwards. The fruit is dry, stipitate formed of five rostrate shells,
di- or tri-spermous, opening elastically into two valves, the horny
endocarp separating from the exterior layers. The subglobular
seeds contain under their coats’ a fleshy albumen surrounding an
embryo with short radicle and thick cotyledons. This genus only
contains one species, herbaceous, perennial, or suffrutescent at the
base, all the parts loaded with prominent glands secreting a very
odoriferous essence. The leaves are alternate imparipinnate, with
serrulate punctuate folioles. The flowers are disposed in terminal
racemes of uniparous cymes. The single species of this genus*
grows in southern Europe, and in all temperate Asia.
We remark, then, in this first small series of Rufacee that there
are regular and irregular types, some with carpels independent of each
other in the ovary, while the styles are united among themselves,
and others in which the union extends to the ovaries themselves,
but to a very variable extent, without other features of organization
sufficiently clear to serve in distinguishing other genera. These
differences are also found in other series of the family; they serve to
distinguish one from the other, or to establish in certain of them
subseries comparable to those which may be named here: Lwurutee
(Ruta, Baœnninghausenia, Thamnosma, Tetradiclis), and Dictamnee
(Dictamnus).
1 With two coats.
2 The exterior is smooth and black; the
internal angle is occupied to about half its
extent by a cicatrice, the separated edges
exposing to view the middle coat, brown and
little enduring, The interior is membranous
and whitish.
3 D, Fraxinella Prrs., Enchirid., i. 464.—
Link., Enum., i. 898.—Scuxuur., Handb., t.
114.—Retcus., Ic. Fl. Germ., v. 159.—Boiss.,
FT, Or, i. 920.—D. albus L., Spec., 548.—
DC., Fl. Fr. iv. 734.—Gren,. & Gopr., £1. de
Tr, i, 329,—Watr., Rep., i. 517; Ann. vii.
509.
RUTACEÆX.
II. CUSPARIE SERIES.
This series, the name of which might be modifed,' contains, as the
preceding, plants with regular and irregular flowers. Both are found
united in the certain genera according to the species. Such is
Erythrochiton brasiliense,
‘Fra. 401.
Ovary and open disk.
Fra. 399.
Flower.
Fra. 400,
Expanded calyx
and disk.
Erylhrochiton® One species, frequently cultivated in our green-
houses under the name of Z. drasiliense® (figs. 8399-401), has her-
maphrodite, distinctly regular flowers. The convex receptacle bears
towards its summit a gynæceum, which is almost that of a Rue, with
five oppositipetalous carpels, free in the ovary, united into a tubular
style with five-lobed stigmatiferous head. But the perianth and
androceum present peculiar characters. The gamosepalous, tubular,
pentagonal, campanulate, valvate calyx is unequally cloven at
anthesis,‘ and then seems bilabiate. The regular, gamosepalous,
hypocrateriform corolla has a thick straight tube, and a limb with
five lobes, disposed in the bud in imbricated præfloration. The
stamens seem to be inserted tolerably high upon the corolla because
their filaments lining the tube are only disengaged from it towards
the throat. There are seen the free summits of five filaments,
1 Because it is taken from the name of the x, fase. 10. — Penfamorpha Scuwertpu. (ex
genus Cusparia, now abandoned.
2 Nees & Manrr., in Nov. Act. Nat, Cur., xi.
151, 165, t. 18, 22 (nec Grirr.).—DC., Prodr., i.
732.—A, Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 495, —
Enpt., Gen., n. 5992.— Payer, Organog., 101,
t. 22.—B. H., Gen, 284, n. 4—AG. Theor.
Syst. Pl., t. 19, fig. 11.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
VOLS ive
Watp., Rep., v. 387).
3 Nes & Manr. loc. cit.—Bot. Mag. t.
A742. — Penlamorpha graveolens SCHWEIDL.,
luc. cil.—Wazr., Rep., v. 387.
+ In two or three unequal lobes.
5 This tube is pentagonal, and ifs angles cor-
respond to the dorsal nerves of the lobes.
C C
386 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
each surmounted by a two-celled introrse anther dehiscing by two
longitudinal clefts. An elevated conical disk hides all the lower
part of the gynæceum ; that is to say, the five free oppositipetalous
ovaries, surmounted by their styles, which starting from the inner
angle unite among themselves in forming a tubular column, with a
five-lobed capitate stigmatiferous apex. In the internal angle of
each ovary is seen a placenta supporting two descending anatropous
ovules with superior exterior micropyle.' The fruit, accompanied
by the persistent calyx, consists of five independent bivalved shells,
the bivalve exocarp thin, although at first fleshy, elastically sepa-
rating from the pergamenous endocarp at maturity. Hach contains
two arched seeds with umbilicus rugose, muricate, or tubercular on
the surface, containing under their coats’? a scanty albumen and a
large embryo, with short superior fornicate radicle. The cotyledons,
one dorsal the other central, form numerous folds, and are closely
enveloped by each other.
LP. brasiliense presents here and there in cultivation abnormal
flowers, whose androceum has unequal pieces, one of them sometimes
sterile. This sterility in a certain number of stamens is the rule in
most of the other species of this genus. The corolla then becomes
more or less fornicate ; the lobes of the limb are slightly unequal
and imbricate. Only two of the five alternipetalous stamens are
provided with anthers ; and there are belonging to the androceum
five other sterile tongues, two of which, smaller than the others, are
superposed to the two divisions of the corolla, and consequently
belong to another verticil. These facts are especially observed in /.
hypophyllanthus a species, moreover, remarkable for the position
of the inflorescence.
Lrythrochiton consists of glabrous shrubs, with simple or slightly
ramified stems, five or six species’ of which are known, natives of
Brazil, Guiana, Columbia, Ecuador. The alternate leaves are
1 With two coats.
2 The exterior coat is thin and soft, covered
with numerous small ribs like short hairs. The
second layer is a blackish testa, dry and brittle,
lined inwardly by a thin brownish membrane.
Under the micropyle on the internal edge of the
seed a large depression of the testa is seen cor-
responding with the hilum. A soft white pro-
jection of the placenta is there inserted. But
lower towards the region of the chalaza there is
a sort of operculate circular hard blackish plug,
above which the external cellular membrane is
much thinner than elsewhere, and covered less
abundantly with hairs. ‘This arrangement
renders more visible this opercule, which recalls
to some extent that of the seed of Cochlos-
permum. (See p. 298, note 2). ‘
3 Pr. & Linp., in Ann, Se, Nat., sér. 3, xix.
75.—Bot. Mag., t. 5824.
4 Hoox., in Bot. Mag., t. 472, — Watp.,
Rep., v. 387 ; Aogn., iv. 410; vii, 506.
RUTACEÆ. 387
united in bunches at the summit of the stem and branches,
are elongated, unifoliolate, and entire. The flowers' present fine
examples of what is termed localized inflorescence; they are
usually disposed in alternate few-flowered cymes upon separate
axes, often elongated, angular, and sometimes bearing leaves, and
which after a longer or shorter rest, produce new cymes slightly
distant from the preceding ones. These axes are separated
from the stalk on a level with a leaf, whose axil they cannot
be said to occupy, as they correspond with that of a leaf
situated lower down, and from which they have been drawn up the
stem to a higher level; sometimes even, as in Z. hypophyllanthus,
they have been raised to a certain height along the midrib of an
upper leaf, the inferior face of which then bears the floral cymes.
Beside Hrythrochiton are placed several very analogous genera, some
having regular, and others irregular flowers. The former are:
Spiranthera odoratissima.
4 3 C/
Fre, 402. Fra. 404, Fi@. 403.
Flower. Gynæceum. Long. sect. of flower.
Almeidea, having five imbricated petals, the same number of fertile
stamens with free filaments barbate within, the sessile gynæceum of
Lrythrochiton, and unifoliolate leaves ; Spiranthera (figs. 402-404),
With white or pink corolla ; calyx generally red or greenish round the fruit.
6} (4
9
2,2)
O0
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
whose five fertile stamens have slender filaments, the ovary being
stipitate, and the leaves trifoliolate ; Zeptothyrsa, with tetramerous
Galipea macrophylla.
F1G. 405. Via, 406. Fra. 407. Fia. 408.
Flower (3). Long. sect. of flower. Androceum. Gynæceum.
flowers, equal stamens, and having slender filaments, a sessile ovary
of four carpels, and simple leaves. The genera of irregular flowers
Ticorea jasminiflora.
Fie. 409. Tia. 411.
Flower. Longitudinal section of flower.
have stamens united with the corolla, or lining it for a certain
distance, a certain number of them remaining sterile, as in the
RUTACEÆ. 389
species of Hrythrochiton, with irregular corolla. These are: Zoxosiphon,
with five triangular valvate sepals free to the base persisting round
the fruit, a polypetalous corolla, the pieces of which are united in a
Ticorea jasminiflora.
Fra. 412. Fic. 410. Via. 413.
Summit of androceum. Diagram. Gynæceum.
fornicate tube free above and below, with the limb not dilated, and
five stamens, three of which are sterile, adhering by their filaments
(distinct from each other) to the petals, united among themselves
Ravenia rosea.
Fre. 414. Fra. 415.
Flower. Diagram.
towards the middle of their height, and whose leaves are unifoliolate.
Galipea (figs. 405-408) with inappendiculate anthers and alternate,
simple, or 1—7-foliolate leaves; Zicorea (figs. 409-413), a genus
390 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
scarcely distinct from the preceding, but in which the anthers are ap-
pendiculate below, the leaves being simple or 1-3-foliolate, alternate,
or opposite; Ravenia (figs. 414, 415), with calyx formed of two
wide sepals and three small ones, imbricated. It has a corolla with
wide tube slightly elongated, two large fertile stamens, and five
unequal staminodes, a regular disk, and opposite leaves 1-3-foliolate ;
finally Monnieria, consisting of herbaceous species with alternate
3-foliolate leaves, unequal sepals, subbilabiate corolla, with five
stamens, only two of which are fertile, and a gynæceum, accom-
panied by a unilateral scale, alone representing the disk.
III. DIOSMA SERIES.
This series, entirely formed of plants from South Africa, derives
its name from the genus Diosma, which alone represented it formerly.
Coleonema album.
Fia. 417, Fre, 416, Fia, 418.
Flower (©). Floriferous branch. Long. sect. of flower.
It is at present divided into several secondary genera, among which
the true Diosma can no longer be considered as a complete type,
inasmuch as their androceum is reduced to a single verticil. Other
genera, on the contrary, separated from the old genus Diosma, such
RUTACEÆ. 391
as Coleonema' (figs. 416-421), have flowers whose androceum pos-
sesses two verticils. They are, more-
over, regular, hermaphrodite and pen- Coleonema album.
tamerous. The receptacle, slightly
convex, or more or less concave, often
bears five sepals, whose insertion is
consequently either hypogynous or
more or less perigynous, and the præ-
floration imbricated. ‘The alternate
petals, whose insertion is the same, are
free, oboval, tapering below into a thick
claw, hollowed within on the middle
line of a vertical groove in which the
superposed staminodes are found. The ae ai = ae ar
etal, upper Flower, perianth
præfloration is imbricated. The sta- face (22). taken away.
mens are ten in number, superposed,
five to the petals, and five to the sepals. These last alone are fertile,
each formed of a two-celled introrse anther, dehiscing by two longi-
tudinal clefts, surmounted by a small glandular swelling of the con-
nective, often spherical. Within the insertion of the androceum the
receptacle is thickened into a cupuliform disk,
entire or five-lobed, varying in height. and situa- Coleonema pulehrum.
tion according to the form of the receptacle itself.
The gynæceum, entirely or partly superior,
is inserted towards the organic summit of the
receptacle; it is composed of five oppositipeta-
lous carpels, whose independent one-celled ovary,
often surmounted by a dorsal horn, more or less
prominent,’ contains two descending ovules, with
superior exterior micropyle.’ Hach ovary is sur- Fig. 421.
mounted by a style, inserted at a variable height Fruit (7).
in the internal angle, uniting with the other
styles to form an erect column with capitate, stigmatiferous apex,
more or less distinctly five-lobed. The fruit is formed of five com-
pressed shells, rugose, corniculated at the summit, the endocarp
separating from the exterior layers at dehiscence ; each of these con-
1 Barty, & WENDL., Diosm., 55, t. A.—Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 328.—A, Juss., in Mém.
Mus., xii, 471, t. 19, fig. 17.—ENDz., Gen., n. 6016,—B. H., Gen., 289, n. 20.
? Often thickened, glandular at the summit, 3 With very distinct double coat.
392 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
tains one or two seeds whose coats cover a fleshy exalbuminous
embryo.
Coleonema has sometimes tetramerous or hexamerous flowers. It
consists of small ericoidal shrubs, natives of tropical Africa. In the
four known species,' the branches are slender, and the leaves alter-
nate, linear-pointed, odorous, covered with glandular punctures, with
smooth, ciliate or serrulate edges. The flowers are terminal, solitary
or united in few-flowered cymes, each accompanied by one or two
bractlets applied against the base of the calyx.
Beside Coleonema are placed seven very nearly allied genera, so
nearly allied in fact, that they might perhaps be united into one
generic group. All are from the same country, having the same
habit and the same vegetative organs, the same glandular reservoirs,
almost the same flowers, and fruits and seeds of the same organization.
Their differential characters are inconsiderable. Thus Adenandra
consists of Co/eonemas with sterile stamens not hidden in the groove
of the petals, naked and subsessile. The anthers are surmounted
by a stipitate gland. The styles unite into a short column capi-
tate and stigmatiferous at apex. Acmadenia consists of Adenandre,
whose petals have a barbate or ciliate claw ; and if their anthers are
surmounted by a gland, it is sessile. Agathosma, with the petals of
Acmadenia, has styles forming by their union an elongated column
whose stigmatiferous apex does not dilate into a lobed head.
Barosma has petals with a short giabrous claw, and the style of
Agathosma; but the flowers are axillary and not terminal, as in
all the preceding genera. The true Diosme are now only consi-
dered as plants whose flower is that of an Adenandra, as to the
conformation of the gynæceum, but having only five fertile sta-
mens, alternating with the petals. There is also an isostemonous
character in Luchetis and Macrosfylis. Both have unguiculate petals,
transversely barbate ; but the former has the short capitate style of
Adenandra or Diosma, and the latter the elongated non-thickened
apex of Barosma or Agathosma, with the terminal inflorescence of
the latter.
This series also contains some exceptional types : Zmpleurum, with
tetramerous, apetalous, moncecious flowers, and a gynæceum reduced
1 Tauns., F/, Cap., ii. 126 (Diosma). —Hanrv. & Son. Fl. Cap. i. 377.—Bot. Mag.
t. 23382.—Watr, Ann., vii. 511.
2 White or pink; small.
RUTACEÆ. 393
to one carpel. Hmpleuridium, the flowers of which have four petals,
but are dicecious, with the fruit of Hinpleurum; finally, Calodendron,
with beautiful large flowers, much recalling by their perianth and
diplostemonous androceum, those of Spiranthera and Dictamnus, but
with a gynæceum exceptionally formed of carpels united into one
ovary, with five biovulate cells, to which succeeds a five-celled and
loculicidal capsule.
IV. BORONIA SERIES.
The flowers of Boronia’ (figs. 422, 423) are very analogous to
those of the Diosmas of South Africa, regular, hermaphrodite, and
generally tetramerous. The receptacle, usually convex, supports four
imbricated or valvate sepals, free or
slightly united at the base, four
alternate petals imbricated or val-
vate, and eight stamens, four of
which, oppositipetalous, shorter, are
sometimes sterile, while the four
others have a two-celled introrse an-
ther, dehiscing by two longitudinal
Boronia serrulata.
MEL DE : : : Fie. 422. Fra. 423.
clefts. Within the insertion of their re
Flower (2). Diagram.
filaments, glandular or ciliate, often
dilated at the apex, is seen a more or less thickened disk, entire
or four-lobed, surrounding the gynæceum. ‘This is composed of
four oppositipetalous, biovulate carpels, formed exactly like those
It is the same with the capsular fruit, whose shells,
with separable endocarp contain one er two seeds each. Under
the coats of the latter a fleshy albumen is found surrounding an
axile subcylindrical embryo. consists of small shrubs
from Australia, principally the south-eastern regions. More than
some fifty species’ are actually admitted. The leaves are opposite,
simple or imparipinnate, sometimes trifoliolate, with folioles entire
of Diosma.
Boronia
1 SM., in Zrans, Linn. Soc., viii. 285, t. 5—7.
—GERTN. F., Fruct., iii. 156, t. 211.—A. Juss.,
in Mém. Mus., xii. 482, t. 22, fig. 26—DC.,
Prodr., i. 721. —Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii.
338.—ENDL., Gen., n. 6004.—B. H., Gen., 291,
989, n. 28.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 302.—
Cyanothamnus Linpu., Swan Riv. Bot., 18.
—Enpt., Gen., n. 6005.— B. H., Gen,, 292, n.
29.
2 Lasiut., Pl. Nouv.-Holl., i. 97, t. 124, 125.
—SIEB., in Spreng. Syst., Cur. Post. 148.—
Rercuz., Ic. Ærot., t. 73, '74.— Sweet, F1.
Austral., t. 19, 48.—Linpr., Swan Riv. Bot.,
17; in Mitch. Trop. Austral., 298; in Bot.
394 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
or denticulate, quite covered with glandular odorous aromatie points.
The rachis and folioles are generally articulate. The flowers are
axillary or terminal, sometimes solitary, sometimes in more or less
ramified biparous cymes.
Boronella, consisting of plants growing in New Caledonia, is dis-
tinguished from Boronia by its decussate unequal sepals, its uni-
ovulate ovaries, and almost erect orthotropous ovules.
Zieria (figs. 424, 425), composed of Australian shrubs, is also
nearly allied to Boronia, to
which it has been even
proposed that it should be
united, the only difference
being in its four alternipe-
talous stamens, lined within
their base by a larger or
smaller gland. Zeridium,
with its uniovulate ovaries and suborthotropous ovules, is to Zeria
what Boronella is to Boronia. Acradenia consists of species of Bo-
ronia, with 4—8-merous flowers, imbricated petals, and ovaries con-
taining two collateral ovules capped by an obturator. In a secondary
group of Hriostemonee, the leaves are alternate and simple.
The genus Zrioslemon (figs. 426-428) itself has 4—5-merous
flowers, an imbricated, rarely subvalvate co-
rolla, and a diplostemous androceum, the eight
or ten stamens having anthers more or less
long-apiculate. Aicrocybe only differs from
it by an often incomplete calyx, represented by
leaves varying in number from one to five.
The corolla is pentamerous and imbricated ;
the androceum formed of ten stamens longer
Zieria Smithii.
F1G. 425.
Long. sect. of flower.
Fie. 424.
Flower (2).
Eriostemon (Crowea)
salignum.
Fira, 426.
ee than the petals, and the gynæceum composed
of only two carpels. It has flowers grouped in
capitules. In Ge/eznovia also with alternate leaves, 4—5-merous,
flowers may be observed constructed like those of Boronia; but the
Reg. (1841), sub n. 47,—A. CUNN., in. Field
N. S.-Wal., 330,—Anvr., Bot. Repos., t. 606.
—Hoox., Icon., t. 722, —Enpu., Nov. Stirp.
Dec., 6; in Hueg. Enum., 16.—Ners, in Pl,
Preiss., ii. 227. — Barrt. in Pl. Preiss., i.
166. —Turcz., in Bull.» Mose. (1852), ii.
160.— F. Muezx., in Hook. Kew Journ.,
viii. 88; Fl. Vict., i. 109; Fragm., i. 3, 66,
98; ii. 97, 177, 179, 180; iv. 28, 135, 172.—
Bentu., F/. Austral., i. 307.—A. Gray, Unit.
St. Expl. Exp., Bot.,i.330.— Bot, Mag., t.1763,
4052.—W axp., Rep.,i. 502,503 (Cyanothamnus);
v. 388; Ann., ii. 247; iv. 411; vii. 516.
RUTACEÆ. 395
sepals are petaloid, much more developed than the corolla, and
persistent. Pdilotheca, the flowers of which are pentamerous, may,
however, be considered as a species of Boronia, with monadelphous
Eriostemon (Phebalium) eleagnifolium.
Fie. 427. Fre, 428.
Flower (+). Longitudinal section of flower.
stamens, five of which, superposed to the petals, are sometimes
sterile, surmounted by a small glandular mass. Memafolepis has
also the pentamerous flowers of Boronia, small, and generally united in
small capitate masses, with ten fertile stamens ; but the petals are
united edge to edge in an elongated tube,
and the base of their staminal filaments is
lined within by a scale covered with hairs.
Correa (figs. 429, 430) has the numerous
flowers, the petals of Nematolepis generally
joining or resolving themselves into a
tube, so that the corolla is often described
as gamopetalous. The stamens are double
in number to the petals, and all fertile ;
but the leaves are opposite. In Urocarpus,
the leaves become alternate, and the flowers
are nearly those of Hrzostemon; but the
Correa speciosa,
i
carpels are united into one ovary with Fra. 429. Fia. 430.
several cells. Plewrandropsis has, on the Flower. Teeth
wer,
contrary, independent carpels, but closely
adhering among themselves, except in the thick part of the reflexed
stigmatiferous part, five yellow petals with about a dozen stamens,
396 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
and they are destitute of real sepals, the leaves or upper bracts of
the small branches terminated by the flowers taking their place.
In a last small group to which the
Chorilena should give its name, the
flowers, although united in cymes,
are collected in one inflorescence,
like a capitulum; they are, more-
over, constructed like those of a
Boronia or Philotheca ; while in Di-
plolena (figs. 431, 432), whose inflo-
rescence has also been compared to
that of Composite (it really resembles
a true capitulum), the flowers, des-
titute of calyx, small, numerous,
and crowded, are sessile upon a receptacle with a flat surface,
surrounded by a large number of imbricated bracts forming an
involucre.
Diplolena Dampier.
F1G. 431.
Inflorescence.
Fie. 432.
Long. sect. of inflo-
rescence (3).
V. ZANTHOXYLON SERIES (Fr, Clavelier).
We must not take as the type of the genus Zanthoxylon' the only
species which, being cultivated in the gardens in France,
flourishes there nearly all the year—viz., Zanthorylum fravineum®
(figs. 433-438), as its flowers, generally dicecious, are destitute of
corolla, and differ from each other as to the number of their sepals
and sexual organs ; while in the most perfect species of the genus,
pentamerous and polygamous flowers are observed. Those which
are hermaphrodite, in this case bear upon a convex receptacle five
sepals, free or united at the base for a variable extent, imbricated in
the bud, and five alternate petals, imbricated or valvate in præ-
floration. The androceum is formed of an equal number of sta-
mens, alternate with the petals, each having a free filament, and a
1 Zanthoxylum L., Gen., n. 1109 (part.).—
J., Gen., 374.—DC., Prodr., i. 725.—A. Juss.,
in Mém. Mus., xii. 503, t. 25, fig. 38.—Spacu,
Suit. à Buffon, ii, 363.—A. Gray, Gen. Ill. t.
156.—B. H., Gen., 297, 991, n. 51.—SCHNIZL.,
TIconogr., xi. t. 250.—H, Bn., in Adansonia, x.
324,—Zanthoxylon H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et
Spec., vi. 1. —Enpt., Gen, n. 5972 (incl. :
Blackburnia Foxst., Curtisia ScurEs., Fagara
LamK., Kampmannia Rarin., Lacaris HAM.
Langsdorfia LEANDR., Macqueria COMMERS.,
Ochroxylum Scures., Pentanoma Mog. & SEss.,
Perijæa YuL,, Pohlana Nevers & Marv., Pterota
P. Br., Rhetsa Wianr & ARN., Tobinia Dusv.,
Typalia DENNST.).
2 W., Spec., iv. 757.—DC., Prodr., i. 726,
n. 24.—LEM. & Done, Tr. Gén., 365. —Z.
americanum Mizz., Dict., n. 2.— Z. Clava-
Herculis L., Spee., 1455 (nee DC. loc. cit., n.
30).— Z. caribœæum GÆRIN. (nec LAMK.).—
Duuam., Arbr., i. t. 97.—Z. ramiflorum Micux.,
Fl. Bor.-Amer., ii. 235.
RUTACEÆ. 397
two-celled, introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.'
The carpels, supported by a foot formed by a prolongation of the
receptacle, more or less thickened at the base into a glandular
Zanthoxylum fraxineum.
€
SE
\\
y
Fia. 433.
Female inflorescence.
Fre. 434,
Female flower (+).
Fie, 435.
Long. sect. of female
flower (5).
Fie, 436.
Dehiscent fruit (3).
disk, are free, superposed to the petals; each of them comprises
a one-celled ovary, surmounted by a style dilated stigmatiferous
at the apex, free or uniting with that of the other styles. In
the internal angle of the ovary is a vertical placenta supporting
two descending ovules, collateral, or
nearly so, with the micropyle, directed
upwards and outwards.* In the female
flowers, the stamens are rudimentary, re-
duced to filaments or entirely disappear-
ing. In the male flowers, the receptacle
is much less elongated, and the carpels
rudimentary or nil; the fruit is composed
of shells, drupaceous, or finally dry,* dehiscing vertically to a variable
distance in two lateral panels,‘ allowing a seed to escape, generally sup-
ported by a long funicle (fig. 436), and containing under its thick black-
ish shining coats’ a fleshy albumen, enveloping a straight arched or for-
nicate embryo, with foliaceous cotyledons, and a short superior radicle.
Zanthoxylum fraxineum.
Fie. 437.
Seed (3).
Fie, 438,
Long. sect. of seed.
1 The pollen is formed of ellipsoidal grains
4 The thin endocarp often separates at the
with three grooves. In water they become
moment of dehiscence from the more exterior
oval or spherical with three bands with (Z,.
instrumentarium) or without (Z. triphyllum)
papilla upon the bands. (H. Monn, in Ann.
Sc. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 339.)
2? They have two coats.
* The outer service is sprinkled with glan-
dular odorous reservoirs.
layer of the pericarp.
5 In the seed of Z. fraxineum are dis-
tinguished: externally, a smooth membrane
shining, thin, and black; more internally, a
testaceous, thick, blackish coat; then round the
albumen a third layer, soft, pale, and mem-
branous,
398 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Instead of being provided with a corolla, as in the species of
which it has been proposed to make the subgenus Fagara,' the
Zanthoxylons may have, as we have seen, apetalous flowers; they
belong in this case to the subgenus Luzanthoaxylum.’ In both the
number of the pieces in the verticil of the perianth and androceum
varies from two to six, and that of the carpels from five or six to
only one; sometimes, again, the perianth becomes rudimentary, or
is totally wanting. In an American species, as yet imperfectly
known, which has received the significant name of Z. syncarpum,*
the carpels, instead of being independent, are united into a pluri-
locular ovary; but we are unable at present to make this species
anything but a subgenus, although it has been proposed to dis-
tinguish it generically under the name of Perijæe* Thus comprised,
the genus Zanthoxylon comprehends about eight species,’ arborescent
or frutescent, glabrous or pubescent, unarmed or thorny,’ natives of
all hot regions. The leaves are alternate, usually compound impa-
ripinnate, more rarely reduced to three folioles or one; these are
generally opposite, articulate, and always besprinkled with glandular
punctures. The flowers’ are disposed in the axil of the leaves at the
summit of the branches, in spikes or racemes of cymes more or less
ramified, with pedicels generally articulated.
Beside Zanthoxylon are placed several very nearly allied genera:
Evodia, only absolutely distinguished from it by its opposite
1 L., Gen., n. 1109.—Lamk., Dict., ii. 626;
Ill, t. 84.—Turp., in Dict. Se. Nat., At], t.
127.—Tr. & PL, in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 5, xiv.
310. — Pterota P. Br. Jam., 146, t. 5. —
Tobinia DESVX., in Ham. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ.,
56. — Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 136. —
Rhetsa Wieut & ARN., Prodr., i, 147. —
Typalia Dennst., Hort. Malab., v. 34. —
Lacaris HAM. (ex Wall. Cat., n.7119).—Mac-
queria CoMMERs. (ex J., Gen., 374.—A. Juss.,
loc, cit., t, 38 c).—Kampmannia RAFIN., in
N.-York Med. Repos, ii, hex. v. 350, —
Ochroxylum Sconrezs., Gen. 826. — Curtisia
SCnREB , op. cit., 199 (nec Arr.).—Pentanome
Moc & Sess., Fl. Mex. ined, (ex DC., Prodr.,
n. 2).—Langsdorfia LEANDR., in Act. Monae.
(1819), 229.—Pohlana Ners & Marv., in Nov.
Act. Nat, Cur, xi. 185.—Blackburnia Forst.,
Char. Gen., t.6.—DC., Prodr., i. 83.—A. Juss.,
in Mém. Mus., xii, 510.— ENpz., Gen., n.
5973.—Blackbournea K., in Ann. Sc. Nat.
sér. 1, ii, 356.
2 Enpz., Gen., n. 5972 a.—Tr. & Pt.., loc.
cit., 310.
3 Tux. in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 3, vii. 279.
4 Tun., loc. cit., 280.—Tr. & PL, loc. cit.,
309.
5 A.S.H., Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 74, t. 15; PI.
Us. Bras., n. 37; PI. Rem. Brés., i. 150.—
Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i. 214.—Tvt., in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 3, vii. 272.—GRISEB., 74.
Brit. W.-Ind., i, 186-138.—Tr. & Pu., loc.
cit., 311,—Hanv. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i, 445.—
A. Gray, Unit.-St. Expl. Exp., Bot., i. 354;
Man. ed. 5, 75.—Cuarm., Fl, S. Unit.-St.,
66.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i, 482.—Otntv., Fl.
Trop. Afr. i. 804—M1Q., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i.
p. ii. 670; Suppl. t. 532.—Brnru., FV. Austr.,
i. 362.—Watp., Rep. i. 519; ii. 825; v.
396 ; Ann. i. 157; ii. 208; iv. 414; vii. 527.
5 Sometimes they bear prickles, straight or
curved, seattered over the stems, petals, stalks,
and the nerves of the leaves; sometimes they
are thorns like pads, seeming to take the
place of stipules.
7 Small white or greenish, glandular, odori-
ferous, sometimes without perianth. They
often open in spring, before the development
of the leaves,
RUTACE #. 399
leaves, and whose androceum is sometimes isostemonous, and some-
times diplostemonous; Bouchardatia, having opposite trifoliolate
Medicosma Cunninghami.
Fig. 439, Fra. 440.
Flower (3). Longitudinal section of flower.
leaves and hermaphrodite tetramerous diplostemonous flowers,
with an imbricated corolla and ovaries containing an inde-
finite number of ovules arranged in
two vertical ranks; Bosis/oa, with Medicoema: urnes:
pinnate leaves, pentamerous flowers,
valvate petals, a disk prominent in
the interval of the stamens, and four or
five ovules in each carpel; Pagetia,
with opposite simple or trifoliolate
leaves, pentamerous and diplostemo-
nous flowers, the corolla subvalvate, and
the ovaries 4-G-ovulate; finally, Gei-
jera, with hermaphrodite, isostemonous
flowers in four or five parts, surbased
receptacle, valvate corolla, and a glan-
dular circular even disk, with more or Fra. 441. Fia. 442.
less gynobasic style. The leaves are Flower without Gynæceum (+).
7 corolla (5).
simple and alternate, and the flowers ;
disposed in ramified cymes at the summit of the branches, or on the
wood of the secondary branches.’
1 It is only with extreme hesitation that we uncertain, and which is distinguished from all
have provisionally placed in this group a plant the other types of this group inasmuch as it is
whose organization is but very imperfectly a tree with alternate simple petiolate leaves
known to us, and of which we have only been entire, and not punctuate at the adult age. ‘The
able to study the female flowers. It is Didy- flowers are dicecious and disposed, it is said, the
meles (Duv.-Tr., Gen. Nov. Madag., n. 69; males in compound racemes, the females in spikes,
Hist. Vég. Iles Afr. Austr., 9, t. 1;—Enpu., with a perianth represented by two small leaves.
Gen., n. 6845), whose place has hitherto been In the male flower two stamens alternating
400 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Choisya has larger flowers than Geijera, very analogous to those
of Boronia and Diosma, from which they cannot be nicely dis-
tinguished so long as the seeds are unknown. The five petals are
contorted; the androceum is diplostemonous, and the five inde-
pendent ovaries biovulate; while the leaves are opposite and trifo-
Peltostigma ptelevices.
Fie, 443. Fra. 444.
Flower. Longitudinal section of flower (2).
liolate, and the flowers disposed in biparous cymes. A/edivosma
(figs. 439-442) has also opposite leaves, but simple and tolerably
large tetramerous flowers, with contorted or imbricated petals. The
androceum is diplostemonous, and the carpels independent in the
ovary. Platydesma may perhaps be defined: a Medicosma, with
ovaries not completely independent of each other, and each including
from four to six biseriate ovules. Dutaillyea, a New Caledonian
plant, has the same tetramerous flowers as the two preceding genera,
with a single four-celled ovary, an isostemonous androceum, and
opposite trifoliolate exstipulate leaves.’
ae =
with these leaves are indicated, represented by The descendent monospermous seed contains a
anthers “sessile cuneiform,-united at the base large fleshy embryo, with plano-convex coty-
with extrorse dehiscence,” two-celled, In the ledons and short radicle, By these characters
female flowers there are two independent carpels the plant would seem as though it might be
described as superposed to the sepals; each is considered as a reduced type of Zanthoxylon.
formed of a one-celled ovary, surmounted by a ‘The only species known is D. excelsa (D, mada-
short style immediately dilated into a large head, gascariensis W.).—Anthæa excelsa Non. & Dur.-
like a crest rolled up, quite covered with a stig- Tir., loc. cit. — Didymomeles madagascariensis
matic papilla, and traversed by a middle groove SPRENG.
descending by the internal edges of the ovary. ' The two genera Astrophyllum and Peltos-
Corresponding to this border is a placenta, sup- //gma (figs. 443, 444) are doubtfully placed here.
porting a descending ovule with exterior and ‘The former because the only flower which we
superior micropyle prolonged into a sinuous tube, have been able to study did not belong with cer-
dilated at the apex. The fruit is described as tainty to the specimen accompanying it; it may
formed of one or two drupes with a bony stone. be thus defined:—A Zanthowylon with squami-
RUTACE 1]. 401
Melunococca belongs to a small abnormal subseries in this group,
as its flowers, otherwise constructed like those of Zanthorylum, have,
it is said, uniovulate carpels, succeeded by monospermous drupes,
and its compound pinnate leaves have no glandular punctures.
Comeurya, incompletely known, has the same pinnate leaves;
but the floral receptacle is cupuliform, and the androceum dip-
lostemonous.
Three small Mexican genera, Decatropis, Polyaster and Megastigma,
form also a separate subseries, in which the flowers are always
hermaphrodite, small, diplostemonous, and the leaves imparipinnate.
In the two former the carpels are free, and the same in number as
the petals, while those of M/egastigma are united among themselves
in an ovary with two or three cells, surmounted by a style with large
stigmatiferous dilatation. Decatropis has ascending ovules, exterior
micropyle, and carpels bicarinate upon the sides. In Polyaster the
ovaries are oblong, without bracts, and the descending ovules have
a superior and exterior micropyle.
In the subseries Pilocarpee, Pilocarpus has alternate, opposite,
or verticillate leaves, 1-3-foliolate or imparipinnate, and flowers
in racemes or spikes, isostemonous, with valvate or slightly imbri-
cated corolla, and an ovary with several cells, the backs prolonged
into more or less prominent lobes, Æsexbeckia is distinguished
by its free carpels more or less covered with tubercles and its flowers
disposed in racemes or cymes. /e/ietta has the same gynæceum as
Pilocarpus, with two or three cells becoming at maturity as many
distinct samaras. Zvnasia has also an ovary with three cells prolonged
above into a dorsal wing. The fruit is capsular, and all the verticils
of the flowers are generally trimerous. In Hortia, whose place in this
subseries is a little doubtful, the pentamerous flowers are nearly
those of Hsenbeckia ; the leaves are simple or trifoliolate ; the calyx
cupuliform, five-dentate, the petals valvate; and the fruit is a five-
celled berry, containing seeds with albuminous embryo.
Acronychia has, like Hortia, a single ovary containing four biovulate
cells. The petals are valvate, the androceum diplostemonous, the
leaves opposite or alternate, unifoliolate, rarely trifoliolate. Æalfordia,
form petals, isostemonous perigynous androceum numerous hypogynous stamens and free carpels,
and 4—5-lobed ovary, digitate leaves 5-10-folioled. eight in number. The leaves are alternate and
The latter has with tetramerous flowers an trifoliolate,
imbricated perianth with very unequal leaves,
VOTRE: D D
402 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
an Oceanian species very nearly connected with Acronychia, is distin-
guished from it by its simple leaves, pentamerous flowers, and
uniovulate ovary cells.
Skimmia, consisting of Asiatic shrubs, with alternate simple
leaves, have polygamous-dicecious flowers with four or five im-
bricated petals, an isostemonous androceum, a 2-5-celled ovary, one
ovule in each cell, and a drupaceous fruit, the stones each containing
an albuminous seed, with one or several embryoes. Casimiroa
consisting of Mexican trees with an analogous floral formation, have
for fruit a large pomiform drupe, with monospermous stones but
exalbuminous seeds and the alternate leaves are compound-digitate.
Phellodendron, of which only one species is known, a native of
Manchouria, also has isostemonous flowers, but 5-8-merous poly-
dicecious pisiform glandular drupes, with five monospermous stones
and opposite imparipinnate leaves. :
Ptelea trifoliata.
Vie. 445. Fra, 446.
Flower (3). Long. sect. of female flower.
Pitavia nearly approaches the Zanthoxylons proper, and the Quas-
sias (Simarubee). In Pitavia, all the species being natives of America,
the flowers are unisexual, tetramerous, with imbricated corolla, eight
stamens, and independent ovaries, each supporting a gland above
and without. The fruits are drupaceous and indehiscent, and
the leaves opposite or ternate. In the Pentaceras of Australia
analogous to Pifavia by their independent ovaries, surmounted by
a gland, the pentamerous diplostemonous flowers are also consti-
tuted like those of numerous Simarubee : but the fruits are samaras,
and the alternate leaves imparipinnate.
Ptelea (figs. 445, 446), often connected with Zerebinthacee, con-
stitutes alone a subseries very remarkable by the organization
of the fruit. The flowers are polygamo-diæcious, 4—5-merous,
isostemonous, with a single ovary, and two or three biovulate
cells. The fruit is a widely-winged veined samara, with two or
RUTACEÆ. 403
three monospermous cells, and the alternate or opposite leaves
are compound 3—5-foliolate.
Toddalia, belonging to the warm regions of the Old World, has
sometimes been considered as the type of a special tribe of this
family, because its carpels are united into one single plurilocular
ovary ; but after what we have seen, this character does not allow us
to place them in any other series but that of Zanthorylon, whose
general organization they have with unisexual 2—5-merous flowers,
imbricated or valvate petals, an isostemonous androceum, uniovulate
cells, coriaceous or fleshy fruit, an embryo surrounded by a
fleshy albumen and alternate trifoliolate leaves, covered with
glandular punctures.
VI. AMYRIS SERIES.
The flowers of Amyris' (figs. 447-451) are hermaphrodite or
polygamous, with convex receptacle. The calyx is gamosepalous,
with four teeth, imbricated when young. The corolla is formed of
four alternate imbricated petals expanded at anthesis. The stamens
are eight in number, superposed, four to the divisions of the calyx,
and four shorter to the petals. Hach of them is formed of a free
hypogynous exserted filament, and a two-celled introrse anther
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.
rudimentary in the male flower, is accompanied at its base by a disk
more or less thick in the female or hermaphrodite flowers, when it is
composed of a single one-celled carpel,? surmounted by a style short
or almost wanting, more or less dilated, and covered above with
stigmatic papilla. Upon the wall of the ovary cell a placenta is
seen supporting two collateral descending ovules, with superior and
exterior micropyle* The fruit is a globose or elongated drupe,"
accompanied at its base by the persistent calyx. The thin charta-
ceous stone generally contains one seed, the coats covering a fleshy
albumen with plano-convex cotyledons and short superior radicle.
The gynæceum, sterile and
1 L., Gen., n. 473 (part.).—J., Gen., 371.—
Lamx., Dict., i. 359 (part.).—K., in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 1, ii. 364.—DC., Prodr., ii. 81 (part.).
—Turp., in Dict. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 266. —
SPACH, Suit. à Buffon, ii, 231.—ENDL. Gen.,
n. 5947.—B. H., Gen., 327, 993, n. 17.—H.
BN., in Adansonia, x. 319.—Elemifera PLUM.
(ed. Burm.), iv. 87.—Zucinium Prux., Almag.,
t. 201, fig. 3.—Toxicodendron Mitu., Dict., n.
9 (nec THUNB.),
2 Which appears superposed to a petal.
3 With double coat.
4 Scanty, odoriferous, oily, often covered with
glandular punctures,
D Di 2
404 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Amyris consists of trees and shrubs, of which every part, even to
the embryo, is covered with glandular punctures secreting a resinous
odorous liquid. The leaves are alternate, or here and there opposite
or imparipinnate, more usually 1—3-foliolate, with opposite articulate
Amyris maritima.
Fie. 448.
Hermaphrodite
flower (?).
Fre. 450, Fra. 447. Fie. 451.
Fruit (3). Floriferous branch. Long. sect. of fruit.
folioles. The petiole, exstipulate at the base, is sometimes margi-
nate, as is the rachis. The flowers are grouped in the axils of the
leaves or at the summit of the branches in ramified racemes of cymes.
The genus contains some ten species, native of the Antilles and the
neighbouring regions of the two Americas.
Beside Amyris we doubtfully place two genera having the same
organization of the gynzeceum, the fruit, and the seed. These are:
Stauranthus, consisting of Mexican shrubs, having hermaphrodite,
isostemonous flowers, a uniovulate ovary, a berry as fruit, and uni-
foliolate leaves; and Teclea, having dicecious, sessile flowers, four
1 Jacq., Amer., 107.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen. —Tr. & Pu. in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 5, xiv.
et Spec., vii. 37, t. 610.—Torr. & Gr. Fl. 321.—Kansr., Fl. Colomb., t. 158.—WALtp.,
N.-Amer., i. 221.—Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., Rep. i. 560; ii. 831; v. 420; Ann., vii, 552.
i. 174.—Torcz., in Bull. Mose. (1858), i. 475.
RUTACEZ. 405
or five parted isostemonous biovulate ovary and drupaceous fruit.
The leaves are alternate, compound-digitate, with one, two, or three
folioles. They are consequently very nearly allied to Amyris, but
present also close affinities with 7oddalia.
VII. AURANTEA SERIES (Fr., Orangers).
The Orange-tree (Citrus Aurantium) has given the French name
to this small group, but it presents a degree of complication in its
floral organization that does not permit of it being taken as the
type. We prefer to study as such a genus like Zimonia' (tigs. 452—
454), the flowers of which are regular and hermaphrodite, with
convex receptacle. The calyx
has five sepals free or united to
a variable distance, and dis-
posed in the bud in quincun-
cial præfloration. The corolla
is formed of five alternate pe-
tals, imbricated in the bud.
The stamens are ten in number,
superposed, five to the divisions
of the calyx, and five, shorter,
to the petals. The filaments
are inserted under a circular hypogynous disk, free, subulate, or more
or less dilated below, and their anthers are two-celled, introrse, de-
hiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The gynæceum is free, supe-
rior, formed of an ovary with five (more rarely of two, three or
four) oppositipetalous cells, surrounded by a style swollen at the apex
into a stigmatiferous head, often articulated upon the ovary at the
base, from which it is sooner or later detached. In the internal
angle of each cell a placenta is seen supporting one or two descending
ovules, collateral or superposed, with micropyle directed upwards
and outwards. The fruit is a plurilocular berry, one or several
Limonia (Glycosmis) cochinchinensis.
Fra. 452,
Flower (£).
Fie. 453.
Long. sect. of flower.
1 L., Gen, n. 534.—J., Gen., 261.—LAMK.,
Dict., iii. 516 (part.); Suppl., iii. 440; Zz, t.
353.—DC., Prodr., i. 535.—Spacu, Suit. à
Buffon, ii, 251.— Enpt., Gen., n. 5501.—
H. BN., Aurant. (De la Fam. des Aurantiacées
(1855), thès. Fac. méd. Par.), 19, 33.—OLtv.,
in Journ. Linn. Soc., v. Suppl, 14, 27.—B. H.,
Gen., 303, n. 75.— Winterlia Drnnst., Hort.
Malab., ii. 9 (ex ENDL.).—Hesperethusa RŒM.,
Syn. (ex Or1v., loc. cit.).—(Incl.: Glycosmis
Corr., Triphasia Lour.).
406 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
These have under their
Limonia
cells of which contain one or two seeds.
coats a fleshy embryo, with superior exalbuminous radicle.
consists of fragrant shrubs of tropical Asia, the organs of which are
covered with pellucid' glandular points, prominent or depressed.
The twigs are often transformed into spines. The alternate exsti-
pulate leaves are trifoliolate or imparipinnate.
We have attached as a section to the genus Limonia, Glycosmis,
only essentially differing from it by one character: the ovary, gene-
rally with uniovulate cells, is not articulated, but continuous with
the base of the style.
L. trifoliaté (fig. 454), a small thorny Chinese shrub, has also
been generically distinguished under the name of
Triphasia ;* that also we can only preserve as a sec-
tion. Thus limited, the genus contains six or seven
Limonia (Triphasia)
trifoliala.
species.’
Beside Limonia are placed a certain number of
other very nearly allied genera, of which several
have been perhaps uselessly detached from it. These
are: Murraya, whose pentamerous flowers have a
quinquefid or quinquepartite calyx, ten stamens
with linear subulate filaments, ovary cells one- or
two-ovulate, and whose unarmed branches bear
pinnate leaves and flowers disposed in terminal cymes ; J/ccromelum,
which, with the same leaves and inflorescence, have pentamerous
flowers, a five-lobed or entire calyx, petals valvate or nearly so, ten
stamens, two superposed ovules in each cell, and an embryo remark-
able for its contortuplicate cotyledons ; C/ausena, having also pin-
nate leaves, and whose flowers, disposed in simple or compound
ramified racemes, are 3—5-merous, with a lobed or partite calyx,
petals imbricated or subvalvate, diplostemonous androceum, staminal
Fie, 454.
Long. sect. of
flower (2).
1 Reservoirs of a very fragrant oil generally
essential.
2 Corr, in Ann. Mus. vi. 384. — DC.
Prodr., i, 538. — Enpu., Gen. n. 5502. —
H. BN., Aurant., 13, 31; in Adansonia, x.
319.—Otiv., in Journ. Linn, Soc., v. Suppl.
17, 36.—B. H., Gen., 303, n. 71.—Toluifera
Lour., F1. Cochinch. (ex H. BN., in Adansonia,
x. 319).—Myxospermum RŒM., Syn., 40. —
? Dioxippe Ram., loc. cit.—Chionotria JACK,
Mal. Mise. (ex Hook, Comp. to Bot. Mag., i.
155).
3 L., Mantiss., 237.—BurM., Fl. Ind., t. 35,
fig. i—Jaca., Ze. Rar.,t. 463,—ANDR., Bot.
Repos., t. 143.
4 Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 152.—DC., Prodr., i.
535.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5500.—H. BN., Awrant.,
14, 30; in Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., v. 152; in
Adansonia, x. 319,—Oniv., in Journ. Linn.
Soc., v. Suppl., 13.
5 RHEEDE, Hort, Malab., iv. t. 14.—Roxs.,
Pl. Coromand., i. t. 84, 85-87. — Wiqur &
ARN., Prodr., i. 91, 92.—Wieut, Til., t. 41.—
Miq., L/. Ind.-Bat., Suppl. i. 500.—Tuw.,
Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 45, 405.—WALP., Ann,, vii,
532 (Glycosmis), 533.
RUTACE. 407
filaments dilated below, and two ovules in each cell; Zuvunga, con-
sisting of unarmed or thorny shrubs, with cupuliform calyx, and
stamens often monadelphous at the base, with anthers always linear.
The leaves are trifoliolate and punctuate, and the inflorescence
axillary.
In Afalantia and Paramygnia, composed of unarmed or thorny
shrubs, the leaves are constantly unifoliolate. The flowers, axillary,
constructed on the same plan as the preceding genera, have in the
former a calyx 3-5-lobed, or unequally cloven, from six to ten
stamens, free or connate, with oval or cordate anthers, a cupuliform
disk, and uni- or biovulate cells. In Paramygnia, the calyx is entire
or lobed, the stamens, eight to ten in number, have oblong-linear
anthers, and the disk-bearing receptacle takes the form of an elevated
thick column.
Feronia belongs to a distinct subseries, which might be named
Citree, because the genus Citrus is the principal one contained in it.
In Feronia the receptacle and perianth are analogous to those of
Limonia, with two verticils of stamens, double in number, or nearly
so, to the petals, and inserted under the hypogynous disk. The
ovary, with about as many cells as there are petals, to which they
are superposed. But in the internal angle of the cells, which are
often incomplete, an indefinite number of anatropous ovules are
observed, arranged in two vertical series, more or less descending,
with micropyle directed upwards and outwards. The fruit is a
globular berry, with ligneous rind, filled with pulp in which the
seeds are lodged. ÆZyle has all the characters of Merona, and espe-
cially the multiovulate cells. But the number of these is indefinite,
as is the case also with the stamens. The fruit is also a corticate
pulpous berry. The leaves are trifoliolate, while those of Feroniu are
imparipinnate. 5
Nothing is easier to define than the genus Cifrus' (figs. 455-459)
when the preceding genera are known. It may be said that it
1 L., Gen., n. 1218; Hort. Cliff, 379; Hort, +. 224.—Lru. & Done, Tr. Gen. 317. —
Ups., 236.—J., Gen., 261.—Porr., Dict., iv. Aurantium T., Inst., 620, t. 393, 394.— Citreum
575; Suppl. iv. 171.—Lamx., Il. t. 639.— T., loc. cit., t. 395, 396.—Limon T., loc. cit.,
DC., Prodr., i. 539.—Turp., in Dict. Se. Nat., 621, t. 397.—Sarcodactylis GERTN. F., Fruct.,
Atl, t. 159.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 256.— iii. 39, t. 185.—Papeda Hassx., Hort. Bog.,
ENDL., Gen., n. 5514.—Pavyer, Organog., 113, 216.—Pseudegle M1Q., in Ann. Mus, Lugd.-
t. 25.—H. BN., Aurantiac., 16, 36.—Oxtv., Bat, ii. 83—? Oxanthera Montnrovs., in
in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. Suppl., 23.—B. H., Mém. Acad. Lyon, x. 186 (ex B. H,, loc. cit.)
Gen., 305, 992, n. S1l.—SCHNIZL., Iconogr.,
408 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
consists of species of Feronia, with numerous polyadelphous stamens
united round the hypogynous disk in very unequal bundles (of
which some may even be reduced to one stamen), and with
ovary cells multiovulate and indefinite in number; or we might
describe it as consisting of a species of Æyle, whose stamens, inserted
round a circular disk instead of being free, are united into a variable
number of unequal bundles.! The cupuliform calyx has five teeth
Citrus Auranlium.
Fra. 465.
Long. sect. of flower (à).
Fre. 456.
Transverse section of fruit.
(or a variable number, from four to six), and generally five imbricated
petals; but the number of the latter may also vary from four to
eight, or more. The fruit is a berry, of which oranges and lemons
furnish a familiar example, and easily show the organization. The
wall is not thick, although composed of three different layers; but
the numerous cells contain, besides a variable number of seeds, a
soft pulp, more or less acid or sweet, formed by hairs and elongated
cells, secreting a juice abounding in their cavity, and which, spring-
ing from the surface of the endocarp, advance into the cells, which
they obstruct, and whose seeds they definitely envelope.’ These
1 In Papeda and Pseudægle the bundles of
stamens are more or less indicated; but the
filaments are free, or nearly so; they may be
made sections of the genus Citrus, ‘The pollen
of the Awrantiacea, studied by H. Mont (in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 330) is “ovoid; three
folds; in water spherical with three papillose
bands.”
2 These cells are formed by the hairs of the in-
ternal surface of the pericarp. At the opening of
the flower the interior epidermis of the ovary
already presents small prominent teats ; these are
accrescent cells enlarging towards the middle
of the wall. Others increase in the same way
to the right and left of the first as far as the
partition, They do, not rise thus upon the
entire partition as far as the placentas; the
phenomenon usually stops very far from the
internal angle. Later, these cells whose summit
is advanced towards the placentary angle be-
comes acute at che apex, large towards the
middle of their length, and then more or less
pediculate; after which they are compressed
one by the other, and their surface then presents
RUTACEZ. 409
contain under their coats one or several fleshy embryoes, with
cotyledons often unequal and irregular, and short superior radicle
(figs. 457-459). More than thirty species of this genus have been
described ; these are probably forms or varieties of four or five species,’
natives of the tropical regions of Asia. They are aromatic’ trees or
Citrus Aurantium.
Pigs, 457, 458, 459.
Embryos (+).
shrubs, with branches often thorny, leaves persistent, alternate only
having one articulate foliole and a more or less dilated and winged
petiole. The fragrant flowers are axillary and solitary, accom-
panied by sterile bracts, or disposed in few-flowered cymes with
centrifugal evolution.
unequal faces. Their contents become modified ;
in the interior is secreted the acid and sweet
juice of oranges, lemons, &c. (Upon the forma-
tion of this complementary layer of the fruit
see TARGIONI, in Giorn. Tose. d, Sc., i, 575.—
Zuce., in Abh. d. Bay. Akad., iv. p. i. 159 ;
p. ii. 33, t. 66.—H. BN., Awrantiac., 42.—
Can., Sull, Polp. che Invogl. i Semi (Firenz.,
1864), 7, t. 1.
1 Monarp., De Citr. Aurant. et Lim.
(Antwerp., 1561).—FERRAR., Hesperid. (Roma,
1646),—Gattes., Tr. du Citrus (Par., 1811).
D. Giard. di Firenze (1839); Gli Agrum.—
Risso & Porr., Hist. Nat. des Orang. (Par.,
1818-19). — Rœm., Syn. Hesperid. (For the
principal treatises on the genus, see PRITZEL,
Thes., 444, 451..—Wient & Arn., Prodr., i.
97.—Sirs. & Zuco. Fl. Jap., t. 15,—GRIsEB.,
Fl, Brit. W.-Ind,, 132.—Buntu., Fl. Austral.,
i, 371.—Miaq.,, Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii, 530.—
Watp., Rep., i. 382; ii. 504; v. 140; Ann.
vii, 535.
* This is due to the numerous more or less
prominent vesicles full of an essential oil scat-
tered through most of the organs, leaves, flowers,
pericarp, &e. We observed in 1855 that these
reservoirs are formed first of a certain number
of secretive cells constituting a yellowish mass
embedded in the ambient tissues, and that later
a large channel is produced at this level which
crosses and forms a large lacuna, carpeted with
the remains of fine compressed cells. MARTINET,
who has studied the development of these
glands (in Ann. Se. Nat., sér, 5, xiv. 199), does
not admit this opinion; but it is easy to see that
what he substitutes for it only differs in the
mode of statement and the interpretation of
facts,
3 Equal in size to the limb itself in certain
species of Citrus, especially ©. Hystrix DC.
(Cat, Hort. Monsp., 97; Prodr., n. 7). In
Pseudegle the leaves are trifoliolate.
410 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
VIII. BALANITES SERIES.
In this small group, formed of the single genus Balanites’ (figs.
460-463), the flowers are regular and hermaphrodite, with a sur-
based receptacle. The calyx is formed of five sepals, disposed in
Balanites egyptiaca.
Fia, 460.
Floriferous branch.
Tre. 462.
Long. sect. of flower,
the bud in quincuncial præfloration ;° and the corolla, of five alter-
nate petals, imbricated when young.* The stamens are ten in num-
ber, five longer alternate, and five superposed to
the petals ; they are formed of a two-celled introrse
anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts at-
tached at the back to a free subulate filament. This
is inserted in one of the ten inferior hollows of the
hypogynous disk in the form of a thick festoon.'
The gynæceum is superior; it is composed of an
ovary with five oppositipetalous cells, surmounted
by a conical style with stigmatiferous apex divided
into five small lobes, often but little distinct. In the
Balanites egyptiaca.
Fie, 463.
Dry fruit.
1 Des. Fl. d'Eg. n. 77, t. 28, fig. 1—DC.,
Prodr., i. 708.—ARN., in Ann. Sc, Nat. sér.
2, iii. 246.—ENDr., Gen., n. 5498.—B. H.,
Gen., 314, n. 26.—H. BN., in Adansonia, ii.
381, t. 10, fig. 9, 10; x. 316.
2 Their edges, levelled as it were, are how-
ever not very large.
5 Glabrous or velvety, especially outwardly,
entire, or hollowed at apex.
4 It has ten prominent lobes above, and ten
others alternate, prominent below ; it is in the
sinuosities separating these latter from each other
at the bottom of an equal number of small
pits that the stamens are inserted.
RUTACEA. 411
internal angle of each cell is inserted a descending anatropous
ovule, with superior and exterior micropyle. The fruit is a drupe,
with smooth, fragile epicarp, and fleshy, oily mesocarp traversed by
bundles of vascular fibres, with pentagonal hard, bony,’ monosper-
mous stone. The descending seed contains under its coats a thick
exalbuminous embryo, with plano-convex cotyledons, sometimes
unequal, bilobed or corrugate, and a short superior radicle. The
two Balanites known’ are shrubs* from the warm regions of Africa
and South Western Asia. Their branches bear abortive twigs
transformed into spines (fig. 460), and alternate leaves, with two
folioles, entire, coriaceous, not punctuate, articulate, accompanied
by two small lateral stipules. The flowers‘ are united in cymes
occupying the axil of the leaves, or that of bracts arranged in gra-
dation on a common axis; the pedicels are articulate at the base.
TX. QUASSIA SERIES.
The genus Qwassia’ has long been reduced to one celebrated
species Q. amara (figs. 464-467). It is a small tree, with herma-
phrodite flowers, whose convex receptacle has the shape of a reversed
cone. On a level with its small base (which is inferior) five sepals
are inserted quincuncially imbricated in the bud, and five petals,
alternate with them, much longer, contorted in prefloration, gene-
rally together as in a tube even at anthesis (fig. 465), more rarely
expanded or remote. Ten stamens, disposed in two verticils, are
inserted on the same level as the perianth, superposed, five to the
sepals, and five shorter to the petals. Each is formed of a slender
filament, furnished within the base with a velvety scale, and a two-
1 Upon the transverse section is seen a very 5 L., Gen., n. 521 (part.).—J., Gen., 282.—
elegant plexus, contrasting by its paleness with
the deep fawn colour of the endocarp.
2 L., Spec., 1194 (Ximenia).—R. Br., Mise.
Works (ed. BENN.), i. 44, 287.—GUILLEM. &
Prrr., Fl. Sen. Tent., i.103.—Pt., in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 4, ii. 258.—Outv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
314.—Trevir., in Bot. Zeit. (1857), 65. —
Watpr., Rep. i, 379; Ann., i. 126; iv. 354;
vii. 542.
% With bark bitter like the sarcocarp.
* Small greenish or whitish pubescent, with
grateful odour.
Lamx., Il, t. 343, fig. 1—Porr., Dict., vi.
23 ; Suppl., iv. 636 (part.).—DC., in Ann. Mus.,
xvii. 823; Prodr., i. 733.—A. Juss., in Mém.
Mus., xii, 513, t. 25, fig. 43.—Turp., in Dict,
Se. Nat., Atl., t. 125.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon,
ii. 373.—EnDL., G'en., n. 5962.—B. H., Gen.,
308, 992, n. 1.—Ac., Theor. Syst. t. 19,
fig. 2—H. BN., in Adansonia, xi. fase. 1
(incl.: Aruba AuBz., Homalolepis Turcz.,
Phyllostema NEcx., Simaba AUBL., Zwingera
SCHREB.).
412 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
celled, introrse, oscillating anther dehiscing by two longitudinal
clefts... The gynæceum is placed above upon the large base of the
trunk of the receptacular cone; it is composed of five oppositi-
petalous carpels, each formed of a one-celled ovary, tapering above
Quassia amara,
Bic, 467.
Fruit.
ia. 465. Fra. 464. Fia. 466.
Flower. Floriferous branch (+). Flower without corolla
and stamens (2).
into a long, slender style, which unites with the other style, and is
twisted with them to form a long subulate column, with stigma-
tiferous apex, not dilated. In the internal angle of each is a placenta
supporting a descending anatropous ovule, with superior and exterior
micropyle. The fruit is formed of five drupes (or a less number),
1H. Moun (in Ann, Se. Net., sér. 2, iii. 2 It has two coats. The first is very thick;
339) describes the pollen as “ovoid, three the second, atropous, forms beyond the nucleus
grooves; in water, ovoid with three narrow a small cylindrical neck.
bands and very small papillæ. Stmaba bicolor
Zucc., Quassia amora (without papillæ ?).”
RUTACEÆ. 413
with a not very thick mesocarp,' and hard stone, containing a small
descending seed, the coats’ of which envelop a fleshy exalbu-
minous embryo, with thick plano-convex* cotyledons, and short
cubical radicle Q. amara is a native of tropical America.
its specific name to the fact that all
its parts are very decidedly and in-
tensely bitter. The leaves are alter-
nate, imparipinnate, glabrous, not
punctuate, exstipulate, with a petiole
and rachis developed on each side
into wings in the interval of the
leaves, which are opposite, entire, and
articulate. The flowers’ are disposed
in terminal racemes, simple, or more
rarely ramified; each is situated in
the axil of a bract, and its articulate
pedicel bears two lateral bractlets.
Inasecond species of this genus,’ re-
cently discovered in tropical Western
Africa, the leaves have a scarcely
winged rachis; and the flowers, of a
greenish yellow, have petals always
expanded at anthesis, while the sur-
face of the receptacle comprised be-
tween the androceum and the gynæ-
ceum takes the form of the trunk of a reversed pyramid, because the
ten scales accompanying the staminal filaments impress ten corre-
sponding faces upon the sides.
In a certain number of American species, of which the genus
Aruba’ has been made, the receptacular faces exist, as do also the
It owes
Quassia (Aruba) Cedron.
Fra. 468.
Long. sect. of drupe.
1 The internal angle presents a vertical awn,
base of the latter. A few small whole leaves
towards the summit of which is seen the cica-
may be distinguished in the gemmule,
trice of the style. Below is found the cicatrice
of the insertion of the carpel, a sort of tear ex-
tending deeply as far as the endocarp.
2 There are two, thin but distinct, although
adhering to each other.
3 They are equal and lateral, or more rarely
unequal, one being within, and in this case
smaller than the other.
4 It has a truncate summit which scarcely
extends beyond the surface of the cotyledons,
and which appears as though encased in the
5 Of a beautiful bright red.
6 Q. africana H. BN., in Adansonia, viii.
89, t. 8—Oniv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 312.—
Simaba Africana H. BN., in Adansonia, vii.
381.
7 AuBL., Guian., i. 293, t. 115.—H. BN., in
Adansonia, x. 317.—Simaba AUBL., Guian., i.
400, t. 153.—DC., Prodr., i. 733.—A. S. H.,
in Bull, Soc. Philom. (1823), 129.— A. Juss.,
in Mém. Mus., xii. 515, fig. 45.—Spacu, Suit.
à Buffon, ii. 376.—Envt., Gen., n. 3964.—
414 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
separation of the petals after anthesis ; these are generally shorter,
and the flower is sometimes only tetramerous. These characters
do not permit Aruba to be generically separated from Qvassia.
They have the same fruit, but sometimes of the largest dimensions,
as is seen in the drupes of Q. cedron (fig. 468). The leaves are
alternate, compound-pinnate, sometimes trifoliolate ; the flowers are
collected in racemes, rarely simple, but oftener ramified and com-
posed of cymes. Some fifteen of them are known.’
Very nearlyrelated to Quassia by the section Aruba, Simaruba is only
essentially distinguished from it by its dicecious or polygamous
flowers, hemispherical receptacle more or less velvety, and its impari-
pinnate leaves, with opposite folioles, We must consider as very nearly
allied genera: Hannoa, of tropical Africa, which has polygamous
flowers, with subbilabiate quinquefid calyx, an elongated floral recep-
tacle with ten grooves, and a fruit formed of five or six scarcely
fleshy drupes ; Samandura, distinguished by its 3—5-merous, herma-
phrodite flowers, a calyx glandular at the base, and simple, alternate
leaves, biglandular at the base; J/annia, whose pentamerous, herma-
phrodite flower has a five-lobed receptacle, and from fifteen to twenty
stamens, with pinnate leaves ; MHyptiandra, an Australian shrub,
whose 4—5-merous flowers, solitary, or few in number, in the
axils of the simple, entire leaves, with a diplostemonous androceum,
without scaly appendages to the filaments, and coriaceous fruits,
with seeds slightly albuminous ; Castela, consisting of small Ameri-
can shrubs, often thorny, with simple, alternate leaves, flowers
grouped in small axillary cymes, polygamo-diæcious, tetramerous,
with fleshy 8-lobed receptacle, four styles with free revolute sum-
mits, and four drupes with crustaceous stone ; /Holacantha, a thorny,
aphyllous shrub (imperfectly known) of New Mexico, whose dicecious
flowers are 7—8-merous, and the fruit formed of a variable number
of drupes, with but slightly albuminous seeds.
Ailantus (figs. 469-471), with polygamous, pentamerous flowers,
whose organization is nearly the same as those of Simaruda, is clearly
B. H., Gen. 308, n. 2.— Zwingera SCHREB., H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vi. 18, t. 514.—
Gen., ii. 802.— Phyllostema Necx., Elem., n. Hook.,, Kew Journ. ii. t. 11 (Simaba).—
1075.—Homalolepis Turez., in Bull. Mose. Grise. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 139 (Simaba).—
(1848), ii. 575. Tr., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 5, xv. 357 (Simaba).
1 See upon this question Adansonia, viii. 88. — Bot. Mag., t. 497.—Warr., Ann. i. 161,
2? A.S. H., Pl. Rem. Brés., 126, t. 10, 11; 162; iv. 420; vii. 737 (Simaba).
Fl. Bras. Mer. i. as t. 14 (Simaba), —
RUTACEÆ.
415
distinguished by its fruit, formed of carpels the pericarp of which
dilates in membranous samaras (fig. 471).
It consists of trees from
Ailantus glandulosa.
Fie. 469.
Floriferous branch (5).
Fie. 471.
Long. sect. of carpel.
temperate Asia and Australia, with alternate imparipinnate (fig. 469)
fetid leaves, not bitter. The small and greenish flowers are disposed
in terminal ramified cymes."
In other genera also, very ana-
logous to the preceding, the andro-
ceum is isostemonous. Such are:
Picrena (fig. 472), bitter trees of
tropical America, with imparipin-
nate leaves, and 4—5-merous poly-
gamous flowers, the petals but little
developed, subvalvate, the stamens
destitute of scale appendages, and
the fruit formed of one, two, or
Ailantus glandulosa,
Fie. 470.
Long, sect, of hermaphrodite flower (+).
three drupes, constructed like those of Quassia proper. Picrasma, con-
sisting of Asiatic trees, with imparipinnate leaves, very nearly allied
1 Rigiostachys squamata (Pu., in Hook,
Lond. Journ., vi. 29 ;—B. H., Gen., 309, n. 7;
—Watp., Ann., i. 202), which is perhaps,
Recchia (Mog. & Sess., in DC. Syst., i, 411) but
which does not exist in the herbarium of
Moginno, at Madrid, has been placed beside
Ailanthus and Samandura, after having been
connected with Connaraceæ and Surianeæ. It
appears to us “probable that Rigiostachys is a
Rosaceæ, an abnormal Rosacee it is true, because
of the shallowness of its receptacular cup, and
the disposition of its inflorescence.” Its flowers
have a small cupuliform receptacle, but little
concave, lined by a disk, ‘with twenty crena-
416
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
to Picræna and Simaruba, but characterized by a thick disk, stamens
covered with hairs, and albuminous seeds, while Picræna has a 3-5-
lobed disk, stamens naked and glabrous, petals non-accrescent after
anthesis, and exalbuminous seeds like those of Quassia. Picrolemma,
Picrena excelsa.
1
1
Fig, 472.
Female floriferous branch (+).
a small Brazilian shrub, with imparipinnate leaves, tetramerous,
dicecious flowers, with four imbricated petals, the same number of
superposed stamens, and a disk thick and elevated in the female
tures alternately prominent within and without,
five sepals, imbricated petals, two verticils of
five stamens, with introrse slightly oscillating an-
thers. At the bottom of the receptacle are two
free carpels with obconical support, upon which
is articulated a one-celled ovary with almost
gynobasic style. On the internal wall of the
ovary two collateral-descendent anatropous ovules
are inserted with superior exterior micropyle
capped by an obturator. Rigiostachys, whose
fruit is unknown, is a Mexican tree (?) with
alternate, stipulate, imparipinnate leaves, not
bitter, and very numerous flowers united into a
large ramified raceme, the tertiary divisions of
which bear alternate bracts and pedicellate arti-
culate fiowers, accompanied by two lateral
bractlets. (See Adansonia, x. 42).
RUTACEÆ.
polygamous flowers, disposed in long racemes of non-ramified cymes,
have an imbricated calyx, and four small imbri-
cated petals, stamens without scales, drupes with
rugose stones. They inhabit tropical Africa and
Asia. Æurycoma, consisting of Malaysian trees,
whose polygamous flowers, disposed in large ra-
mified cymes, have no disk, and whose corolla is
involute inthe male flower, smaller and valvate in-
duplicate in the female or hermaphrodite flower,
the styles being united among themselves to a
Fra. 473.
Male flower (4).
Brucea antidysenterica.
variable distance, while they are free in Brucea. The fruit is nearly
that of Quassia.
Picrella (figs. 474-477), a Mexican plant, whose bitterness is most
Picrella trifoliata.
Fie. 474,
Floriferous branch.
Fre. 475. Fra. 476. Fie. 477.
Flower (£), Diagram. Long. sect. of flower.
VOL. IV. EE
418 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
intense in the fresh state, recalls moreover a great many Diosmas
and Zanthoxylons by its opposite, trifoliolate, punctuate-glandular
leaves, and by its small flowers in cymes; but these flowers, very
analogous to those of Hsenbeckia, are remarkable for their tetramerous
type, valvate corolla, isostemonous androceum and carpels with free
ovaries surrounded by a disk and each containing an ascendent
subbasilar ovule with inferior and interior micropyle.
The ovules are two in number, or still more numerous in the small
subseries Dictyolomee, comprising two isostemonous genera: Dictyo-
loma (figs. 478-483), consisting of American Quassias, with alternate
Diclyoloma incanescens.
Fic. 478. Fic. 480. Fie, 479.
Flower (4). Flower, perianth removed, Long. sect. of flower.
Fra. 481. Fig. 483.
Fruit (2). Long. sect. of seed.
bipinnate leaves, polygamous flowers, with four or five ovules in each
free ovary, and capsular fruits, with seeds surmounted by a circular,
membranous, veined wing; and Creoridium, an American shrub, with
simple leaves and hermaphrodite, unicarpellary flowers, and two
ascending seeds in the ovary; also (?) an Australian diplostemonous
genus, Cadellia, where the leaves are simple and tasteless, and the
free ovaries, from one to five in number, contain in the internal
angle from two to four descending ovules.
RUTACEÆ. 419
A certain number of Quassias have been separated as a tribe, under
the name of Picramniee, whose carpels, instead of being independent
below, are united into a plurilocular ovary. We remark among these
plants Zariri (figs. 454, 485), subsequently called Picramnia, consisting
of American trees or shrubs, very bitter, with alternate, imparipinnate
leaves, analogous by these characters to those of most of the true
Tariri (Picramnia) polyantha.
Fie. 484. Tie. 485.
Female flower (5), Long. sect. of female flower.
Quassias. Their flowers are dicecious, 3—5-merous, with, or more
rarely without, a corolla, and having stamens equal in number to the
petals, to which they are superposed, Each of the two or three cells
of their ovary contains two collateral descending ovules, with exterior
and superior micropyle; their fruit is a mono- or oligospermous berry,
with exalbuminous seeds. Spathelia, consisting of trees of Western
Harrisonia Brownii.
Fra. 486. Fra, 488. Fra. 490. Fra. 489. Fra. 487.
Flower (3). Fruit. Embryo (5). Transverse sect. Long. sect. of flower.
of fruit.
India, are not bitter, have imparipinnate leaves, and pentamerous,
isostemonous flowers, to which succeed triquetrous fruits, with three
wings and a hard stone. The embryo is surrounded by a fleshy albu-
men. Picrodendron, a tree from the Antilles, is distinguished by its
trifoliolate leaves, the male flowers said to be grouped in catkins,
and a drupaceous fruit, whose single seed contains an embryo with
folded cotyledons. Harrisonia (figs. 486-490), consisting of shrubs
: | BE?
420 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
from tropical Asia and Oceania, have the trifoliolate leaves of Pécro-
dendron, or compound-pinnate ones; but the flowers are diplos-
temonous, and the drupaceous fruit contains in each stone a seed
with conduplicate cotyledons.
Trvingia, consisting of shrubs (not bitter) from tropical Western
Africa (and which may certainly be attributed to this group), has,
on the contrary, simple leaves, accompanied by axillary stipules,
diplostemonous flowers, whose ovary only contains one descending
ovule in each cell, and the drupaceous fruit presents a hard stone,
with a single seed, the embryo being sometimes albuminous, some-
In Soulamea (figs. 491, 492), consisting of very
bitter trees from the Moluccas, New Ca-
ledonia, and the neighbouring islands,
the leaves are simple or compound-
pinnate, and the polygamous, trimerous,
diplostemonous flowers have à two-
celled uniovulate ovary. The coriaceous,
indehiscent, compressed fruit, edged by
a more or less developed wing, contains
one or two seeds, with scanty albumen.
Amaroria, hitherto incompletely known, seems to represent a lessened
type of the preceding genus, as with a floral organization analogous
to that of Sowlamea, it only possesses one unsymmetrical one-celled
biovulate ovary, to which succeeds a dry, nut-shaped fruit, whose
bony stone contains a single seed. Awberlinia, consisting of Mexican
subaphyllous shrubs, is attached to this series. It has tetramerous
and diplostemonous flowers, but it is separated from all the pre-
ceding genera by the indefinite number of ovules, bi-seriate in
each cell.'
times exalbuminous.
Soulamea amara.
Fie. 491.
Fruit.
Fie. 492,
Long. sect. of fruit.
1 Brunellia las been aseribed to this group.
(R. & Pav., Prodr., 71, t. 12.—K., in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér. 1, ii. 361.—DC., Prodr., ii. 87.—
Enpu., Gen. n. 5971.—B. H., Gen., 313, n.
21). But MM. Trrana & PLANCHON (in
Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 5, xiv. 307) say it appeared
to them “by its general features to more nearly
approach the Saxifrage-Weinmannice.” The
flowers are polygamous, dicecious, and apetalous.
They have a slightly concave receptacle lined
with a bristling disk cut upon the edges into as
many double lobes as there are sepals—viz., from
four to six, and sometimes more. The calyx is
valvate. ‘The slightly perigynous stamens are
double in number to the sepals, some opposite,
others alternate, sterile in the female flowers.
The carpels, rudimentary in the male flowers,
are inserted at the bottom of the receptacle
alternately with the sepals, free, each formed of
a one-celled ovary containing two descending
ovules with superior and exterior micropyle, and
tapering above into a subulate style. The fruit
is formed of one or several bivalve capsules with
cartilaginous endocarp separating from the
exocarp, and contains one or two seeds, with
linear hilum and flesby albumen surrounding
an embryo with oval flat cotyledons and superior
radicle. Brunellia consists of trees, not bitter,
often tomentose or covered with prickles, with
opposite or verticillate stipulate leaves, simple
RUTACEÆ. 421
X. CNEORUM SERIES (Fr. Cumélée).
The flowers of Cneorum' (figs. 493-496) are regular and herma-
phrodite, in four or more frequently in three parts. In the latter
Fie. 496.
Fra, 493.
Fower, the perianth
taken away.
Fructiferous and floriferous
inflorescence,
Cneorum tricoceum,
Fie, 495.
Long. sect. of flower (5).
case their convex receptacle bears, first, three sepals united below
for a very short distance, and early ceasing to touch in the bud,
then three alternate petals, longer, imbricated (or
rarely contorted) in præfloration.
ceptacle thickens into a glandular disk, below which
three alternipetalous depressions are seen, in which
the stamens are inserted, each formed of a free, sub-
ulate filamenf, and a two-celled, introrse anther,
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.
ceum, borne by the summit of the receptacle, is
composed of an ovary with three oppositipetalous
Cneorum tricoccum,
Higher, the re-
The gyne-
Fie, 494.
Diagram,
cells, dorsally separated by three deep grooves, sur-
mounted by an erect style dilated above into three stigmatiferous
lobes.
In the internal angle of each cell two descending campylo-
trifoliolate or imparipinnate. The flowers are
united in large ramified racemes of axillary and
terminal cymes; some ten species of thein are
known, natives of the tropical regions of the two
Americas. (H. B., Pl. Æquin., 1. 210, t. 59-62.—
H. B. K., Nov. Gen, et Spec., vii. 42.— A. Juss.,
in Mém. Mus., xii. 501.—Grises., Fl. Brit.
W.-Ind., 138.—Watv., Rep., i. 519; Ann. i.
156; vii. 541.)
1 Cneorum L., Gen., n. 48.—J., Gen., 369.—
Laux., Dict., i. 568; Suppl., ii. 46; Z/Z., t. 27.
—K., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 1. ii. 357. —DC.,
Prodr., ii. 83.— ENDL, Gen., n. 5954.—PAvyER,
Organog., 100, t. 23.—B. H., Gen., 311, n. 11.
—AG., Theor. Syst., t. 18, fig. 18, 19.—LEM. &
Dene, Tr, Gén., 368.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x.
317.— Chamelea T., Inst.,651, t. 421.-—ADANs.,
Fam. des PL, ii, 369,—GÆR1TN., Fruct, i. 342,
t. 70,
422 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
tropous ovules are seen, with superior and exterior micropyle, tardily
separated from each other by an incomplete false oblique partition.
The fruit is a three-shelled drupe, whose rather thin mesocarp
covers three osseous stones, often divided by a false woody partition
(transverse or oblique, and complete or incomplete) into two super-
posed cells, each of which contains an obliquely descending seed,
folded upon itself in the shape of a horseshoe, the coats covering a
fleshy albumen. The axis is occupied by a curved hook-shaped em-
bryo, with narrow, elongated, semicylindrical, incumbent cotyledon,
and superior cylindrical radicle. © The two species of Creorum known
are shrubs, small in size, more or less bitter, unarmed, glabrous or
velvety,' with alternate, simple, entire leaves, articulate at base, not
punctuate, or only glandular towards the edges. The flowers’ are
axillary, solitary, or disposed in few-flowered cymes, with a peduncle
connate for a variable distance with the axile leaf and articulate
pedicels. They inhabit the Mediterranean region, and the isles on
the North-Western coast of Africa.’
XI. ZYGOPHYLLUM SERIES (Beancapers).
Zygophyllum has nearly regular hermaphrodite flowers. If we take,
for example, those of 7. Fubago’ (figs. 497-502), an eastern species,
often cultivated in the garden in France, we see that the receptacle
is convex, bearing, first, five sepals, with quincuncial imbricated præ-
floration, and five alternate petals, with short claws° imbricated in a
variable way, or contorted in the bud. ‘The stamens are ten in
number,’ superposed five to the sepals, and five, a little shorter, to
the petals. They are composed of a free exserted filament internally,
1 The hairs are attached by the middle of
their length.
2 Small, yellow.
3 Barren, Icon., t. 284.—VeENT., Jard. de
Cels., t. 77.—DuHam.; Arbr:, 1. 157, t. 60.—
J. Satnr-Hin., Pl. Fr, t. 5.—Wess, Phyt.
Canar., t. 66.—-GREN. & Gopr., Fl. de Fr. i.
340.—Watp., Ann., vii. 540.
4 L., Gen., n. 580.—J., Gen., 296.—Lamx.,
Dict., ii. 441; Suppl, ii. 624; IU., t. 345,—
DC.,’ Prodr., i, 705.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
xii. 455, t. 15,—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 306.
—Expz., Gen., n. 6036.—PAYER, Organog., 68,
t. 14,—B. H., Gen, 266, n. 8—H. Bn., in
Adansonia, x. 313.—Fabago T., Inst., 258, t.
135.—Abans., Fam. des Pl., ii. 507.—GZÆRTN,.,
Fruct., ii. 144, t. 112. (This generic name
should, strictly speaking, have the preference.)—
Fagoniastrum Lirp. (ex ADANS.).
5 Z. Fabago L., Spec., 551.—DC., Prodr.,
n. 3.—#abago alala Mæœxcx (vulg. Faux-
Caprier).
5 They are here white, with the base of an
orange-red, This spot at the base is found
more or less dark in most of the species which
often have the rest of the limb yellow.
7 Their insertion upon the receptacle is very
slightly oblique,
RUTACEÆX. 423
with a sort of elongated scale, at first applied by its concavity to
the ovary,’ and of a two-celled, introrse anther, dehiscing by two
longitudinal clefts? The gynæceum is free and superior, composed
of an ovary supported by a short, thick foot, round which the recep-
tacle thickens into an inconsiderable glandular disk, surmounted by
a style tapering towards the stigmatiferous apex, not thickened.
Zygophyllum Fabago,
Fra. 499.
Long. sect, of flower (2).
Fig. 497.
Floriferous branch.
Fie. 501.
Seed (4).
Fra. 500,
Fruit.
Fie. 502.
Long. sect, of seed.
The ovary contains five cells, superposed to the petals, and each con-
taining numerous ovules, inserted in two series in the internal angle,
descending, anatropous, with micropyle turned outwards and up-
wards.’ The fruit is a capsule‘ with five angles, loculicidal, the seeds
containing under their coats’ a not very thick fleshy albumen sur-
rounding an embryo with elongated cotyledons. 2. Fadago is a suf-
1 These tongnes are developed according to
PAYER (op, cit. 69), “a little before the opening
of the flower,’ and show thmselves first upon
the receptacle itself,
? The pollen, orange in colour, is “small
ovoid; three folds; in water oval with three
bands, bearing three very small papille.’ (H.
Mout, in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 339.)
3 They have two coats.
4 The pericarp is outwardly glabrous and
slightly fleshy in this species, with an endocarp
also thin and almost pergameneous. It presents
five prominent angles corresponding to the back
of the cells, and which in certain species are
developed into small wings.
5 Three of them are distinguished: the ex-
terior soft, cellular, greenish, swelling when in
contact with water, bearing an umbilical linear
cicatrice towards the middle of the length of its
internal angle; a middle one harder, thin,
brownish, much more enduring; an internal
one thin and whitish, thickened only on a level
with the cupule of the chalaza, with the albumen
very adherent for almost the whole extent of its
internal surface.
424 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
frutescent plant, with fluted branches, often prismatic, the leaves
opposite, compound-pinnate, with two opposite unsymmetrical
folioles, beyond which the rachis is often prolonged under the form of
a small tongue, and with a petiole articulate at the base, accompanied
by two lateral stipules. The flowers are situated in the vicinity of
the axil of the stipules belonging to two opposite leaves, and at the
same time almost at the bottom of the angle formed by the diver-
gence of the axillary branches of these two leaves.’ They are either
solitary, or more frequently geminate, one of the two being younger
than the other, upon the side of which it is placed.’
In some species of this genus, distinguished under the name of
Agrophyllum the folioles are rounded instead of being flattened, as
in the preceding; the dehiscence of the fruit is
septicidal, and the ovules present slight differences
in their form.* In others again, inhabiting Aus-
tralia, and which have been made into the genus
Repera’ (fig. 503), the fruit is sometimes loculi-
cidal and sometimes septicidal, and the staminal
filaments have no interior appendage. There are,
Zygophyllum (Rapera)
Jabagifolium.
moreover, other characters which may vary in the
Fra. 503.
Flower.
genus Zygophyllum—viz., the number of folioles
to each leaf, which may be reduced to one; the
consistence of the stipules, which may become spinescent ; the
floral type, which is sometimes quaternate ; the form of the disk,
which is rarely cupuliform; and the number of the ovules, which
may be reduced to two in each cell. Thus Sarcozygium consists
of species of Zygophyllum, with winged fruits? the flowers of
which are tetramerous, and the leaves opposite and bifoliolate, cha-
racters quite insufficient to found a genus; and Z porlulacoides, from
Bokhara, distinguished under the name of J//ianthus,’ has penta-
gonal fruits not winged ; but the calyx is developed and petaloid, while
1 The real situation of this inflorescence is
such that it corresponds probably to the axil of
a leaf placed lower, and has been drawn and
raised with the internode, above which it be-
comes free, This is an extraordinary fact in
1 The raphe is said to be free.
5 A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 454, t. 15,
fig. 3.—ENDL., Gen., n. 6035.
6 Ba&e., in Linnea, xvii. 7, t. 1.—B. H.,
Gen., 266.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 315,
most species of Zygophyllum, especially in the
various sections of the genus Guaiacum, (See
Adansonia, x. 312, 315.)
2 In this case the inflorescence is a two-
flowered uniparous cyme.
8 Neck. Llem., n. 967.
7 As is often the case in the species of Zygo-
phylium proper.
8 Cuan. & Sonurt., in Walp. Ann., i. 495.
9 Enum. Pl. Lehm., 58, t. 9 (ex Arbt. d.
Nat. Ver, Riga, i. 197).—B.} H., Gen., 266, n.
7.—H. By,, in Adansonia, x. 313.
RUTACE A. 425
the petals are totally wanting. Thus defined, the genus of Zygophy!-
lum comprehends some fifty species! Only one belongs to America,
the greater number growing in Australia, South Africa, and the East.
Beside Zygophyllum are ranged: Fagonia (figs. 504, 505), whose
pentamerous flowers have naked staminal filaments, a sessile ovary,
with two ovules inserted quite close to the base of the internal
Fagonia cretica.
Fra. 504.
Flower (2).
Fra. 505.
Long. sect. of flower (8).
angle of each cell, fruit with five monospermous shells the endocarp
separating from the exocarp at maturity, and ramified herbaceous
stems, with opposite leaves 1—3-foliolate; Seefzenia, having apeta-
lous, isostemonous flowers; most authors also place in this group
the genera Peganum and Tribulus.
Peganun® (figs. 506-510) has regular hermaphrodite flowers, of
quaternary or quinary type. In the latter case, the convex recep-
tacle supports five sepals, open, valvate, or slightly imbricated in
præfloration, similar to leaves, some entire, others unequally dentate,
or pinnatifid. The alternate petals, the same in number, are free
and imbricated or contorted in the bud. ‘The stamens are three
times as numerous,’ free, either all fertile, with two-celled, introrse
1 Dewess., Ic, Sel., iti. t. 42 (Ræpera).— fig. 8.—Spracu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 314. —
Lxpes., Ic. Fl. Alt., t. 102, 140, 218, 273,
382, 383. — WEBB, Phyt. Canar., t. 1.—F.
Muezz., Fl. Vict., i. 100, t. 6.—BENTH., F4,
Austral., i, 292.—Hary. & Sonn., Fl. Cap., i.
355.—Otiv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 285.—Borss.,
Fl, Or, i. 909, 916 (Miltianthus).—Watp.,
Rep., i. 494; ii, 823; v. 385 (Sarcozygium),
386; Ann., i. 150; ii. 245; iv. 404; vii. 479,
481 (Ræœpera).
ane Gene ne 601 JS Gen, 0297. —
GÆRIN., Fruct., ii. 87, t. 95.—Lamx., Dict., iii.
76; Suppl. iii. 6; Z., t. 401.—DC., Prodr., i.
712.—A, Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 461, t. 16,
Enpu., Gen. n. 6025.—Payer, Organog., 69,
t. 14.—AG., Theor. Syst., t. 18, figs. 16, 17.—
B. H., Gen., 287, n.12.—H. Bn., in Adansonia,
x. 299.—Harmala T., Inst, 257, t. 133. —
Maneu, Meth., 239.
% According to PAYER, five are alternipe-
talous; aud the ten others, representing the
five oppositipetalous pieces of the androceum
lined (congenitally without doubt), are super-
posed by pairs to the petals. The pollen is,
according to Moun (in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2,
ili, 339), similar to that of Ruta.
426 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANT'S.
anthers, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts, or partly sterile; all
are provided with a filament tapering at the apex and dilated at the
Peganum Harmala.
Via. 506. Fie. 507. Fie. 508.
Long. sect, of flower (2). Diagram. Dehiscent fruit (3).
base. Within their insertion, a slight glandular disk is seen sur-
rounding the short foot of the two- or three-celled ovary, surmounted
by an erect, twisted style, with two or
Peganum Harmata. three prominent stigmatiferous awns. In
the internal angle of each cell a placenta
is seen supporting an indefinite number
of oblique anatropous ovules.’ The fruit,
accompanied by the persistent calyx, is a
Ny! loculicidal capsule, with two or three
Fie. 509. 16,510. valves, and contains angular seeds whose
Seed (5). Long. sect. of seed. coats cover a fleshy albumen, surrounding
in its turn a curved embryo. In P. crith-
mifolium, generically separated under the name of MJalacocarpus,
the two-celled fruit is baccate. The other characters are, however,
those of three other species of the genus which are ramified, glabrous,
pubescent herbs, inodorous and not punctuate, with alternate leaves,
entire or irregularly pinnatifid, with two lateral, slender, unequal
stipules,’ and solitary, leaf-opposed,® pedunculate flowers. They are
1 They have a double coat. 4 These are perhaps the inferior lobes of the
? Rerz, Obs., ii. 34 (nee GEORG.). — P. leaf, but little developed.
Harmala, B crithmifolium DC.— Bizz, Fl. 5 The flowers have doubtless here, as in
Taur-cauc., i. 364. other species of Zygophyllum, been drawn upon
3 Lrscx. & Mny., Ind. Sem. Hort, Petrop., the axis above their axile leaf.
ix. 78.—Watp., Rep., v. 394.
RUTACEX. 427
found in the Mediterranean region, the East, tropical Asia, and as
far as Mexico.'
The flowers of Zribulus (Fr., Herses*) (figs. 511-513) are also
hermaphrodite, regular, pentamerous, with imbricated or contorted
sepals.
Of the six stamens,’ inserted round the base of the hypo-
gynous disk with ten lobes, five are longer, alternipetalous, and
Tribulus terrestris.
Fie. 511.
Flower (3).
Fra. 512.
Long. sect. of flower (5).
more exterior, with a filament provided outwardly with a basilar
All have a two-celled,
longitudinal clefts.* The superior
gland.
cells.
introrse anther, dehiscing by two
gynæceum is formed
of a sessile ovary, which in 7? ferrestris, and other
analogous species, has five oppositipetalous cells, and
is surrounded by a short, thickset style, divided into
five vertical stigmatiferous lobes, alternating with the
In each of them are several descending and
anatropous ovules, inserted in the internal angle,
with superior and exterior micropyle.’
Tribulus terrestris.
Fie. 513.
Fruit (3).
In certain
other species of this genus, there is a greater number
of ovary cells, containing either numerous descending
sometimes only one.
ovules, or
L'REICHB.,, Jc, Hl. Germ., v. t. 158. —
SIBTH., F1. Grec., t. 455.—Borss., Fl. Or., i.
917.—Watr., Rep., i. 517; ii. 824; Ann., iv.
414; vii. 509.
2 Tribulus T., Inst., 265, t. 141.—L., Gen.,
n. 532.—Apans., Fam. des PL, ii, 507.—J.,
Gen., 293.—Gmrtn,, Fruct., i. 335, t. 69.—
Lamr., Zll., t. 346.—Porr., Dict., viii. 43;
Suppl, v. 338.—DC., Prodr., i. 703 (part.).—
A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 451, t. 14, fig. 1.—
Turp., in Dict. Se. Nat. Atl., t. 123—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 6030.—PayEr, Organog., 60, t. 14.—
A. Gray, Gen. IIL., t. 145.—B. H., Gen., 264,
n. 1—H. By., in Adansonia, x. 313 (incl.:
Ehrenbergia Maxr., Heterozygia Ben., Kall-
stremia Scop., Tribulopsis R. BR.).
3 Five are often sterile, or wanting in Zri-
bulopsis (R. Br., in Sturt Exp. App., 70).
1 The pollen is, according to H, Monn (in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 339), “ spherical,
membrane externally cellular (7. alatus, T.
terrestris, T. lunuginosus, Ehrenbergia tribu-
loides).”
5 With donble coat. Generally disposed in
one single vertical series at maturity.
428 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
The fruit is dry, formed of from five to a dozen shells, horny or
bony, furnished dorsally with wings, tubercles or prickles of various
shape. These shells separate definitely from each other ;' and be-
neath their thick indehiscent wall is found one or several oblique
descending seeds, with fleshy exalbuminous embryo.
Tribulus consists of herbs, often extended upon the ground, and
covered with hairs. The leaves are opposite or alternate by abor-
tion, compound-paripinnate,’ accompanied by two lateral stipules.
The flowers are solitary on a level with the insertion of the leaves,
to which they are lateral.‘ Some fifteen species’ of this genus are
distinguished, natives of ail the warm and temperate regions of the
world.
Beside Zriéulus are ranged also other herbaceous Zygophyllee:
Sisyndite, consisting of plants from the Cape, having uniovulate
ovary cells, a fruit with five shells, dehiscing by their internal edge,
and spartioid stems, bearing compound-pinnate leaves ; and Awgea,
from the same country, composed of plants with the habit and
foliage of certain Ficoidee, and whose flowers, with concave recep-
tacle, have stamens inserted on the edge of a membranous, cylin-
drical disk, surrounded by trifid laminæ similar to their filaments
sometimes described as petals, and a capsular fruit with ten mono-
spermous cells.
Guaiacum (fig. 514) consists of woody American plants, taking us
back to the floral organization of Zygophyllum. he floral receptacle
is rather elongated, in the form of a small truncate cone in the
species of Guaiacum proper. The androceum is diplostemonous ;
1 It is principally because of the differences
presented by the fruit that Kallstremia, has
Srptu., Fl. Grec. t. 372.—Retcus., Ic, Fl.
Germ., v. t. 161,—Hary. & SoND., Fl. Cap., i.
been generally distinguished [Scor., Jntrod.,
937 ;—Enpu., Gen., n. 6031 ;—Æhrenbergia
Marzr., Nov. Gen. et Spec., ii. 72, i. 163 (nec
SPRENG.);—Heterozygis BGE., Vérz. Alt. Pfl.,
82, not. |. The shells, indefinite in number, are
united into an angular pyramid on a common
axis extending beyond them above, and from
which they afterwards separate without opening ;
within they present a groove, and without
rugose unequal crests.
2 Or rather, doubtless, by the parts being
drawn up, one of the leaves remaining at a
given level, while the other is more or less
elevated beyond upon the axis of the plant.
3 Yellow or white.
4 Consequently also caused by the drawing
away of the parts.
5 H, B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vi. 11.—
352.—Oniv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 283.—GRiSEB.,
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 184.—A,. Gray, Man., ed.
5, 110.— CHarm., Fl. S. Unit,-St., 64.—
Benta., Fl. Austral., i. 287.—GREN. & GopR.,
Fl. de Fr. i. 327.—Watp., Rep. i. 493; ii.
242 (Tribulopsis), 822; iv. 403; Ann., i. 149;
ii, 242, 244 (Kallstræmia) ; v. 403; vii. 477,
478 (Tribulopsis).
5 Near these genera is placed Sericodes, a
ramose shrub of Mexico, unknown to us, having
simple sessile fasciculate leaves with small spi-
nescent stipules and fasciculate flowers, with
five persistent sepals, five entire petals, ten sub-
perigynous stamens, with five uniovulate ovary
cells, and a fruit whose five very velvety shells
are indehiscent, and separate at maturity from
the columella, The ovules are descending.
RUTACEÆ. 429
and in G@. sanctum, for example, the subulate filaments are not pro-,
vided with an interior scaly appendage; but this exists in most of
the species, sometimes whole, sometimes more or less cut at the
summit. The gynæceum, analogous to those of Zygophyllum, has an
Guaiacum sanctum.
Fie. 514.
Floriferous branch (1).
2
ovary with two or three pluriovulate cells in G. offcinale ; but in
other species, from three to five may be counted. The septicidal
fruit has also a variable number of shells, with dry wall, more or less
coriaceous, angular or winged dorsally, each containing a descending
seed, the coats covering a more or less hard albumen, often wrinkled
outwardly, enveloping a large greenish embryo, with foliaceous coty-
ledons and superior radicle. The species of Guaiacum proper are
trees or shrubs with opposite, paripinnate leaves, formed of two
or agreat number of opposite, unsymmetrical folioles, accompanied
by caducous stipules. The flowers are pedicellate, solitary, gemi-
450 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
. mate, or in various numbers, on a level with the insertion of the
leaves, but lateral to them.
We have connected with this genus as simple sections, corre-
sponding to most of those admitted in the genus Zygophyllum:
Porlieria, composed of species from Western temperate America,
having a short support to the ovary, staminal filaments lined by a
scale, from three to five carpels to-the glabrous fruit, and compound-
pinnate leaves ; Pintoa, aChilian shrub, having a short, thick ovary .
support, staminal appendages cut pretty deeply, a capsular fruit
with five grooves comparable to those of Zygophyllum Fabago, and
paripinnate leaves ; Bulnesia, a spartioidal shrub of the same country,
with small paripinnate leaves, has staminal appendages similar to
those of Pintoa, but with fruits the cells of which are prolonged into
pretty large vertical wings, as in Repera and Sarcozygium. Finally,
Larrea, consisting of balsamic shrubs from the temperate Western
regions of the two Americas, with pinnate leaves, bi- or plurifolio-
late, short ovary support, staminal scales, simple, bifid or deeply cut
at the summit, and fruits the four or five carinate shells of which
are villous; Plectrocarpa, a shrub from Mendoza, nearly allied to the
preceding genus, with thorny branches, and slightly irregular impari-
pinnate leaves, only two ovules in each cell, the fruit being elongated
and velvety, each of its five shells armed dorsally with a subulate
spur. Chitonia, a Mexican shrub, with pinnate leaves opposite or
alternate, is also nearly allied to the preceding genera. The flowers
are tetramerous, the corolla very large, regular, with eight inappen-
diculate stamens, a style with large stigmatiferous head, pluri-
ovulate ovary cells, and having for fruit a four-winged or four-valved
capsule, the cells usually containing two descending seeds, with
embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen.
XII. NITRARIA SERIES.
Nitrari@ (figs. 515-520) alone constitutes this small series; it has
regular, hermaphrodite flowers. The convex receptacle bears an
1 L., Gen. n. 602.—ADANS., Fam. des P1., Gen. Nitraria (in Ann. Se, Nat., sér. 3, xiii.
ii, 447.—J, Gen, 316.—GmRtN., Fruct., i, 21).—Linpz., Veg. Kingd., 389, fig. 275.—
279, t. 58.—LeERcH., in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., v. Payer, Organog., 121, t. 26.—Age., Theor.
App:, 162.—LamMk., Til., t. 403.—Porr., Dict., Syst., 867.—B. H., Gen., 265, n. 5.—H. By.,
iv. 492; Suppl., iv. 99.—DC., Prodr., iii, 456.— in Payer Fam. Nat., 318.— Osyris GMEL., (nec
npn, Gen., n. 5714.—Jaus. & Spacu, Consp. L., ex ADANS.).
RUTACEÆ. 431
imbricated calyx, with five deep divisions, and five alternate petals,
with cucullate apex, and valvate-induplicate in the bud. The sta-
mens are free and hypogynous, with naked filaments, and two-celled,
Nitraria Schoberi.
Fie. 519, Fie. 515, Fie. 520.
Fruit (4). Floriferous branch. Long. sect. of fruit.
introrse anthers, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. Very rarely
there are but five of them alternipetalous; generally they are
deduplicate, and each alternate stamen may be accompanied by
Nitraria Schoberi.
Se
Fig. 516. Fra. 517. Fig. 518.
Flower (5). Diagram, Long. sect. of flower.
two lateral stamens more exterior, which seem oppositipetalous
(fig. 517). When some of these latter are wanting, from six to four-
teen may be counted. The gynæceum is superior, formed of ovary
often three-celled, surmounted by a short style, with stigmatiferous
apex divided into as many small lobes as there are cells. In the
internal angle of these a placenta is seen supporting a descending
ovule, with superior and interior micropyle. The fruit (figs. 519,
520) is an elongated drupe tapering at the apex, accompanied at the
432 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
base by the persistent calyx. The stone, hard, scorbiculate or ra-
diate outwardly,’ usually contains one monospermous cell, and often
opens at the summit into six subulate valves, alternately wide and
narrow. The seed contains under its coats a fleshy exalbuminous
embryo, with thick plano-convex cotyledons, and short superior
radicle.
Nitraria consists of shrubs, the species, not very numerous,” grow-
ing in the salt plains of warm Western Asia, North Africa, and
Australia, and whose aspect sometimes recalls that of certain species
of Salsolacee, growing in the same conditions. The branches, often
whitish and rigid, are sometimes armed with spines. The leaves
are alternate or fasciculate, simple, entire or trifid at the summit,
contracted at the base, slightly fleshy, accompanied by two small
stipules. The flowers* are arranged in bunches of scorpioid cymes.
XIII. CORIARIA SERIES (Fr., Redoul).
Coriaria'’ (figs. 521-525) has regular, hermaphrodite, and polyga-
mous flowers. In the hermaphrodite flowers of the European species
of the genus, Coriaria, with Myrtle leaves, we may observe a tole-
rably elevated conical receptacle, bearing at the base five sepals,
arranged in the bud in quincuncial preefloration, and five alternate
short, thick, fleshy petals, very slightly imbricated, or not even touch-
ing each other by their edges in the bud. The androceum is com-
posed of ten hypogynous stamens, five of which, superposed to the se-
pals, are inserted lower and more externally than the other five, which
are shorter, and superposed to the petals. Each stamen is formed
1 There are three more or less distinct faces
with very diverse nerve-shaped configuration,
an interior crustaceous layer separating defi-
nitely from the bony exterior layer. The meso-
carp, often thin, is usually pulpy.
2 Two or three, according to some authors,
six or seven according to others.—Parr., #1.
Ross., i. t. 50.—DEsr., Fl. Atl., i.372.— ANDR.,
Bot. Repos., t. 519.—Jaus. & Spacu, Ill. Pl.
Or. iii. 189, t: 293-295.—Borss., F1. Or., i.
918.—Oniv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 288.—Mr1Q., in
Pl. Preiss., i. 164 (Zygophyllun:).—¥. MUEtt.,
Fl. Vict., 92, 227, t. Suppl. 7.—BENTE., Fl.
Austral., i. 291.—Watp., Rep., i. 542; Ann.,
ii. 265; vii. 479.
3 Small white or greenish, often fragrant.
The fruits are red or blackish.
4 Coriaria Ntissou., in Act. Acad. Par,
(1711), t.12.—L., Gen., n. 458.—Apans., Fam.
des P1., ii. 446.—J., Gen., 441.—Lamx., Dict.,
vi. 86; Suppl, iv. 656; JZ71., t. 822.—DC.,
Prodr., i, 739.—TwurpP., in Dict, Sc. Nat., At].
t. 288, 289.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, iii. 80.—
Enpu., Gen., n. 5596.—PAYER, Organog., 49,
t. 10.—B. H., Gen., 429.—SCHNIZL., Iconogr.,
xiv. t. 238.—LEM. & DCNE., Tr. Gen., 371.—
H. By., in Adansonia, x. 318.—Heterocladus
Turez., in Bull. Mosc, (1847), ii. 152.— Hete-
rophylleia Turcz., op. cif. (1848), i, 591.—
Deu KEUILL. (ex ADANS.).
RUTACEA. 433
of a free filament, and elongated, two-celled, introrse anther, dehis-
cing by two longitudinal clefts.! Higher, in front of the sepals, the
sides of the receptacular cone bear five alternipetalous carpels, inde-
Coriaria myrtifolia.
Hie. 522, Fie. 521, Fr@. 523.
Flower, calyx taken away, Female flower (+). Long. sect, of flower.
pendent of each other, the one-celled ovary tapering above into a
long, slender, flexuous style, quite covered with stigmatic papillæ.
In the internal angle of each ovary a parietal placenta is found sup-
porting one single, anatropous, descending ovule with superior and
Coriaria myrtifolia.
Fi, 524. Fie, 525,
Fruit (5), Long, sect. of fruit.
inferior micropyle, and with dorsal raphe.* The fruit is formed of five
carpels, at first drupaceous, then almost completely dry, borne by
the receptacle become fleshy, and it is furnished at the base with the
persistent calyx, and the petals become thicker, fleshy, prominent,
corner-shaped or carinate in the interval of the carpels. In each of
} The pollen in ©. myrtifolia is “rounded; upon three but slightly prominent angles is an oval
pore with large round halo.” (H. Mout, in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 2, iti. 337.)
2 With double coat,
VOL. IV. EE
454 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
these is found a descending seed, the coats' covering a fleshy embryo
with short superior radicle and plano-convex cotyledons. In the
male flowers, the carpels remain rudimentary and sterile, and the
stamens are, as in the hermaphrodite flowers, provided with long
pendant filaments. In the female flowers, on the contrary, the sta-
mens are sterile, short, and erect.
C. myrtifolia is a glabrous shrub, with square angular branches,
bearing opposite, simple, entire leaves, 3-5-nerved at the base, pro-
vided with a short petiole, accompanied by two very small caducous,
lateral stipules. The flowers are arranged in racemes at the summit
of the leafy branches. Each is supported by a pedicel, accompanied
by two lateral caducous bractlets. Among the species of the genus,
three or four in number,’ inhabiting the Mediterranean region, Cen-
tral Eastern Asia, New Zealand, and South Western America, we
find sarmentose stems, flowers in verticils of threes, and female
flowers and fruits with from six to ten carpels.
XIV. SURIANA SERIES.
Suriana (figs. 526-529) has been lately ascribed to the Quassias.
The flowers are hermaphrodite and regular, the receptacle having an
almost flat upper surface. The calyx is formed of five sepals, dis-
posed in quincuncial præfloration, and the corolla of five alternate
petals, imbricated or contorted. The stamens are ten in number,
and superposed, five to the sepals, and five, shorter, to the petals ;
they are free, formed of a subulate filament, and a short, two-celled,
introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts, sometimes
aborted in the oppositipetalous stamens. The gynæceum is consti-
tuted of five oppositipetalous independent carpels, whose ovary,
supported by a short foot, is surmounted by a style inserted towards
1 These are: a soft thin coat, representing
the episperm; then more internally a plate,
almost always inconsiderable but of variable
thickness, sometimes enduring, which has been
regarded (perhaps without sufficient demonstra-
tion of the fact) as a rudimentary albumen.
2 Rercus., Ze. Fl, Germ. v. t. 160. —
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii. 168, t. 636.—
Watt. Pl, As. Rar., t. 289.—A. Gray, in
Mem. Amer. Acad. (1862), 383, not.—Hoox.
¥., Man. N.-Zeul. Fl., 46, 727.—C. Gay, Fl.
Chil., i. 491.—GREN. & Gopr., Fl. de Fr., i.
330.—WaAtLpP., Rep., i. 528; Ann., vii. 649.
3 Pcum., Gen., 37; Icon. (ed. Burm.), t.
249.—L., Gen. n. 581.—ADANS., Fam. des
PI., ii. 249.—J., Gen., 339.—LAMx., Ill. t.
889.—Porr., Dict., vii. 522; Suppl, v. 265.—
DC., Prodr., ii. 91.—ENDLz, Gen., n. 5953.—
B. H., Gen., 313, n. 20.—J. G. AG., Theor.
Syst, 169, t. 4.— H. By., in Adansonia, x.
317.
RUTACEÆ. 435
the base of the internal angle, slightly thickened at its stigma-
tiferous apex. In the ovary cell a placenta is seen supporting two
descending collateral ovules, very incompletely anatropous, the short
Suriana maritima.
Fig, 526. Vie, 528. Iie. 529, Fig. 527.
Flower (+). Fruit (3). Long. sect. of fruit. Long. sect. of flower.
raphe looking downwards and inwards. The fruit, accompanied by
the persistent calyx, is formed of five drupes (or fewer) almost com-
pletely dry, the stone containing a campylotropous ascending seed,
the coats covering a large fleshy embryo, folded upon itself, so that
the incumbent cotyledons and superior radicle have their summits
near the point of attachment. S. maritima,’ the only known species,
is a shrub frequently met with on the sea-coast of all tropical coun-
tries. It is tastless, covered with capitate hairs. The leaves are
alternate, simple, narrow, articulate at the base, besprinkled with
glandular punctures. The flowers are united towards the extremity
of the branches in false racemes of uniparous, short, few-flowered,
but ramified cymes.
Rutacee, thus comprised, constitute a family by concatenation
with many affinities, the fourteen series presenting the general cha-
racters which follow.
I. Rurea’—Flowers regular (or exceptionally irregular), with
convex receptacle. Sepals, petals, and stamens free, inserted below a
1 L., Spec., 284.—Wicnr & Arn., Prodr., 130; Veg. Kingd., 469, Ord. 176,—ENDL., Gen.,
361.—Benru., Fl. Austral., i. 375.—Ottv., Ord. 270.—B. H., Gen., 278, Ord. 39,
F1. Trop. Afr., i. 313.—Watp., Ann., vii. 541. 3 Rutee A. Juss., loc. cit. (1825), 78.—
2 Rute J., Gen. (1789), 296.—Rutacee DC., B. H., Gen., 280, Trib, 2.— Rutace END. loc.
Prodr., i, (1824), 709, Ord. 51.—A. Juss., cit.—Frawinellee Nes & Mant., in Nov. Act.
Mém. sur les Rutacées (in Mém. Mus., xii.461)— Nat. Cur, xi. 149 (1823).—Dictamnee AG.,
Barr, Ord. Nat., 389.—Linpt., Introd., ed. 2, Theor. Syst., 227.
FE 2
436 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
hypogynous disk or the foot of a gynæceum, with oppositipetalous
carpels united by their styles, independent or united for a variable
distance in the ovary. Ovules 2—o, transverse or descending with
exterior and superior micropyle. Fruit in several shells (rarely
fleshy). Seeds albuminous, with embryo often curved.—Herbs,
often frutescent at base, whose divers organs, especially the leaves,
often pinnatisect, are covered with glandular, pellucid, fragrant spots.
Plants of temperate regions, especially the North.—(5 genera.)
Il. Cuspariem.'—F lowers regular, or oftener irregular, with con-
vex receptacle. Petals often united, or adhering between themselves
to a variable distance, forming a more or less elongated tube.
Androceum often diplostemonous, with stamens often united to a
variable distance with the tube of the corolla, all fertile, or more
generally partly sterile and rudimentary. Carpels generally free in
the ovary, containing two descending ovules, with exterior and supe-
rior micropyle. Fruit generally formed of independent shells, with
elastic dehiscence, the endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds
albuminous or exalbuminous, with cotyledons more or less convolute.
—Generally wood plants, usually glandular-punctuate, inhabiting
tropical America.—(9 genera.)
IIT. Diosmua.’—Flowers regular, generally small, hermaphrodite,
with receptacle convex, or more or less concave, edged by a peri-
gynous or hypogynous disk. Petals free, often with erect claw.
Androceum isostemonous or diplostemonous, inserted outside the
disk, the oppositipetalous stamens sometimes sterile. Gynæceum
formed of 1-5 oppositipetalous carpels, generally free in the ovary,’
the styles united into a common column. Ovules two in each carpel,
descending with superior and exterior micropyle. Shells often
rostrate, with separable endocarp. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo
thick and straight, with fleshy cotyledons.— Ericoidal shrubs of
South Africa, with narrow leaves,‘ often imbricated, simple, coria-
ceous, punctuate.—(11 genera.)
IV. Boronixæ."—Flowers generally constructed’ like those of
1 Cusparieæ DC., in Mém. Mus., ix. 141
(1822).—EnDz., loc, cit., 1150, Trib. 1.—Ag.,
op, cit., 221, t. 19.
2 Diosmee R. Br., in Flind, Voy. (1814), ii.
545,—A. Juss., loc. cit., 883.—BarvL., Ord.
Nat.,386.—ExDz., Gen., 1149, Ord. 251.—B.H.,
Gen., 288, Trib. 3.—AG., op. cit., 229, t. 19.
3 Except in Calodendron.
4 The leaves of Calodendron are single, wide,
and membranous.
5 Boronieæ Banrtu., Ord. Nat. 388. —
Enpu., Gen., 1154, Trib. 4.— AG., op. cit.,
229.—B. H., Gen., 291.—Diosmee Australa-
sice A. Juss., loc, cit.—Diplolæneæ AG., loc, cit.
5 Except those of Diplolæna, which are
destitute of a true calyx.
RUTACEÆ. 437
Diosmee. Seeds with cylindrical embryo, surrounded by a fleshy
albumen.—Oceanian shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, glan-
dular-punctuate.—(15 genera.)
V. Zaxrnoxy1ex.' — Flowers
dicecious, with convex receptacle, rarely cupuliform.
frequently polygamo-
Petals free,
regular,
equal. Androceum isostemonous or diplostemonous, with free
pieces. Carpels frequently free in the ovary (Huzanthoxylee), or
united in a plurilocular ovary (Zoddaliee’). Ovules 2, or rarely 1,
descending, with superior and exterior micropyle. Fruit dry, dehis-
cent or fleshy, with or without stone. Seeds albuminous or exal-
buminous.—Trees or shrubs from all the warm regions of the world,
with alternate or opposite, simple or oftener 3-foliolate or compound-
pinnate leaves, generally punctuate.—(28 genera.)
VI. Auyripeæ.®— Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polyga-
mous-dicecious, 4—5-merous. Petals free, valvate or imbricate.
Androceum isostemonous or diplostemonous. Gynaceum unicarpel-
lary ; ovary 1-celled, containing two descending ovules, with exterior
and superior micropyle. Fruit fleshy. Seed descending, with thick,
fleshy, exalbuminous embryo. ‘Trees or shrubs, generally American,
with compound leaves, 1— -foliolate punctuate.—(3 genera.)
VII. Auranrieæ.‘— Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals free,
hypogynous. Stamens double in number to petals, or o, free or
polyadelphous. Carpels united in a plurilocular ovary; style often
articulate at the base, or caducous. Ovules 1-1», descending. Berry
often pulpy, cortical. Seeds exalbuminous.—Trees and shrubs of the
tropical regions of the Old World, aromatic, punctuate, with com-
pound leaves, 1— œ-foliolate.—(S genera.)
VIII. Bazanireæ.—Flowers hermaphrodite, pentamerous, diplo-
1 Ners & Mart., in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.,
xi. (1823).—A. Juss., in Wém, Mus., xii, 422,
497 (1825).—Enpu., Gen., 1147, Ord. 250.—
AG., op. cit., 224, t. 19.—B. H., Gen., 295,
Trib. 5.—Zanthoxylacee Linpu., Veg. Kingd.,
472, Ord. 177.— Pteleacea K., in Ann. Se. Nat.,
sér. 1, ii. (1824), 345.— Terebinthaceæ (part.)
J., Gen., 368.—DC., Prodr., ii. 82.—Pilocar-
pee Baxtt,, Ord. Nat., 388.—AG., op. cit., 221.
2 Toddalieæ B.H., Gen., 300, Trib, 6.
3 Amyrideæ R. Br, Congo, 431 (1818).—
K., in Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 1, ii. 353.—ENDL.,
Gen., 1189.—AG., op. cit., 231. — Burseracee
B. H., Gen. 327, Trib. 2.—Terebinthacee
(part.) J., Gen, 368—Amyridaceæ LINDL.,
Introd. ; Veg. Kingd., 459, Ord. 171.
4 J., Gen., 260.—B. H., Gen., 303, Trib. 7.
—Hesperidee (part.) VENT, Tabl., iii. 154.—
Aurantiacee Corr., in Ann. Mus., vi. 376.—
Mirg., in Bull. Soc. Philom. (1813), 379.—
DC., Prodr., i. 535, Ord. 33—ENDr., Gen.,
1043, Ord. 224—Linpr, Veg. Kingd., 457,
Ord. 150.— H. By., Aurant. (see p. 405,
note 1).—AG., op. cit., 222, t. 19,—Ottv.,
The Nat. Ord. Aurant. (in Journ. Linn, Soc.,
v. Suppl., 1).
5 Balanitee ENDL, Gen. (1841), 547 (ex
Linpu., Veg. Kingd. (1846), 459).—Pu., in
Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 2, iii. 346. The author
connects this genus with the Meliacee, but
BENTHAM & Hooker have made it a Sima-
rubee.
438 ; NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
stemonous. Ovary plurilocular, surrounded by a thick pulviniform
disk. Ovules solitary, descending, with exterior and inferior micro-
pyle. Style single. Fruit drupaceous, with bony stone, mono-
spermous. Seed exalbuminous; embryo fleshy —Thorny shrubs of
the Old World, with 2-foliolate leaves; insipid, not punctuate.—
(1 genus.)
IX. Quasstraz.'— Flowers hermaphrodite or declinous, regular,
isostemonous or diplostemonous. Stamens often furnished with a
scale within the base of their filament. Gyneceum inserted imme-
diately above the androceum, or separated from it by a receptacular
internode more or less elongated. Carpels oppositipetalous, equal in
number or inferior to that of the petals, free (Zyuassie), or united
(Picramnice) in the ovary, united, or more rarely free, in the styles.
Ovules generally solitary, and descending, with exterior and superior
micropyle (more rarely 2-«). Fruits dry, rarely dehiscent or sama-
roid, generally fleshy. Albumen fleshy, or nil—Woody plants,
mostly natives of warm countries, with simple or compound ex-
stipulate leaves, and of which all parts, usually provided with glan-
dular punctures, are generally intensely bitter.—(27 genera.)
X. Cnroreæ.—Klowers hermaphrodite, 3—4-merous, isostemo-
nous. Ovary with 3, 4 cells, often divided into secondary uniovulate
cells. Ovules 1, 2, amphitropous, descending, with superior and
exterior micropyle. Fruit drupaceous, with 3, 4 shells, indehiscent,
the stone often 2-locellate. Seeds albuminous, with recurved em-
bryo.—Shrubs, slightly bitter, with alternate simple leaves, punc-
tuate upon the edges, and axillary flowers collected in cymes.—
(1 genus.)
XI. Zycoruyiiem.'—F lowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular,
rarely apetalous.? Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the
petals, or double or triple in number, with free filaments, often
accompanied by a scale within the base. Gynæceum sessile or sti-
pitate, with several cells (2-12), superposed to the petals when they
1 Simarubeæ DC. Diss. Ochnac. (in Ann, (1842), 254. — Aa., op. cit., 228, t. 18. —
Mus., xvii. 323; Prodr., 5. 733, Ord. 752.— Pteleaceæ (part.) K., loc, cit.—DC., Prodr., ii.
A. Juss., in Mém, Mus., xii. 512.—AG., op. cit., 83.— Connaracee (part.) ENDL., Gen., 1141.
223.—B. H., Gen. 306, Ord. 40.— Sima- +R. Br. in Flind. Voy., ii. 545 (1814).—
rubacee Ricu., Anal. du Fr., 21, (1808).— DC, Frodr., i. 703, Ord, 50.—A. Juss. in
Linpu., Introd., ed. 2,120; Veg. Kingd., 476, Mém. Mus., xii. (1825), 450.—ENDz, Gen.,
Ord. 179.—Enpu., Gen. 1143, Ord. 249.— 1161, Ord, 253.—AG., op. cit., 205, t. 18.—DB. H.,
Ailanthee AG., op. cit., 223. Gen., 262, Ord. 37. — Zygophyllacee Linvt.,
2 Picramnieæ D. H., Gen., 307, 318, Trib. 2. Jntrod. ed. 2, 133; Veg. Kingd., 478, Ord. 180.
3 Cneoree W£BB, in Hook. Lond, Journ, i. 5 In Augea (?).
RUTACEÆ. 439
are the same in number, l—o-ovulate. Ovules often descending,
with superior and exterior micropyle. Fruit dry, crustaceous or
coriaceous, sometimes with from 2-12 shells separating from the
columella, or with septicidal cells. Seeds albuminous or exalbu-
minous.— Woody or herbaceous plants, not bitter, not punctuate, with
branches often articulate, leaves opposite, or alternate by abortion,
accompanied by geminate stipules, almost constantly compound,
2—-foliolate. Flowers generally drawn upon the axis, which bears
them to the side of a leaf at a greater elevation.—(11 genera.)
XII. Nirrariex.'—F lowers hermaphrodite, with cucullate petals,
valvate-induplicate, with stamens double or triple in number to the
petals ; ovary 2—6-celled, with a single descending ovule in each cell,
superior and exterior micropyle. Fruit fleshy, with stone fluted or
reticulated outwardly, 6-valved at apex, monospermous. Embryo
fleshy, exalbuminous.—Shrubs from the salt plains of the temperate
regions of the Old World, not bitter, not punctuate, with simple
alternate leaves, and flowers in uniparous scorpioid cymes. —
(1 genus.)
XIII. Corrarteæ."—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, with
diplostemonous androceum, free carpels alternate with the petals
when they are the same in number, with free styles. Ovules solitary,
descending, with interior and superior micropyle. Fruit formed of
5-10 shells, surrounded by accrescent petals, coriaceous or fleshy.
Seeds exalbuminous, or with albumen reduced to a more or less hard
membrane.—Shrubs, often sarmentose, with opposite or verticillate
leaves, not punctuate, with axillary inflorescence.—(1 genus.)
XIV. Surranex.i—Flowers hermaphrodite, with diplostemonous
androceum, free, oppositipetalous carpels, and gynobasic free styles.
Ovules geminate in each ovary, descending, with superior and
exterior micropyle. Fruit formed of free drupes, surrounded by
the persistent calyx, with thin mesocarp, and solitary ascending
seed. ÆEmbryo exalbuminous, folded upon itself, with superior and
1 Nitrariacee Linvu., Nat. Syst. ed. 1, n. 475.—Enpt., Gen., 1065.—AG., op. cit., 289,
149 (1830).—Marr., Consp., n. 259 (1835). _—t. 21.—B. H., Gen., 429, Ord. 64.
Enpu., Gen., 1094. — AG., op. cit., 367. — 3 Surianeæ ENDL., Gen., 1140.— Surianaceæ
Ficoidee spwrie DC., Prodr., iii. 456.—Mal- Wieur & ARN., Prodr., i. 360.—Linv1., Nat.
pighiacee (part.) Linpu., Veg. Kingd., 388.— Syst., ed. 2, 142, Ord. 107; Veg. Kingd., 509.
Zigophylleæ (part.) B. H., Gen., 265. — AG., op. cit., 169, t. 14.—Terebinthacee
2 DC., Prodr., i. (1824), 739, Ord. 64.— (part.) DC., Prodr., ii. 91.—Simarubee (part.)
Linpt., Nat. Syst., ed.1, n. 106; Veg. Kingd., B. H., Gen., 313.
440 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
interior radicle, descending.—An insipid, punctuate shrub, with
alternate, simple leaves.—(1 genus.)
In these fourteen series, comprising a hundred and twenty-three
genera,’ the characters which serve to separate them from each other
are, as we have seen : those drawn from the consistence of the stem,”
the arrangement of the leaves upon it, the presence or absence of »
stipules, the bitter flavour of the parts (particularly the leaves), or
the existence of glandular-pellucid punctures, generally the channel
of the aromatic or fetid odour ;* the mode of inflorescence, herma-
phrodite or declinous nature of the flowers, the shape of the floral
receptacle, and consequently the insertion of the stamens ;’ the
number of parts in the perianth and their prefloration, the number
of stamens and of the verticils according to which they are arranged,
the independence or union of their filaments, the presence or absence
at their base of an interior scale, and of a gland at the summit of the
anthers sometimes fertile sometimes sterile. The form and size of the
disk, hypogynous or rarely perigynous ; the independence or union
of the carpels in all their extent, or only in the ovary; the number
of the ovules, their direction and that of their various parts, their
anatropy, more or less complete, or almost nil.’ The consistence
and mode of dehiscence of the pericarp, the presence or absence of
alkumen in the seeds, and the straight or curved form of the
embryo.
Almost all these genera belong to warm countries.
This is the
1 Deducting those insufficiently known, or
having been wrongly ascribed to this group, and
which besides the doubtful types already con-
sidered are the following :—
1. Pseudiosma (DC., Prodr., i. 718, n. 75 ;—
A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 519;—Enp1.,
Gen., n. 5981), proposed as Diosma asialica
Lour. (#7. Coch,, 200), a plant excluded from
the genus Diosma by DE CANDOLLE, unknown to
us, and belonging perhaps to the genus Hvodia.
2. Huegelia (R. BR. in Flind. Voy., ii.
546;— Enpz., Gen. n. 6013), a plant with
10-merous perigynous calyx and corolla (which
is perhaps a species of Homalium ?).
3. Amblyorhinum (Turcz., in Bull. Mose,
(1852), 168) wrongly cited (Wazp., Ann., vii.
506) among the Rutacee, is a species of
Valeriana.
4. Systemon (RxG., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop.
(1856), 38 ;—Wate., Ann. vii. 505), which we
have recognised from an authentic specimen for
a species of Heritiera,
5, Bouzetia Montrous, in Mém. Acad.
Lyon, x. 192.—B, H., Gen., 989 (Suriana ?).
* Their structure, although so interesting, has
not been much studied. [See Mirp., Ælém. de
Physiol, Végét., t. 13, 1 (Ailantus) ;—LiNpz.,
Veg. Kingd., 479 (Guaiacum)]. ‘TréCUuz has
carefully studied the vessels proper of Ailantus,
Plelea, and Brucea (in Comp. Rend. Acad.
Se., Ixv. 17; in Adansonia, ix, 121).—Ozrv.,
Stem. Dicot., 9.
% Upon the value of these characters see
Adansonia, x. 300.
4 They are generally hypogynous; but when
the floral receptacle becomes concave this
arrangement is not very noticeable; it is, how-
ever, clearly defined in several Boronias and
Diosmas.
5 Several Boronias are almost completely
anatropous, especially Boronella and Zieridium
(see Adansonia, x. 302).
RUTACEÆ. 441
case with all the Quassiee, Cuspariee, and Aurantiee ; some are en-
tirely American, others are Asiatic and Oceanian. We have seen
that Diosmeæ is only found in South Africa, and Boroniee in Oceania.
Zanthoxyleæ is met with in all the warm regions ; in the temperate
regions we only observe a few species of Zanthroxylon, Phelloden-
dron, which is found in North-east Asia, and Pfe/ea, a native of North
America. Swriana, a plant found near the sea, has been met with on
all the tropical sea-coasts. Rutee and Zygophylleæ often belong to
cooler climates. Thus in Europe we meet with the genera Ruta,
Dictamnus, Tribulus, Zygophyllum, Fagonia, and Peganum. The genus
Cneorum is also represented there. Only six genera are common to
the two Worlds; forty properly belong to the New World. The
other genera belong especially to the Old, as do also all the Diosmee,
Boroniee, Aurantiee, Balaniteæ, Cneoree, and Nitrariee. The number
of species hitherto described, and which may be considered as dis-
tinct, are about nine hundred and twenty, of which only two hun-
dred and sixty are American; that is to say, more than two-thirds
belong to the Old World.
The affinities of such a group must be many. By Zygophyllee it
is nearly allied to Geraniee, from which Zygophyllee only differ by
the leaves, the absence of a fragrant oil, the mode of organization
of the fruit, and the way in which the carpels of the Geraniee sepa-
rate at maturity from the central columella. The Biedersteinice,
which have been really connected with the Geraniaceæ, are, on the
other hand, closely allied to Swrianee ; they only differ by their
entire and punctuate leaves, by the presence in each ovary of
Biebersteinia of a single ovule, while there are two in Swriana, where
they are, like the seeds, constructed in a peculiar manner. By
Suriana, Rutacee is also closely connected with the Ochnacee, which
are, as we have seen,' scarcely separable from Quassie and Zanthorylee.
We must search much further to find a connexion between the
Quassias and the genus Crossosoma, which is an abnormal Ranuncu-
lacee,(?) but having the perianth, free carpels, and bitterness of
Quassia, from which it only differs by its stamens, indefinite in num-
ber, and its arillate seeds ; it is the same with the genus Rigiostachys,
allied to Ochnaceæ, Connaraceæ, Surinaceæ, and Rosacee, with one of
} See p. 365.
442 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
which it would perhaps be better to associate it." The separation of
Rutacee and Burseracee is quite artificial, and partly conventional.
If the latter had not a resinous, balsamic sac, we could not distin-
guish them. It is also added, that the stamens are often inserted
upon the disk, that they are never accompanied by scaly appen-
dages nor hairs; but these characters are far from being absolute
among the Picramnie, which are not always bitter; this is why
types like Irvingia, Spatheha, &e., may be equally well ascribed to
either group. It is said, on the other side, that the Burseree differ
from the Zoddaliee by their exalbuminous embryo, diplostemonous
androceum, and leaves destitute of glandular punctures; and from
Aurantiee by their style not articulate at the base, and their dru-
paceous fruit. But Zeclea, nearly allied to Zoddalia (to which it has
even been ascribed), has seeds without any trace of albumen.
Balanites, Tariri, Picrodendron, axe also destitute of it; and in the
genus Jrvingia there is a species with an albuminous seed, and
another with seed without perisperm. Many Rutacee of the Quassia
series have neither hairs nor scales to the stamens; and in the
genus Limonia, of the Aurantiee series, we have plants with the
style articulate at the base, and others (G/ycosmis) where it is not
so. We know, moreover, that there are true Bwrsereæ with punc-
tuate leaves. This latter character is found in certain M/elacee, also
nearly allied to Rutacee,? and especially to the Awrantiee series ; but
it is easy to distinguish practically, those Mchacee having mona-
delphous filaments united into a long tube. No hesitation would be
possible except for the Cedrelea, distinguished by their ovules,
always numerous, succeeded by compressed seeds, and by their cap-
sular fruit, septifragal or loculicidal, with valves separating from a
central columella.
The properties’ of the Rutacee differ according as they are bitter
or glandular-punctuate. In the latter case, they are generally
fragrant, stimulant, and sometimes even dangerous to some degree.
This is decidedly the case in the Rues themselves, and principally
1 Quillaja, belonging to Rosacee, has been differt præcipue tubo stamineo crasso foliisque
ascribed to Rutacew, under the name of Æon- rarissime punctatis.”
tenellea À. S. H. (voi. i. 460). 3 Expz., Lnchirid., 547, 606.—Guiz., Drog.
2 Benruam & Hooker (Gen., 328) say of Simpl., ed. 6, iii. 541.—Linpu., Wl. Med., 207.
Meliaceæ: “Ordo Rutaceis proxime affinis, —Duvucn., Rep, 221.—Rosexru., Syn, Pl.
quibus per Æindersiam transitus facilis est; Diaphor., 755, 860, 884, 1157.
RUTACEZ. 443
in the common Rue! (figs. 391-397), which is irritant, rubefacient,
and venomous in certain quantities, and especially celebrated as an
emmenagogue and abortive. Its seeds are said to be sudorific,
antispasmodic, anthelmintic, and antidotal The same properties
are found in most species of the genus 2. angustifola,* bracteosa ;* they
are more decided still in 2. montana contact with which inflames
the skin, and when applied to the head producing a pustular eruption
resembling erysipelas. ZX. {uberculata of Nubia, whose odour is
nearly like that of our Rues, is used by the Egyptian women in pre-
paring a watery decoction said to make the hair grow. The odour
of the Boronicæ is often very strong, but still more aromatic.
Several of them are also used in Australia, in preparing digestive
infusions analogous to tea.” The Diosmas of the Cape are also very
aromatic. The most common are those which furnish Buchu, Bucco,
or Bocco of this country, employed as tonics, stimulants, diapho-
retics, and diuretics: these are principally the Barosmas,’ espe-
cially B. crenulata," crenata, serratifolia, odorata,” betulina,* and
pulchella' Empleurum serrulatum,” of the same country, gives also
a sort of Buchu long ; and there are many other aromatic Diosmas,
which are used in these regions in the preparation of digestive
stimulant drinks, especially Adenandra fragrans,* Agathosma," micro-
1L., Spec., 548 (part.).— DC., Prodr., i.
710, n. 3.—GutB., op. cit., 550, fig. 725.—
Linpz., Fl. Med., 210.—Rfv., in Fl. Med. du
xixe Siècle, iii, 246, t. 24.—R. hortensis MIut.,
Dict., n. 1.—Dunam., Arbr., ii. t. 61.
2 The Rues are also used in the preparation
of an essential oil, and in the fabrication of a
vinegar called quatre voleurs (four thieves).
Rutine has been named as one of its active prin-
ciples. In spite of its irritant properties it is
said to be eaten in salads in Italy and Greece.
3 Pers., Syn., i. 464.—DC., Prod, n. 6.—
R. graveolens a. L., Spec., 548.—R. chalepensis
L., Mantiss., 69 (part.). —Mor., Ox. t. 35,
fig. 8.—Sims, in Bot. Mag., t. 2311.
1 DC., Prodr., n. 4.—R. chalepensis tenui-
folia D'URv., Bnum., 44.
5 Cuus., Hist., ii. 136.—DC., Prodr., n. 2.—
R. sylvestris Mixx, Dict., n. 3.—R. legitina
JACQ., Ze, Rar., i. t. 76.—R. tenuifolia DESr.,
Hl. Atl, i. 336.
6 VorsK., Æg.-Arab, 86.—DC., Prodr., n.
14.—Haplophyllum tuberculatum A. Juss.
7 C. alba ANDR., spinosa ANDR., virens SM.
(see RosENT., op. cit., 880).
8 GuiB., Drog., Stnpl., ed. 6, iii. 551. —
G. Px., in Dict. Eneycl. Sc. Méd., xi. 280.
9 See H. By., in Dict, Encycl. Sc. Méd.,
viii. 8380.—ROSENTH., op. cit, 881.
10 Hoox., in Bot. Mag., t. 3413,-—Hanv. &
Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 393, n. 2.—B. crenata Kar.
— Diosma crenulata L., Amen., iv. 308. —
D. crenata L., Spec., 287.
LU VW. Enum., 257.—Hanrv. & Sonp., loc.
cit., n. 1.—Diosma serratifolia CURT., in Bot.
May., t. 456.—Parapetalifera serrata WENDL.,
Coll, i. 92, t. 34.
2 Var, of B. crenulata (Hary. & Sonp.,
loc. cit.).
13 Barrz. & Wenpz., Coll., 102.—Bucco
betulina Ram. & Sc.
4 Barri. & WENDL., loc. cit., 107.—Diosma
pulchella L., Spec., 288.—Bot. Mag., t. 1357.
15 Axr., Hort. Kew., ed. 1, iti. 340.—Harv. &
Sonp., Fl. Cap. ii. 442.— Diosma ensata
Tuuns., Fl. Cap., 226.
16 Ram. & ScuH., loc. cit, 451. —Hary. &
Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 391.—H. Bn., in Dict.
Eacycl. Se. Méd., i. 694.—Diosma fragrans
Sims, in Bol. Mag., t. 1519.
17 See H. By., in Dict. Eneycl. Se. Méd., ii.
132.
dd NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
phylla, chortophila, Cerefolium,’ Coleonema album (figs. 416-420),
pulchrum (fig. 421), juniperifolium and Diosma vulgaris’ and succu-
lenta Our common Dictamnus’ is also an aromatic stimulant, and
tonic plant. So large is the quantity of volatile essence contained
in the glandular reservoirs, that in warm weather it ignites when
brought in contact with a lighted candle.’ The Zanthorylee are also
essentially aromatic plants; but besides the essential oil, they con-
tain a resin and a bitter crystalline principle, formerly called
æanthopicrite, which modifies their properties a little. Zanthovylum
Sraxineum™ (figs. 433-438) has a bark whose flavour, finally very
acrid, excites salivation ; it is employed as antirheumatismal, sudorifie,
and diuretic, and as a remedy for toothache. The bark of the yellow
Zanthoxylon Clava Herculis (Fr., Clavelier) of the Antilles,” is more
bitter and acrid; it recalls very much the Azgos{ura bark, from
which it differs especially by the presence of a certain yellow colour-
ing matter, abounding in several species of the genus, which makes
them prized as tinctorials.
fuge and tonic.
are still more aromatic.
It has been recommended as a febri-
Most species of Zanthoæylon of the section Fagara
Their bark, and particularly their fruits,
have a burning, peppery taste, which makes them valued as spice.
Such are Z. carolinianum Wamx., heterophyllum LamK., <Avicenne
1G, F. W. Mey., Bartz. & WENDL., loc.
cit, 173.—Harv. & Sonv., Fl. Cap., i. 423,
n. 60.
2 Eoxz. & Zeyn., Enum. 914.—Harv. &
SonD., Fl. Cap., i. 435, n. 90.—A. cyminoides
Ecxz. & Zryu., loc. cit., 916.
3 Barri. & WENDL., loc. cit., 159.—Harvy.
& Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 424, n. 62.—A. Bart-
lingana Eoxu. & Zuyu., Enum., 898 (part.).—
Diosma cerefolia VENT, Jard. Malmais., t.
93.—Bucco cerefolium Ram, & SCH. loc. cit.,
439.
4 Hoox., in Bot. Mag., t. 3340.—C. gracile
Ecxz. & Zeyu., loc. cit., 883.—C. virgatum
Eoxz. & ZEyu.—Diosma calycina Srrup.—
D. oppositifolia BK. MEx.
5 Sonp., Fl. Cap, i. 878.— Diosma juni-
perina SPRENG.—D, Meyeriana STEUD.
6 ScHLTL., in Linnea, v. 201. — Harv. &
SonD., Ll. Cap., i, 374.— D, hirsuta L., Spec.,
286.—TuunB., F1.Cap., 222.—-D. oppositifolia
L., Spec., 286.—D. rubra L., Spec., 287.—
D. ericoides Sus, in Bot. Mag., t. 2332.
7 Bera., Pl. Cap., 63.—Tuuns., Fl. Cap.
224.— D. scabra, LamxK., Dict., ii. 283.—
D. decussata LAMX., loc. cit., 284.
8 See p. 383, note 1.— Enpt., Enchirid.,
613.—Guis., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 553,
fig. 727.—RosenTH., Syn. Pl. Diaph., 882
(vulg. Fraxinelle, Dictamne blanc, D. pourpre,
Herba Fraxinelle pumile Of.).
9 Bror, Sur Vinflammat, de la Fraxinelle
(in Nouv. Ann. Mus., i. 273). This essence
gives its fragrance to a distilled water used in
southern countries as a cosmetic. It has been
employed in most affections of the nerves,
hysteria, epilepsy, melancholy, &e. The root,
stripped of its white, rolled bark, forms part
of several drugs, especially Guttate powder,
In Siberia, the leaves are used in preparing a
stimulating infusion similar to tea.
10 This substance has been recognised as
identical with berberine. (Dyson-PERRINS, in
Trans. Chem. Soc. (1862), ex Pharm. Jowrn.,
ser. 2, iv. 403).
N See p. 396, note 1. GurB., Drog. Simpl.,
éd. 6, iii. 559.—B1GEL., Med, Bot., iii. t. 59.—
Linpu., Fl. Med., 216.—BENTL., in Pharm,
Journ., iv. 494. (Vulg. Bois. épineux jaune,
Prickly Ash, Toothache Tree, of America,
2 Z, caribeum LAMx., Dict., ii. 40 (nec
GÆRTN.), — DESCOURT., Fl, Ant. ii, 58.—
? Z. carolinianum GÆRTN., Fruct., i. 333, t.
68.—Z, Clava Herculis DC., Prodr., i. 727
(nec L.).—Linvn., Fl. Med., 216.—Z, Ele-
phantiasis MACFAD., Jam., i. 193.
RUTACEÆ. 445
DC., Pterota K. In Eastern Asia several species are used as con-
diments and drugs. Z. piperitum,' of Japan, has in all its parts the
warm, pungent flavour of Anacylus Pyrethrum. Several Chinese species
bear the significant name of /oatsiao (Pepper-flower).’ 2. alatum,*
and zeylanicum' are also prized as bitter and aromatic. 2. Lhetsa,
from the mountains of India, has bitter, pungent inner bark ; the
fruits are used in the same way as black pepper. 2. Budrunga,' of
India, is also recommended as digestive, stomachic, and stimulant.
In America several other species enjoy an analogous reputation.
Z. hyemale' and Langsdorfii, of Brazil, have an aromatic bitter bark ;
the former is copiously employed in powder as a remedy for ear affec-
tions, and ophthalmia. Z. fernatum, of the Antilles, whose bark
has sometimes been substituted for that of the Geoffree of the same
country, is reputed astringent, vulnerary, antirheumatical, and anti-
syphilitic. 2. emarginatum," of the same country, has a close hard
wood, the odour of which is aromatic, as are all other parts of the
plant. It is one of the Rose-woods or Rhodes-woods which come to
us from America. Z. senegalense" is also considered as aromatic, sudo-
rific, and stimulant. The same properties are found to a high degree
in the different varieties of 7oddalia asiatica,” especially those named
aculeata® and inermis,“ and which, under the common name of Pied.
de-poule® (Hen’s-foot), are used in India and the Mascareigne Islands
as a bitter pungent stomachic drug and condiment, and as a febrifuge.
The Zvodias are analogous by their qualities to the preceding genera.
1 DC., Prodr., n. 10.— Linvt., Fl. Med.
217. — RosENTH., op. cit, 875.— KÆMPF.,
Amen., t. 893.—Fagara piperita L., Spec., 172
(vulg. Seo, Sansjo des Jap., Peppel-mool Bacce
Fagare s. Piper japonicum Off.).
2 DC., Prodr., n. 36.—ROSENTH., op, cit.,
874.— ? Fagara piperita Lour.
3 Roxs., Fl. Ind., iii. 768.— Lino, F1.
Med., 217.—HANguRY, in Pharm. Journ., sér.
2, ii. 554,.—Z. hastile WALL.
4 DC., Prodr., n. 42.—ROSENTH, op. cit.
874.—Fagara Lunu-ankenda GæÆRTN., Fruct.,
i. 334, t. 68 (ex DC.).
5 DC., loc. cit., n. 38.—ROSENTH., op. cit.,
875.—Fagara Rhetsa Roxs., Fl. Ind., 438.
6 DC., Loc. cit., n. 41.—ROSENTH. op. cit.,
876.—Fagara Budrunga Roxs., Fl. Ind., i.
437.
4 À. S. H, Pl. Us. Bras, n. 37 (vulg.
Coentrillo).— ? X. Culantrillo H. B. K., Nov.
Gen. et Spec., vi. 2.—Tr., in Ann. Se. Nat.,
sér. 5, xiv. 312.
8 Mart., ex ROSENTH., op. cit., 876 (vulg.
Tembetaru).
9 Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ., i. 570.—Enpt., En-
chirid., 610.— Fagara ternata Sw., Prodr.
Fl. Ind. Occ., 33.
10 Sw., Fl. Ind. Oce., i. 572.—DC., Prodr.,
loc. cit, n. 18.— RosENTH., op. cit., 875
(Lignum Rorum v. L. Rhodium Jam.).
N DC., Prodr., n. 14.—? Z. polygamum
Scuum. & THonn., Beskr., 483.—Fagara zan-
thoxyloides LaMK., Dict., ii, 446,
12 Paullinia asiatica L., Spec., 524.
13 Prrs., Hnchirid., i. 249,—DC., Prodr., ii.
83.—RosENTH., op. cit., 876.
4 Vepris inermis COMMERS., herb, — A.
Juss.in Mém. Mus., xii. 509, t. 26, fig. 41.
—? Toddalia paniculata Lamx., Ill., t. 13,
fig. 2.
5 We may possibly ascribe to this plant the
origin of the racine de Jean Lopez (root of
John Lopez) (Gurs., Drog, Simpl., éd. 6, iii.
560).
446 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
F.. hortensis,' in Polynesia, and Z lalifolia in the Moluceas, serve
as tonics and vulneraries. It is said that the fruit of Z rutecarpa’
is purgative. Several species of Acronychia, particularly 4. pedun-
culata, are used in Asia and tropical Oceania as aromatic, tonic anti-
rheumatical drugs. P/elea trifoliata’ (figs. 445, 446), a shrub of N.
America, frequently cultivated in Europe, has leaves which, when
bruised, give a strong, not very agreeable, odour; they pass as
vermicidal, and are used in the treatment of ulcers of a bad nature.
The fruits have an aromatic, bitter flavour; they are sometimes
substituted for hops in making beer, but not without danger.
The Cusparieæ series contains a good number of species used as
bitter tonic drugs and as febrifuges in their native country, which 1s
Equinoctial America. The most celebrated is that furnishing the
true Angostura bark, which ought to take the name of Galipea febri-
juga’ This fragrant bark, greyish or yellowish outwardly, more or
less fawn-coloured within, contains a bitter crystallizable principle
(cusparin) ; it has been compared, on account of its properties, to the
cinchonas, and is perhaps as good a stomachic and digestive as they,
but very inferior as a febrifuge. Ticorea febrifuga and jasminifiora
(figs. 409-413), Hortia brasiliana,” Monniera trifolia,” and Zsenbeckia
1 Forst., Char. Gen., t. 7.—ROSENTEH., op.
cit., 879.—Fagara Evodia L. FIL.
2 DC, Prodr, i. 725, n. 1.— Ampacus
latifolia RuUMPH., Herb. Amboin., ii, 186.
3 Boymia rutæcarpa <A. Juss., in Mém,
Mus., xii. 507, t. 25, fig. 39.—Sies. & Zucc.,
Fil. Jap., i. 50, t. 21.—RosExTH., op. cit., 876
(vulg. Go-sju-ju).
4 Ainst., Mat. Med. Ind., ii.
Rosrnvu., op. cit., 877.
5 Cyminosma pedunculata DC. Prodr., i.
722. — Jambolifera L., Fl. Zeyl., 58. — J.
pedunculata Vaut, Symb., 52, t. 61.—Perin-
panel RuEED., Hort. Malab.,v. 15 ?—GÆRTN.,
Fruct., i. 281, not. (vulg. Jamboianen, Jambo-
bohnen).
6 L., Spec., 173.—Dirr., Lith. t. 122.—
Mitu., Icon., t. 211.—D°., Prodr., ii. 82.—
DunamM., Arbr., t. 43.—Turp., in Dict. Se.
Nat., Atl., t. 128.—Linpt., Fl. Med., 215.—
Rosentu., op. cit., 877.—BENTL., in Pharm.
Journ., iv. 498 (vulg. Orme à trois feuilles, O.
de Scmarie, Trèfle de Virginie). P. pen-
taphylla Mawcu (Haus., iii, 242), a variety of
the preceding, has the same properties.
7 G. Cusparia À. 8. H. (ex DC., Prodr., i.
(1824), 731) ; Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 87.—MEr. &
Dez., Dict. Mat. Méd., i. 300; vii. 46. —
Pereira, Elem. Mat. Med., ed. 4, ii, p. ii. 401.
S06 —
—GuiB., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 535, fig. 728.
—H. Bn., in Dict. Encyel. Se. Méd., v. 124.—
Cusparia febrifuga H.B., Tabl. Géogr., (1799).—
Bonplandia trifoliata W.,in Act, Berol, (1802),
24.— Angostura Cuspare Ram, & Scu., Sysé.,
iv. (1819), 188. G. officinalis (HaAnc., in
Trans. Med.-Bot. Soc. (1829), 25, t. 2;—
Linpt., loc. eit., 211), furnishing the Angostura
bark, and which I believe to have seen, seems
nothing else but a form or variety of the pre-
ceding plant.
8 A. S. H., Pl. Rem. Brés., 142.—LrNpt.,
Fl. Med., 212.— Gui, loc. cit, 557 (vulg.
Tres folhas brancas).
9 A.S. H., in Bull. Soc. Phil. (1823), 132;
Pl. Rem. Brés., 141, t. 14.—Linvu., Fl. Med.,
212.—RosENTH., op. cit., 879. A decoction of
the leaves of this plant is considered in Brazil as
a cure for the affection called Frambesia, or
Batas by the Portuguese.
10 VANDELL., in Rem. Script. Bras., 188.—
DC., Prodr., i. 732.—RoSENTH., op. cit., &80
(vulg. Quina do campo).
1 L., Spec, 986.—AUBL, Guian., 730, t.
293.—DC., Prodr., i. 730.—ROSENTH., op. cit.,
879, — Jaborandi Marcer., Bras., 36 (vulg.
Alfavaca de cobra). Also used as a diuretic
and expectcrant.
RUTACEÆ. 447
Jebrifuga, axe also used in Brazil as substitutes for the true Angos-
tura or cinchonas.
The bitterness becomes more decided and noticeable in the
Quassias. Quassia amara® (figs. 464-467), or Bois de Surinam, is
perhaps the best known of all the bitter drugs in common use; it
owes its numerous properties as a tonic, aperient, febrifuge, anti-
hysterie, &c., to a crystallizable principle named quassine.* The
stem is not large enough to be used in making those goblets which
cause water placed in them to become bitter after a short time;
these are made from the larger trunk of Picrena excelsa’ (fig. 472),
which has the same properties. The wood, and particularly the bark
of the fibrous and greyish root of Simaruba officinalis, a native of
Guiana and the Antilles, are used as a bitter, tonic, antidysenteric,
and as a febrifuge. In Brazil, S. versicolor,’ Quassia suaveolens,
floribunda,’ and ferrugina ; in India and the Mascareigne Islands Sa-
mandura is used for exactly the same purposes.’ Q. Cedron" (fig. 468)
is principally valued in its native country, that is to say Columbia,
1 Maxr., Nov. Gen. et Spec. t. 233.—
RosENTH., op. cit, 880. — Hvodia febrifuga
A.S. H., in Bull. Soc. Phil. (1823), 129; PU.
Us. Bras, n. 4; Pl, Rem. Brés., i. 149; F1.
Bras. Mer., i. 79.—DC., Prodr., i.724, n. 5.—
Linz, Fl, Med., 210 (vulg. Tres folhas ver-
mellas, Laranjerio do Mato), It furnishes the
Angostura bark of Brazil, or China Piaoi.
2 L. Fin, Suppl., 235; Amen. Acad. vi.
421, t. 4.—Lopp., Bot. Cab., t. 172.—LINDz.,
Fl. Med., 207.—Guiz., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6,
iii. 561, fig. 729.—Turp., in Dict. Sc. Nat.,
Atl., t. 125.—Rosrnta., Syn. Pl. Diaph., 870.
—Rév., in Bot. Med. du xix® Siecle, iii. 154, t.
153.—Moa., Bot. Méd., 13.—BErG. & Scum.,
Of. Gew., ii. t. 11 d.—H. By., in Dict.
ÆEncycl. Se. Méd., sér. 3, i. (Quina de Cayenne,
Bois amer).
3 Or quassite (C°H™O').
4 Linpu., Fl. Med., 208. — Gurs., Drog.
Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 563.—Quassia excelsa Sw.,
in Act. Holm. (1788), 302, t. 8.—Q. polygama
Wauteut (ex DC., Prodr., i. 733).— Simaruba ?
excelsa DC., in Ann. Mus., xvii. 323.—Pi-
crasma? excelsa Pu., in Hook. Lond, Journ.,
v. 574.— Bittera febrifuga BELANG. (ex. GUIB.,
loc. cit.).— ROsENTH., op. cit., 873 (Bois
de Quassia jaune, Q. de la Jamaïque, Bitter
Ash).
5 Simaba amara AuBL., Guian., 860, t, 331,
332.—Linpu., Fl. Med., 207.— 8. officinalis
DC, in. Ann. Mus., loc. cit., n.1; Prodr., i.
733, n, 1.—Gurs., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 563,
fig. 730.—Macrap., Jum., i. 198.—Mca., Bot.
Med., 70, fig. 20.—S, guianensis RIcIr. (ex
Rosentu., op. cit., 871).—Quassia Simaruba
L., Suppl, 234.—Lamr., JL, t. 343, fig. 2.
S. amara HAYN. (S. medicinalis ENDL, —
Quassia Simaruba WriGar, nec L.), yielding
the Simaruba root in Jamaica, has heen specifi-
cally distinguished from the preceding, perhaps
wrongly. The autonomy of 8. glauca (DC.,
loc. cit., n. 2) is also doubtful. The properties
are always absolutely the same.
SPAS EH, Pl. Us. Bras, n. 5 3 Fl. Bras:
Mer., i. 70.— ROSENTE.,, op. cit, 871. —
Quassia versicolor SPRENG. (cortex et folia
Paraibe Off.) Is this species really distinct
from Simaba amara AUBL. ?
T Simaba suaveolens et floribunda A. S. H.,
in Bull, Soc. Phil. (1823), 129.—DC., Prodr.,
i. 734, n. 4, 5.— ROSENTEH., op. cit, 872.
8 Simaba ferruginea A. 8. H., loc. cit. —
RosenvH., op. cit, 872. — Picrodendron Ca-
lunga Marv, (Calunga).
9 Especially S. ixdica (Sumannera indica
GÆRIN. ;— Niota pentapetala LAMx.;—Witt-
mannia elliptica Vaux) madagascariensis (A.
Juss. Mém. Rutac., t. 27, fig. 46 ;—Biporeia
Dup.-Tu., Gen. Nov. Madag., 14 ;— Niota tetra-
petala LAMK.), plants as bitteras Quassia. The
Picrasmas have the same properties, especially
P. javanica Bu.
10 H. By., in Dict. Encycl. Se. Méd., xiii.
539; in Adansonia, x. 317.—Simaba Cedron
Pu., in Hook. Kew Journ., ii, 566.—SEEM.,
Voy. Her. Bot., 95.—Gure., Drog. Simpl., éd.
6, iii. 564.—ROSENTI., op. cit., 872.
448 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Venezuela, Costa Rica, and in the north of Brazil, as a febrifuge
and alexipharmic. The powder of the cotyledons, known under the
name of Noir de Cedron (Cedron Nut), and which is sometimes sold
at a high price, is used in treating the bites of serpents. Some con-
sider it an invaluable specific in this case,’ while others deny that it
has any such virtues. It seems certain that in alleviating attacks
of fever it is much inferior to cinchona, and is only useful as a
tonic, like the other Qwassieæ and Simarubee. Brucea antidysenterica®
(fig. 437), an Abyssinian species, and B. swmatrana,’ are also powerful
tonics and bitters. The Zariris are the same in Tropical America.
T. pentandra' of Jamaica has been extolled as a stomachic and febri-
fuge. 7. ciliata’ of Brazil has been used in the same way as cinchona
and cascarilla. 7. Antidesma is used in Cuba as astringent and
antisyphilitic. All these plants have a very bitter bark, less so
however than Rea amarosis of Rumpnivs,’ an excellent tonic, valued
as a remedy in diarrhoea, fever, and cholera, and which is Sou/amea
amara® (figs. 491, 492); we may doubtless observe the same qua-
lities in the numerous species of the genus found in New Caledonia.’
Castela Nicholsoni® passes in the Antilles as being as bitter as Quassia.
In Ai/antus" the bitterness is less decided, especially in the leaves,
and gives place to a nauseous flavour. 4. glandulosa” (figs. 469-471),
a native of Temperate Asia, introduced into Europe in 1751 by
P. D'INCARVILLE, now cultivated in many countries, where it is very
1 Hoox., in Pharm, Journ., x. 344,—Sar- 5 Picramnia ciliata Mart, ex ROSENTH., loc.
FRAY, in Zour du Monde, xxiv. 10,—TR., in
Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 5, xv. 357.
2 Mitt., Fase., t. 25.—DC., Prodr., ii. 88,
n. 1—Linpu., Fl. Med., 219.—ROSENTH., op.
cit, 873.—H. By., in Dict. Encycl. Sc. Nat.,
xi. 174.—B. ferruginea Lufr., Stirp., 19, t. 10.
— Wooginos BRUCE, Voy. (trad, CASTERA),
v. 87, t. 48.
3 Roxs., Fl. Ind.,i. 469.—DC., Prodr., n. 8.
—H. BN,., loc. cit., n. 2.—Gonus amarissimus
Lour. — Simaba quassioides (Don, Prodr.
Fl, Nepal., 248), which is Nima quassioides
Ham., and which in mountainous India is
thought to be as powerful a bitter as Quassia.
(RoyLe, Essay, 8;—Linpu., Fl. Med. 209),
belong also to the genus Brucea.
4 Picramnia pentandra Sw., Fl. Ind, Oce., i.
220,—PL., in Hook. Journ., v. 377.—ROSENTH.,
op. cit, 867. An infusion of this plant is,
according to DE La Saq@ra, used in Cuba in
preference to quinine and cinchona in the treat-
ment of intermittent fevers.
cit. (vulg. Pao Pereira).
6 P. Antidesma Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ., loc. cit.
7 Herb. Amboin., ii, 129, t. 41.
8 LaMx., Dict., i. 449.—DC., Prodr., i.
335.—Linpu., Fl, Med., 127.—ROSENTH., op.
cit, 790.—Cardiocarpous amarus RRINW., Syl.
Pl. Ratisb., ii, 14, — Cardiophora Hindsit
BENTH., in Hook. Lond. Journ., ii. 216.
9 Ap, Br. & GR., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 5,
iii, 229.
10 Hook., in Bot. Misc., i. t. 56.—ROSENTH.,
op. cit., 869 (vulg. Goat Bush).
1 See H. BN., in Dict. Encycl. Sc, Méd., ii.
226. à
2 Ailantus glandulosa DESr., in Act. Acad.
Par. (1786), 263, t. 8.—Lnér., Stirp., t. 84.—
DC., Prodr., i, 89.—Rosrnrn., Syn, Pl.
Diaph., 877.—A. procera SALISB., Prodr., 271.
—Rhus hypsolodendron Manxncu.— R. Caco-
dendron Erur.— R. canadense Miu. (vulg.
Ailanto, Faux Vernis du Japon).
RUTACEA. 449
useful in plantations and replanting, on account of the facility with
which it grows in the most ungrateful soil, is used in feeding a
butterfly’ which produces a textile silk less brilliant but stronger
than that of the silkworm. The leaves of this tree are irritant; those
who touch them may be attacked by vesicular or pustular erup-
tions, caused by an acrid volatile substance. They have been tried,
as has also the powdered bark, as vermicides; they kill ascarides,
but are of little use against teniæ; they moreover cause violent
colic, and treated with ether give a resinous vesicatory substance.
In India, 4. excelsa? and malabarica have a bark used as a bitter and
aromatic; it is administered in intermittent fever. The fruits of
the latter are recommended in severe cases of headache and
stomach affections.
Among the Zygophylleæ the Guaiacums have long been the most
famous of sudorific, antirheumatical, and antisyphilitic woods. Two
species are especially employed: Guaïacum sanctum (fig. 514) and
G. oficinale* The latter is now most used. It is a beautiful tree
with blue flowers, from the Antilles, principally Cuba, Jamaica,
St. Lucia, and neighbouring parts of the mainland. The wood
reaches us in large logs, sometimes covered with bark, much
heavier than water, formed of a yellow sapwood and brown heart,
very compact, with the layers alternately directed from right to left.
Its transverse section shows close radiating stripes traversed by
vascular openings full of a greenish resin; the powder is balsamic,
pungent, choking, and becomes green when in contact with the air
and light. There is in commerce a wood with irregular layers, and
another with an odour like vanilla. The bark is also met with
sometimes ; it contains, like the wood but in very different propor-
tions, several acids, gum, mineral substances, and especially a
greenish-brown resin with a slight odour of benzine and a pungent
flavour, much used in the same way as the wood itself; the resin of
the bark is different from that of the wood.’ G. sanctum is fre-
1 Bombyx Cynthia. Rév., in FU. Méd. du xix® Siècle, iii. 79, t. 8.—
2 Roxs., Pl. Coromand., i. t. 23. Mog., Bot. Méd., 152, fig. 49. — ROSENTH.,
3 DC., Prodr., ii. 89, n. 4. — Pongelion Syn. Pl. Diaphor., 886.—BERG. & Scum., Off.
Rueep., Hort, Malab., vi. t. 15. Gew., ii, t. 14, 6 (vulg. Jasmin d'Amérique,
4 L., Spec., 546.— Lamx., Ill., t. 342— d'Afrique, Lignum vite Off.).
Buackw., Herb., t. 350.—SLOAN., Hist., t. 5 See Gurs., loc. cit., 545.—FLÜCKIG., Phar-
222, fig. 3.—Sw., Obs, 168. — Macrap., macog., 68. The acids are called guaiacic,
Jam., i, 187.—ENDL., Enchirid., 617.—Gu1I8., guaiaconic and resino-guaiacic, The extractive
Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 548, fig. 724.—NexEs, bitter principle is called guaiacin.
Pi, Off, t. 380.—Linpu., Fl, Med., 214,— 6 L., Spec., 546.—DC., Prodr., n. 4.—GuIB.,
VOL. IV. G G
450 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
quently called Guaiacum, with tetragonal fruits ; it has often, in fact,
four prominent cells (or three or five) in the fruit, while that of the
other species is generally two-celled. It is found in the Antilles
and Mexico; the wood is fawn-colour sprinkled with whitish punc-
tures. It is much less used than that of G@. officinale ; we may say
as much for the Gayacan of Caracas, a greenish, very acrid wood,
furnished by G. arboreum, and the Gayacan of Chili, the hard,
blackish wood, with pale-yellow sapwood of G. hygrometricum2 The
herbaceous Zygophylleæ of our hemisphere are really little used.
However, the Zygophyllum fabago' (figs. 497-502) is yet noticed as
an anthelmintic and antisyphilitic drug. The bruised leaves give a
strong odour, and the buds are sometimes substituted for those of
the Caper-plant. The Arabs reduce the leaves of Z. simplex‘ to
powder, and use it in preparing a decoction, which they apply
to the eyes as a remedy for film and specks. ‘The plant is also ver-
micidal; its fetid odour repels cattle. The powdered seeds of
Z. coccineun are used by the Arabs in helminthic affections.
At the Cape Z. sessilifolium® and spinosum’ are employed. Tribulus is
said to be astringent. The roots, leaves, and fruit of 7° ferrestris®
(figs. 511-513) are esteemed in the South as aperients and tonics.
In the Antilles the root of 7! cisfoides’ is used in the same way. The
leaves are applied in drawing abscesses. In India 7° /anuginosus” is
also prescribed as diuretic, and in Cuba 7! maximus" for various
cutaneous affections. #agonia arabica” is used in the East in the
6 L., Spec., 552. — Dit, Zith., t.
fig. 142.—Burm., Afr., 4, t. 2, fig. 1.
loc. cit, 547.—RosENvH., op. cit., 887 (vulg. 116,
Bois Saint, B. de vie). ‘The specific difference
between this species and the preceding, resting
on the number of the pairs of folioles, and that of
the shells of the fruit, are subject to variations,
and have not perhaps a very great value,
1 DC., Prodr., n. 5.—H. B. K., Nov. Gen.
et Spec., vii. 11.—-GuiB., op. cit., 549.—Zygo-
phyllum arboreum JAcg., Amer., 130, t. 83.
? H. By., in Adansonia, x. 314.—Porlieria
hygrometrica R. & Pav., Syst, 94. — DC.
Prodr., i, 707,—Linvu., I, Med., 215.—-Guin.,
op. cit., 549 (vulg. Turucasa, Gaiae du Chili).
This plant is celebrated for the way in which its
leaves close in dark dull weather. ‘Folia
aperta aut clausa serenitatem et tempestatem
denuntiant.” (R. & Pay.)
3 See p. 422, note 5. Linpt., Fl. Med., 213.
—Rosenru., op, cil., 886.
4 L., Mantiss., 68.—Z. portulacoides Forsx.,
y,-Arab., 88, t. 12.
6 L., Spec., 551.—Suaw, Afr., f. 281, —
Z. desertorum Forsx,, loc. cit., 87, t. 11.
7 L., Mantiss., 380.—BUuRM., op. cit., 5, t.
2, fig. 2.
8 L., Spec., 554.—Lamx. Ill, t. 346. —
ScHKUER., Handb., t. 115,—ROSENTH., op. cit.,
885 (vulg. Herse, Herbe terrestre, Saligot ter-
restre, Croix de Malte, de chevalier). According
to Mérar & Devens (Dict. Mat. Méd., i. 489),
it is Atrivolvo of BELON.
9 L., Spec., 544.—Jacg., Hort. Schenbr., t.
103.—PLux., Almag., t. 67, fig. 4. — DC.
Prodr., i. 703, n. 1.
10 L., Spec., 553.—BURM.
106.—DC., Prodr., n, 5.
1 L., Spec., 553.—JAcQ., Ic. Rar., t. 462.—
Lamx., ZU.,t. 346, fig. 2.—DC., Prodr., n. 6.—
Rosenrx., op. cit., 885.—Kallstræmia maxima
W. & Arn.—K. Tribulus MEISSN.
2 L., Spec., 553.— DC, Prodr., i.
n, 3.—F. mysorensis ROTH.
Zeyl,, 265, t.
704,
RUTACE A. 451
treatment of paralysis, spermatorrhæa, &e. Peganum Harmala’ (figs.
506-510) is sudorific, anthelmintic, and an emmenagogue. Its
odour is strong and disagreeable, and its flavour resinous-bitter and
tenacious. In Persia it is used in fermentations for dropsy in the feet.
The seeds are stimulating and intoxicating; they are used as condi-
ments, and also furnish a red colour.2 There are also some tinctorial
Rutacee. The bark of Samandura indica serves, with that of Morinda
umbellata, in preparing Indian muslins, and in dyeing them red. The
Zanthorylons owe their power of dyeing yellow to the presence of
wanthopicrite ; such are: especially Z. frawineum (figs. 433-438), caro-
hinianum, Rhetsa, &e. The Coriarias are almost all tinctorial plants,
especially Coriaria myrtifolia’ (figs. 521-525). The leaves, which
have, it is said, been used in the adulteration of senna, and which
are venomous, serve to dye black, and also to tan leather in
Languedoc, and in North Africa. The fruits are also dangerous,
although the fleshy perianth which accompanies them prompts man
to eat them, and has, perhaps, been fraudulently used in colouring
wine.‘ It is true that in New Zealand, C. sarmentosa,’ the seeds of
which are venomous, is valued for the fleshy part of its fruit, from
which a much-esteemed intoxicating drink is made. ‘There are
also in those of C. xepalensis’ a pulpous part which is eaten safely.
At Quito the natives, who partake immoderately of those of C.
thymifolia,’ show at first all the phenomena of a delirious gaiety ;
but they finally succumb. In Chili, © ruscifolia* is used in dyeing
black. The fruits of Balanites egyptiaca’ (figs. 460-463) have pro-
1 L,, Spec,, 638.— Lamx., IU., t. 401. —
Buzz, Herb., t. 343.—DC., Prodr., i. 712.—
RosentH., op, cit., 883 (Madu v. Ilyyavor
äyopor Diosc.—Vulg. Harmel, Armel).
2 Mog., upon a new pl. tinct. P. Harmala (in
Pol, Lit. Journ. H,-Garonne, June, 1840, n.
82). P. mexicanum GRAY, is used as a de-
purative.
3 L., Spec., 1467. — LAMK., J/l., t. 822.—
DuxaM., Arbr., i. t. 73.—DC., Prodr., i. 739,
n. 1.—Turp., in Dict. Sc. Nat., Atl., t. 288,
289.—Linpu., Fl. Med., 223.—Gutin., Drog.
Simpl., éd. 6, iii, 368, 596, fig. 670, 733.—
Rév., in Fl. Médic, du xix® Siècle, iii. 185.—
Rosentu., Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 774 (vulg.,
Redon, Redoux, Corroyère, Herbe aux tanneurs,
Sumac des teinturiers).
4+ The active principle is coryamyrtine (RIBAN,
in Compt. Rend., Nov. 1863), glycoside crys-
tallizable, very bitter, producing sickness, convul-
sions, and death, without directly irritating the
mucus of the stomach, and without destroying
the muscular contractility.
5 Forst., Prodr., 377 (vulg. Tupa hihi).
6 Don, in Wall. Pl. As. Rar., t. 289.
7 H.,in W. Spec., iv. 819.—JAMES, On the
Ink Plant of N.-Granada (in Journ. Linn, Soe.,
vii. 120).— Heterocladus caracusan Us. Turc.
in Bull. Mose. (1847), ii. 152.
8 L., Spec., 1467.—FeEurzx., Per., iii. 17, t.
12.
9 DEL, Fl. dHy., 77, t. 28, fig. 1.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 708.—GuittemM. & Perr., Fl. Sen.
Tent., i. 103.—Guin., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii.
287, 441.— Méfr. & Dex, Dict. Mat. Méd., i.
111, 537; vi. 977; vii. 91.—RosrntTH., Syn.
Pl. Diaphor., 755.—Outy., Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
315.—H. By., in Dict. Eneycl. Se. Méd., viii.
276.—Ximenia egyptiaca L., Spec., 1194.—X.
Jerox Porr., Dict., viii. 805.— Agihalid P.
AzP,, Ag., 29, t. 11. B. Roxburghii (PL,
in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 4, ii. 258), an allied
GG?
452 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
perties varying according to their degree of maturity. Ripe, they
are eaten in Egypt and Arabia under the name of Desert dates
(Dattes du désert). They are then sweet, and by fermentation give
an alcoholic intoxicating drink. At an earlier period they are pun-
gent, bitter, and purgative. They were formerly named Myrobalans
d'Egypte ; their embryo furnishes a large quantity of peculiar oil.
In the seeds of Zrvingia is also found a particular kind of fat, obtained
especially from a widely-spread species found on the western coast
of tropical Africa, from Sierra Leone to Gaboon, Irvingia gabonensis,’
and known under the name of Dika bread (pain de Dika). This is a
brown mass, very similar to cocoa in colour, odour, and taste ; it
is formed of seed coarsely pounded, and made into a block of
porphyritic appearance, on the bottom of which are whitish
impressions. Nearly eight-tenths of it are constituted by a kind
of Dika butter (duerre de Dika), which is separated by boiling in
water, and is very similar in taste and smell to Cocoa butter.’ Cueorum
is also useful: C. ¢ricoccum’ (figs. 493-496) has bitter leaves, and
juice purgative, drastic, antiseptic; C. pulverulentum, of the Cana-
ries, still more bitter, is a febrifuge, and its bark is said to be
substituted for that of Cinchona. The Stimmias are slightly bitter
and aromatic; the buds of S. japonica’ are used in their native
country to perfume tea.
But the most grateful essences met with in this family are col-
lected in the glandular vesicles of most of the 4urantiee.’ The bitter
principle is not quite absent, especially at a certain age, and we
know how much it is developed in the young fruits of the Orange,
Seville Orange, and Lemon trees, &c., with which alcoholic, tonic,
aperient, stomachic, and even febrifugal drinks are prepared; or in
the zests of their ripe fruits, which serve the same purpose. The
rind of the common lemon’ is bitter and stimulant; it is used in
species, or perhaps a variety of the preceding,a Lamx., Fl. Fr., ii, 682 (vulg. Garoupe, petit
native of India, having the same properties.
1H. BN., in Adansonia, viii. 95.—TI. Bar-
tert Hook. r., in Trans, Linn, Soc., xxiii. (1860),
167.—Ou1v., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 314.—GuIB.,
Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iti. 566.—Mangifera gabo-
nonsis AUBR.-LEC., ex O’RORKE, in Rep. Pharm.,
xxxi. (1858), 275 (vulg. Oba, Iba of Gaboon,
wild Mango of the English colonies).
2 OuDEM., in Journ. Prakt. Chem., xxi. 356.
8 L., Spec., 49.—DC., Prodr., ii. 84, n. 1.—
Gren, & Gopr., F1. de Fr., i. 341.—RoOSENTR.,
Syn. Pl. Diaph., 869.—Chamelea tricoccos
Olivier, Olivier nain).
4 VENT., Jard. de Cels., t.77.— WEBB, Phyt.
Canar., t. 66.
5 Tuuns., Fl. Jap., 4; Nov. Gen. 57.—
Banks, Ze. Kempf., t. 5.— Ilex Skimmia
SPRENG., Syst., i. 495.
6 Enpu., Enchirid., 549. — Linz, F1.
Med., 161; Veg. Kingd., 458. — ROSENTH.
Syn. Pl. Diaph., 755, 1150.—Gu18., Drog.
Simpl., 6d. 6, iii. 618.—H. BN., Aurant., 49.
7 Fruit of Citrus Medica Limon GALLES.
(Tr. Citrus (1811), 105) or Lemon-tree, ac-
RUTACEÆ. 453
making theriac, Balm of Carmel (J/clisse de Carmes), and antiscor-
butic syrup.’ It has been used like the root as a febrifuge. Sweet and
bitter syrup of orange-peel are excellent stomachics ; they are often
taken as vehicles of ioduret of potassium, and other drugs. These
rinds were formerly considered as strengthening, and even aphro-
disiac ; they enter into the composition of various liqueurs, such as
curaçoa, and different perfumes, such as essence of Portugal. The
young fruits of the orange tree, or Chinois, are bitter, and prepared
with sugar and spirits. Feronia and Æyle are considered in India
and the neighbouring countries as powerful astringent drugs. At
Malabar, Z. Marmelos is a kind of panacea. An infusion of its
leaves is said to cure bronchitis and asthma; when pulverized
they are a remedy for palpitations, melancholy, hypochondria ;
and the green fruits cure diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera. The
seeds, mixed in cement, give great firmness to buildings. The
fruit is said to be excellent; a beautiful yellow dye is prepared
from it, and an exquisite perfume is extracted from the pericarp.
Murraya Kenigii is also a drug much esteemed in the treatment
of affections of the digestive tube, especially in dysentery. An in-
fusion of its leaves is prescribed for sickness, and stomach complaints.
When reduced to powder they are, like the bark, administered
as a tonic and stimulant ; when fresh, they are served at table, and
often enter into the composition of curries. MJurraya exotica’ is
astringent and stimulant; its flowers are used in India in dyeing
black. They give by distillation a perfumed essence. In Feronia
elephantum,’ the bruised leaf has a smell of aniseed, very agreeable,
and much prized by the Indians. From its trunk flows a gum of
fine quality. Essences of Neroli, extracted from the flowers of the
Lemon tree, or more usually from those of certain Orange trees, are
cording to the opinion of Guisourr (Drog.
Simpl, 64. 6, iii. 621), although it is generally
wrongly named C, medica.
1 The essence extracted enters into the
manufacture of Eau de Cologne and several
other perfumes.
2 Corr., in Trans. Linn. Soc., v.
Roxs., Pl. Coromand., ii. t. 143; Fl. Ind., ii.
579.—DC., Prodr., i. 538.—Linpt., Fl. Med.,
162.—H. BN., Aurant., 54, in Dict. Ene, Se.
Méd., ii. 45.—ROsENTH., op. cit., 757.—Cra-
teva Marmelos L., Spec., 637.—Feronia pel-
lucida Rorx, Nov. Spec. 384 (vulg. Bilva
Mahura, Bael of the Indians).
3 Bergera Kœnigii L., Mantiss., 565. —
222.—
DC., Prodr., i. 537, n, 1.—Roxs., PI, Coro-
mand., ii. t. 112.—Wiaur & ARN., Prodr., i,
94.—Linpu., Fl. Med., 161.—H. BN., Aurant.,
54; in Dict, Encyl. Se. Diéd., ix. 127.
4 L., Mantiss., 563.—DC., Prodr., i. 537.—
H. BN., Aurant., 37,—Chaleas juponica LouR.,
Fl. Cochinch., 332.—Marsus buxifolia SONNER.,
Voy., ii. t. 139.
5 Corr., in Zrans. Linn. Soc., v.224.—RoOx8.,
Pl. Coromand., ii. t. 141.—DC., Prodr., 1. 588.
—Enopu., Enchirid., 549.—RosENTH., op, cit.,
757. — Linpu., Fl. Med. 161. — H. by.,
Aurant., 54.—Crateva Valanga Kan. (Vulg.
Elephant Apple, Wood Apple, Capittha).
454 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
known as some of the most grateful perfumes. The sweet Orange!
(figs. 455-459), comprehending numerous cultivated varieties—
such as Orange with red juice, with thick rind, with soft rind,
with dwarf fruit, Chinese Orange, &e. &e., is not the plant which
supplies medicine and industry with the products so well known
under the name of Orange leaves and flowers, and with all the ex-
tracts, especially true Essence of Neroli, Orange flower-water,
rind of bitter Oranges, Orangettes, or petit grains — that is to
say, young fruits with which bitter digestive liqueurs are prepared,
and often issue peas also. All these are derived from the Seville
Orange (Bigaradier*), a tree with round head, young thorny shocts,
of a pale green, leafed petioles much winged, globular fruits, rough
zests of a reddish-yellow, very aromatic, with a thin white layer
extremely bitter, and an acid but very bitter juice hindering this
fruit from being edible, contrary to that of all the true oranges,
which are scarcely used for any other purpose. Citrus limetta,* espe-
cially one of its forms, Bergamia,’ has a fruit with a piriform, smooth,
yellow pericarp, with very agreeable smell, and giving an excel-
lent essence ; but the pulp is sharp and bitter, and, consequently,
useless. The Citron’ has large fruits, with rough tubercular sur-
face, often mammillate towards the apex, violet before maturity, and
of a fine yellow when ripe ; their peel is very thick, and is used in
preparing a grateful essence, and also excellent conserves and
sweetmeats. The Citron was probably the true Apple of Media of the
Ancients ; and it is a mistake that this name should have been after-
wards applied to the Lemon tree,’ remarkable for its young angular,
violet shoots, its oval leaves, with petiole naked or but slightly
winged, and its flowers violet or red outwardly. Its fruit is elongated,
and terminated by a prominent teat ; it is used in preparing syrup
of lemon; its yellow zest, which enters into the preparation of
1 Citrus Aurantium sinense GALLES., Trait.,
149.—C. Aurantium Risso, in Ann. Mus., xx.
Formerly the elegant and recherchés bonbonnières
called bergamotes, were made of the rind (GuiB.,
181, t. 1—DC., Prodr., i. 589.
20. Aurantium indicum GALLES, Trait.,
122.—C. Bigaradia Duuam., Arbr., ed. 2, vii.
99, — Risso, loc. cit, 190.— C. Aurantium
Linpt., in Bot. Reg., t. 346.
3 ©. Limetta Riss0, loc. cit.,
fig. 1.—TINDL., Bot. Med., 163.
4 ©, medica Limon aurantiata fructu parvo,
suavissime odorato, vulgo Bergamotto GALLES.,
Trait, 118. Was much used in perfumery,
195, t. 2,
op. cit., 624).
5 C. medica Cedra GALLES, Trait. 87 (Ci-
tronnier).—C!. cedra FERR., Hesper., t. 59, 61,
63 (ex GurB., op. cit., 620). It is also
the Citron of the Jews, consecrated in the
Temple,
5 See p. 452, note 7. C. medica Limon
Gatues,, Trait, 105. — C. Limonum Risso,
loc. cit., 201—Brra. & Scum., Off. Gew., ii.
t. 317.
RUTACEÆ. 455
several drugs, furnishes the Essence of Lemon by pressure or distil-
lation. Its acid pulp is used in making a refreshing drink, and as
a topical, exciting, antiputrid, haemostatic drug ; and from it also are
extracted the citric acid used in commerce and medicine, The
number of varieties and forms of the preceding species, more or less
commonly used in industry and domestic economy, is also con-
siderable.’
The properties of Amyris? more nearly approach those of Burse-
raceæ, to which this genus was long ascribed.* ‘They are fragrant
and balsamic, and are said to yield some resinous products. 4. sy/-
vatica,* of the Antilles, is an aromatic and stimulant plant. In the
same regions, 4. balsamifera, whose fragrance is very balsamic, is
considered venomous. The production of a kind of elemi is attri-
buted to 4. Plumieri and Haminron names his 4. hevandra’ as
furnishing the gum elemi of Nevis.’ The wood of several species of
Amyris is useful. That of 4. sylvatica is the Bois de Citron (Lemon
wood) of commerce. Its qualities are thus very similar to those of
the beautiful wood of the Awranteæ, so much used in fine cabinet
work, especially that of the Citron ; and also to that of the Lemon,
which is close, scentless, pale yellow, and susceptible of being turned
and polished like box, but is less beautiful than the latter; to that of
the Seville Orange, tolerably hard, and of a greyish-white ; and to
that of the true Orange, which is white, without veins, and sometimes
coloured red towards the centre. The wood of Qwassia and Picrena
employed as bitters, as we have seen, are susceptible of a fine
polish, and may be used in cabinet work, although rather light. That
of Quassia is a yellowish-white ; the other is yellower, more fibrous,
and less satin-like. These two woods are not attacked by insects,” and
1 See H. By., Awrant., 53. Besides which, 3 Many Burseracee, with useful products,
we value especially for their fruits the varieties
of Citron called C. de Salo, of Florence, or petit
Poncire ; those of the Lemons called Lustrat,
Poncire d'Espagne, Apple of Paradise, Sweet
Lime, and Naples L.; those of Seville Orange
called Turquoise, small China, China Orange
with myrtle leaves, Pompoleon or Adam’s
Apple, Seville O. with violet fruit, Mellarose,
Bizarrerie; those of the Sweet Orange, called
Portugal O., China O., Maltese, or Blood
Orange, Pampelmousier (C. decumana Avcrt.),
or Chadok, Tangerine, Mandarine, &c. In tro-
pical Asia are eaten the small berries of several
Murrayas, Luvungas, Limonias, especially those
of Glycosmis and of L. trifoliata (fig. 454).
? See H. Bn., in Dict. Encycl. Sc. Méd., iv. 49.
were formerly called Amyris, especially Zcica,
Protium, Bursera, Balsamodendrum.
4 Jacg., Amer., 197.
5 L., Spec., 496.—Sw., Obs., 149.—A. toxi-
Sera W., Spec., ii. 336.— Lucinium PLUk,
Almag., t. 201 (see TR., in Ann. Se. Naë., sér.
5, xiv. 323).
® DC., Prodr., ii. 81, n. 5.
of A. sylvatica (note 4).
7 Prodr. Fl. Ind. Oce., 34.
8 Linpx., Fl. Med., 277.
9 See Guis., op. cit., iii. 623.
10 Preparations are made of them for killing
flies, and we are assured they keep collections of
herbs, &e., from attacks of insects,
Probably a form
456 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
remain long intact. That of Ailantus, especially after being soaked
in water, is used by wheelwrights, cabinet-makers, and for firing,
&e.! That of Phellodendron, porous and light, takes the place of
cork on the banks of the Amour. The wood of several species of
Simaruba, Zanthoxylon, Ptelea, Esenbeckia, Coriaria, Casimiroa,’ are
valued in America for industrial and domestic purposes. At the
Cape, the wood of Calodendron capense is used in the same way. The
hardest, heaviest, and best for cabinet work jis certainly that of
various species of Guaiacum, G. officinale, sanctum, hygrometricum,
arboreum,® &e. Several Rutacee are ornamental: the Aurantiee, cul-
tivated for their foliage and fruits; the Diosmee and Boroniee,
valued in our greenhouses for their flowers; some Cuspariee of the
genera Lrythrochiton, Galipea, Almeidea, Ravenia, ornamenting our
hothouses; some species of Ruta, Dictamnus, Harmala, and Fabago,
growing in the open air in France; P/elea, Phellodendron, Cneorum,
Skimmia, and some species of Zanthovylon,' whose foliage embellishes
our gardens; finally, the glandular Ai/antus, so useful in industry
and agriculture.
1 A. imberbiflora (F. Murtu., Fragm., iii. 3 Upon their characters and uses, as upon
42; — Bentu., Fl, Austral., i. 392) has a the wood of Passiflora (Fr. Grenadille), see
wood used in Australia, The branches of Bou- GUIB., op. cit., iii. 548, 550.
chardatia are used by the blacks of the country 4 Some, especially Z. nitidwm, piperitum,
in making lances. flower in our greenhouses,
2 The fruits of Casimiroa are sold as edible
in Mexico.
RUTACEÆ. 457
GENERA.
Il RUTEA:
1. Ruta T.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle convex.
Sepals 4, 5, free or connate at base, imbricated. Petals same in
number, alternate, often fornicate, dentate or ciliate, imbricated or
contorted. Stamens 8-10, inserted below urceolate thick glan-
dular or foveolate disk ; filaments free, dilated at base (the oppositi-
petalous rather shorter); anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 4, 5,
oppositipetalous ; germens free or adnate at base between them-
selves and with the summit of receptacle, l-locular; styles same in
number, free at base, shortly coalescing in column capitellate stigma-
tiferous at apex; ovules in each germen 2-, 2-seriate descending
or subtransverse anatropous. Fruit carpels 4, 5, nearly free or
more or less connate at base, dry capsular, or inwardly dehiscing at
apex, more rarely higher connate, subfleshy, with difficulty or not at
all dehiscing at apex (Ruferia). Seeds angular ; testa dusky largely
punctuate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo rather thick more or less curved ;
cotyledons sometimes 2-partite ; radicle conical—Herbs perennial at
base, or undershrubs glandular-punctuate graveolens ; leaves alternate
simple or 3-sect (Haplophyllum), usually 3-foliolate, pinnatisect or
decompound ; flowers in terminal or axillary cymiferous racemes
foliaceous-bracteate ; terminal ones usually 5-merous, lateral usually
4-merous (Med. regions, Western and Central Asia). See p. 380.
2. Boenninghausenia Rercus.'—Flowers nearly of Ruta, 4-
merous; sepals connate at base. Stamens 8 or more rarely 6, 7, of
which 4 are alternipetalous longer. Disk within stamens cupuliform,
crenate at margin. Gyneceum long stipitate; carpels 4, oppositi-
petalous free ; styles 4, coalescing in column stigmatiferous at apex ;
ovules in each germen 4-8, 2-seriate. Fruit 4-coccous stipitate, fur-
nished with persistent base of calyx and disk; cocci free patent
1 Consp., 197 (nec SPRENG.).—ENDL., Gen, staurus JUNGH., in Nat. et Gen. Arch., ii. 45
n. 6026.—B. H., Gen., 287, nu, 11.— ? Podo- (ex ENDL., Gen,, Suppl, iv. 101).
458 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
membranous, dehiscing by ventral sutures. Scanty seeds and other
characters of Rufa.—Perennial glandular-punctuate fragrant herbs ;
stems and branches slender terete; leaves alternate, 2-pinnate ;
folioles entire; flowers' in terminal compound-cymiferous racemes ;
cymes more or less regular, sometimes 1-parous at apex; bracts
small foliaceous entire? (Northern India, Japan’).
3. Thamnosma Torr. & Frem.'— Flowers 4-merous; sepals
short. Petals sessile entire, in false campanulate or tubular corolla,
connivent free, imbricated. Disk thin, annular or cupuliform, cre-
nate or lobed. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, inserted at base of disk; fila-
ments filiform ; anthers short apiculate, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen
long or shortly (Rutosma’) stipitate, 2-dymous, 2-locular (carpels
ventrally long connate) ; style slender erect, stigmatiferous capitellate
at apex; ovules in each cell 4-8, 2-seriate. Capsule coriaceous
punctuate, 2-dymous; cells 2, inwardly dehiscing. Seeds few, sub-
reniform, smooth or muricate (Æufosma) ; testa crustaceous ; albumen
fleshy ; embryo curved.—Shrubs or herbs frutescent at base glan-
dular-punctuate graveolens; leaves alternate entire simple, some-
times very scanty or almost wanting; flowers’ ramified racemose at
apex of branchlets (California, Texas’).
A, Tetradriclis Srrv..—Flowers 4-merous; receptacle depressed
convex. Sepals small and petals longer, very shortly unguiculate
persistent. Stamens 4, inserted with perianth; filaments thin sub-
ulate; anthers subglobose, 2-rimose. Carpels 4; germen |-locular ;
style central gynobasic erect inserted between germens ; apex 4-
agonal angular stigmatiferous ; ovules in each germen 2-6, obliquely
inserted at interval angle. Capsule depressed-4-gonal; cells 2-
spermous, loculicidal at angles ; exocarp membranous separating from
crustaceous endocarp. Seeds oblong; testa thin smooth; embryo
rather short curved.—Fleshy glabrous many-stemmed herbs; leaves
1 Small, white. 5 À. Gray, Gen, IU., 143, t. 155.
? A genus much better made a section of 5 Small or large, yellow, the same by some
Ruta. referred to Haplophyllum.
3 Spec. 1. B. albiflora Retcus., Loc. cit. — 7 Spec. 2. Watpr., Ann., vii. 510.
Watp., Rep., i. 517.—Rula albiflora Hoox., 8 In Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Caucas., iii. 277, 648.—
Exot, F1.,t. 89. C. A. Mry., Verz. Cauc.-Casp. Pfl., 226.—
In Frem. Sec. Rep., 313; in Whippl. Rep, Enpu., Gen., n. 6029.—B. H., Gen., 288,
‘17, t.3.—B. H., Gen., 288, n. 15. n, 14.—Anatropa EHXRENB., in Linnea, iv. 402.
RUTACEÆ. 459
alternate,' all pinnatisect or the upper laciniate ; flowers’ in terminal
spikes,’ at first scorpioid, foliaceous-bracteate (Central and Western
Asia, North-eastern Africa’).
5. Dictamnus L.—Flowers hermaphrodite irregular; sepals 5,
subequal, subimbricate. Petals 5, alternate dissimilar, imbricated ;
the outermost anterior declinate ; superior 4, 2-nate ascending. Sta-
mens 10, 2-seriate, inserted below rather thick disk; filaments free
glandular, finally declinate; anthers sublaterally 2-rimose. Gynæ-
ceum shortly stipitate subexcentric ; germens 5, oppositipetalous free ;
styles same in number, afterwards coalescing in column with tapering
stigmatiferous declinate apex ; ovules in each germen 2-4, or oftener
3, of which 2 are usually ascending ; raphe extrorse ; the third descend-
ing; raphe dorsal. Fruit cocci usually 5, rostrate compressed, hispid-
glandular, elastically 2-valved ; endocarp solute. Seeds subglobose ;
testa black nitid; albumen fleshy; embryo rather thick; radicle
short.—A graveolens herb, suffrutescent at base, sprinkled with
slightly prominent glands; leaves alternate imparipinnate ; leaves
serrulate pellucid-punctuate ; flowers in terminal simple or ramified
cymiferous racemes; pedicels bracteolate (Zwrope, Temp. Asia). See
p. 383.
IT. CUSPARIE.
6. Erythrochiton Nres & Mart.—Flowers hermaphrodite, re-
gular or irregular, 5-merous; receptacle convex. Calyx widely tubular-
campanulate (coloured), 5-agonal or costate, valvate, finally unequally-
cut, sub-2-labiate or 3—-5-fid. Petals connate or coalescing in long
straight or curved tubular corolla; lobes 5, imbricated, equal or
slightly unequal, imbricate or induplicate-valvate, finally equal or
sub-2-labiate patent. Stamens 5-7 ; filaments all connate or coa-
lescing, adherent to tube of corolla with apices nearly free at throat,
of which 5 are alternipetalous, all antheriferous or 3 antherless ;
oppositipetalous 1, 2, smaller sterile; anthers erect elongated, naked
1 At first opposite, —FENZL., in Linnea, xiv. 289, t. 2.—Borss.,
2 Small, lutescent. Fl. Or., i. 918.—Waze., Rep., i. 519; ii. 825.
3 False (?). —T. Eversmanni BGE., in Linnea, xiv. 177, t.
4 Spee. 1. 7. salsa STEv., loc. cit—Lenes, 1.—Anatropa tenella EMRENB., loc, cit.
Fl. Ross., i, 592.—CLAUS, in Geb, Reis., ii. 319.
460 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
or auriculate at base, introrsely 2-rimose. Disk elevated conical-
tubular, longer than germens. Germens 5, oppositipetalous free,
l-locular; styles same in number inserted at summit of internal
angle, sometimes cohering in column, widely capitate stigmatiferous
at apex; ovules in each cell 2, descending ; micropyle extrorse supe-
rior. Fruit (surrounded by calyx) of 5 cocci, 2-valved; endocarp
solute elastically 2-lobed. Seeds in each 1, 2, subreniform; testa
crustaceous, tuberculate or muricate, within wide hilum and near
chalaza marked with orbicular opercule ; embryo scantily albuminous ;
cotyledons much plicate-convolute ; dorsal exterior involving ventral ;
radicle superior incurved.—Glabrous shrubs simple or slightly
ramified; leaves against the apex of stems or branches crowded
alternate elongate-lanceolate, 1-foliolate entire ; flowers hypophyllus
or on peduncles lateral to leaves drawn beyond axil and more or less
long connate, with branches sometimes leaf-bearing, alternately
cymose (Brazil, Guiana, Columbia, Mexico). See. p. 385. j
7. Almeidea A. S. H.'—Flowers regular or subregular; calyx
short, 5-dentate, slightly imbricate. Petals 5,’ erect; attenuated at
base, sometimes inwardly foveolate, erect, imbricate. Stamens 5,
alternipetalous, free; filaments complanate, inwardly above middle
canaliculate, above barbate, subulate at apex; anthers oblong, in-
trorsely 2-rimose, finally versatile. Disk shortly tubular, and gyne-
ceum of Lrythrochiton. Fruit capsular; cocci free, 1-5, 2-valved,
1-spermous ; endocarp solute; seed nearly of “rythrochiton—Trees
or shrubs ; leaves alternate or at summit of branches opposite petio-
late, 1-foliolate, entire, glandular-punctuate ; flowers* in compound
racemes, bracteate ; pedicels 2-bracteolate (Brazil).
8? Spiranthera A. 8. H..—Flowers subregular (nearly of A/mei-
dea) ; petals 5, elongate-linear, pubescent, sometimes slightly curved,
1 In Bull, Soc. Philom. (1823), 129; Pl.
Rem. Brés., i. 142, t. 15; Fl. Bras. Mer., i.
85, t. 18.—DC., Prodr., i. 729.—A. Juss., in
Mém. Mus., xii. 492, t. 23, fig. 33.—Spacu,
Suit. à Buffon, ii. 348,—B. H., Gen., 284, n,
2.—Aa., Theor. Syst. Pl., t. 19, fig. 10.— Aruba
Nees & Marr., in Nov. Act. Nat. Cwr., xi. 152,
t. 19, 27, 29 (nec AUBL.),
2 Sometimes slightly fleshy.
3 Handsome, red, lilac, or sometimes bluish.
4 Spee, ad 10. Wazp., Rep., i. 499; Ann, i.
154; ii. 246; iv. 410; vii. 506.
5 In Bull. Soc. Phil. (1823), 130; Pl. Rem.
Bras., 147, t. 17; Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 43.—
DC., Prodr., i. 728.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
xii. 892, t. 23, fig. 3—Spacn, Suit, à Buffon,
ii. 8347.—Enpu., Gen. n. 5988.—B. H., Gen.,
283, n. 1.—Terpnanthus Ners & Manrt., in
Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xi. 152, t. 19.
RUTACEÆ. 461
imbricated. Stamens 5, fertile, free, externally inserted below disk ;
filaments long subulate, glandular-verrucose ; anthers introrse, 2-
rimose, versatile. Crynæceum of Hrythrochiton ; germen stipitate ;
stipes included in vagina of disk. Capsule 2—5-coccous; cocci, seeds,
and other characters of Hrythrochiton—A glabrous shrub ; leaves
alternate, petiolate, 3-foliolate ; folioles entire, acuminate, glandular-
punctuate ; flowers' in shghtly ramified terminal cymiferous racemes”
(Brazil:).
9. Leptothyrsa Hook. r.‘— Flowers regular; calyx obconical
cupuliform, subentire. Petals 4, long exserted, linear, erect, acute,
free at apex, connivent in tube, imbricated,’ finally patent. Flowers
4, alternipetalous ; filaments free, glabrous ; anthers linear, longer
than filaments, introrsely 2-rimose. Urceolate disk and gynæceum
(4-merous) of Zrylhrochiton. Capsule 1-4-coccous ; endocarp solute ;
seeds ovoid, albumen thin; embryo thick ; cotyledons plano-convex,
including radicle.—A glabrous shrub ;° stem simple ; leaves alternate,
collected at apex of stems, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very narrow
at base, articulate ; flowers’ in cymiferous racemes (Worth Brazil’).
10. Toxosiphon H. Bx.—Flowers 5-merous; calyx 5-phyllous,
sepals long 3 angular (coloured), free, valvate, persistent round fruit."
Petals 5, alternate, in tubular arched corolla, cohering at middle by
means of staminal filaments, base and apex free; limb not dilated,
imbricated, exterior densely villous. Stamens 5, alternipetalous fila-
ments free complanate, externally more or less adherent to corolla ;
antherless 5; fertile 2, anthers large, oblong, erect, introrse, 2-rimose.
Disk cupuliform, shorter than germen, 5-crenate. Carpels 5, ovules,
5-cocci, and seeds of Hrythrochiton ; embryo (exalbuminous ?) ; coty-
ledons much plicate-convolute.—A glabrous shrub (?); leaves alter-
nate, collected at summit of branches, long petiolate; foliole 1,
articulate, oblong-lanceolate, long narrow at base, acuminate at apex,
entire, membranous, penninerved ; flowers" in false scanty racemes
growing from the wood) (Jewzco").
1 Handsome, fragrant, white, 5 Not valvate at apex, as said.
2 A genus nearly allied to Almeidea, differing 6 « Socialis.”
in its filaments not inwardly foveolate, or barbate, 7 «Cum pedunculis albis.”
gyneceum stipitate and leaves 3-foliolate. 8 Spee. 1. ZL. Sprucei Hook, F., Loc, cit,
3 Spec. 1. S. odoratissima A. 8. H., loc. cit. ® In Adansonia, x. 311.
—Watp., Rep., i. 499. And there not accrescent, greenish veined.
4 Gen., 284, n. 3.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 11 White; calyx in flower reddish.
310. 12 Spec. 1. T. Lindeni H. Bn., loc. cit.
462 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
11. Galipea Avsu.'—F lowers 4- or oftener 5-merous ; calyx short,
equally or unequally 5-fid or 5-dentate, imbricate. Corolla irregular
or more rarely subregular ; leaves below connivent in tube or more
rarely connate, valvate or imbricate. Stamens 5-8 ; filaments usually
adhering to tube of corolla, free at apex; alternipetalous, antheri-
ferous 5 or much oftener 2; others antherless, glandular at apex ;
oppositipetalous 2, 3, sterile, minute; fertile anthers oblong, inappen-
diculate at base, introrsely 2-rimose. Disk round gynæceum varied.
Carpels 4, 5, oppositipetalous ; germens free, style, ovules, fruit, and
seeds of Zrythrochiton.—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate,
1-7-foliolate ; folioles entire, rarely serrate, pellucid-punctuate, glan-
dular or rarely epunctuate ; inflorescence’ (of Hrythrochiton) axillary
or extra-axillary, simple or ramified, cymiferous (Zrop. South-eastern
America’).
12? Ticorea Avsi.‘—Flowers nearly of Galipea ; tube of corolla
usually elongated ; limb subregular. Stamens usually 7; filaments
free or connate, and adnate or cohering to tube of corolla; fertile
usually 2, alternipetalous ; anther cells appendiculate. Other charac-
ters of Lrythrochiton (or Galipea).—Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite
or alternate, simple or 1-3-foliolate; folioles entire, pellucid-punc-
tuate ; flowers’ in simple or more usually ramified cymiferous pedun-
culate aphyllous racemes; inflorescence terminal, lateral or falsely
axillary ; pedicels bracteate’ (Brazil, Guiana’).
1 Guian., ii. 662, t. 269.—A. S. H., in Bull.
Soc. Philom. (1823), 131; Pl. Rem. Brés., 129,
2? Flowers large, white, lilac, or pink, sometimes
fragrant.
t. 12-14; Fl, Bras. Mer., i. 87.—A. Juss., in
Mém, Mus., xii. 493, t. 28, fig. 34.—SPACH,
Suit. à Buffon, ii. 351.—Env1., Gen., n. 5990.—
B. H., Gen., 285, n. 6.—H. BN., in Adansonia,
x. 306.— Raputia AUBL., op. cit., ii. 670, t. 272.
—Sciuris SCHREB., Gen., i. 54.—Pholidundra
Necx., Elem., 542. — Conchocarpus MIKAN,
Delect., i. t. 2.— Bonplandia W., in Act. Soc.
Nat. Cur. Berol. (1802), 24.— Cusparia H.,
Tabl. Géogr. (ex DC., in Mém. Mus., ix. 143).—
Angostura Ram, & Son, Syst, iv. 188. —
Lasiostemon Ners & Manrrt., in Nov, Act. Nat.
Cur., xi, 152, 171, t. 12, 26.—Ravia Nurs &
Marr., loc. cit., 169, t. 19, E, 23, 24.— Aruba
Ners & Marr., loc. cit., t. 28 (nec AUBL.)—
Obentonia VEtLOZ., Fl. Flum., i. t. 46.—Dan-
gervilla VELLoz., loc. cit., t. 66.— Rossenia
VELLOZ., loc. cit., t. 77.— ? Naudinia PL. &
Linp., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér, 3, xix. 79.—B. H.,
Gen., 285, n. 5.
3 Spee. ad 20. H. B. K., Pl. Æquin., ii. 59, t.
97 (Bonplandia).—Tr. & PL., in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
sér. 5, xiv. 305.— Bot. Mag., t. 4948.—Watp.,
Rep., i. 499; Ann., ii. 246; vii. 507.
4 Guian., ii. 689, t. 277.—DC., in Mém.
Mus., ix. 144, t. 8,9; Prodr., i. 730.—A. S.H.,
Pl. Rem. Brés., i, 139, t. 14, fig. D; Fl. Bras.
Mer, i, 91.—A. Juss., in Mém., xii. 495, t.
23, fig. 35..—ENDL., Gen., n.5993.—B. H., Gen.,
285, n. 6.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 308.—
Ozophyllum Soures., Gen., n. 1105.—Sciuris
Nees & Marr., in Nov. Act, Nat. Cur., xi. 151,
t. 18, 20 (part.).— Costa Vuuroz., Fl. Flum., i.
t. 48.
5 White, sometimes yellow-spotted, greenish
or reddish,
5 A genus much better made a section of
Galipea.
7 Spec. ad 10. Waxp., Rep., i. 500,
RUTACEÆ. 463
13. Ravenia Vreiioz.'—Flowers nearly of Galipea ; sepals 5, very
unequal; exterior 2
cated.’
much larger, foliaceous; præfloration imbri-
Corolla gamopetalous, very irregular ; tube rather wide and
straight ; limb oblique 5-lobed, unequally oblique, imbricated. Sta-
mens 7, of which 2 fertile, alternating with petals, bearing introrse
2-rimose anthers ; sterile 5, subulate-glandular, antherless, of which
3 larger are alternipetalous, 2 smaller thinner, alternipetalous, alter-
nating with alternipetalous staminodes ; filaments all connate coa-
lescing with tube of corolla. Disk shortly tubular, and gynæceum of
Galipea (or Erythrochilon) ; styles 5, coalescing in tube, at apex free,
stigmatiferous. Fruit and other characters of Hrythrochiton ; calyx
persistent round capsule.—Glabrous pellucid-punctuate (fragrant)
shrubs: leaves opposite, 1-3-foliolate ; flowers’ axillary, solitary or
scantily cymose, bracteate (Cuda, Brazil’).
14. Monniera L.’—F lowers nearly of Ravenia ; sepals herbaceous,
very unequal, imbricated; exterior 2, 3, larger foliaceous.’ Corolla
nearly of Ravenia, sub-2-labiate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ; fila-
ments connate with tube of corolla; fertile 2, with introrse 2-rimose
anthers ; sterile 3, subulate barbate glandular at apex. Disk oblique
or 1-lateral,? squamiform. Gynæceum of Lrythrochiton (or Ravenia) ;
style capitate at apex. Fruit, seeds, and other characters of Lrythro-
chiton— Annual, glabrous or villous herbs; leaves alternate, 3-folio-
late, thinly punctuate; folioles entire, membranous ; flowers* in
axillary, pedunculate, slightly ramified cymes, 1-parous, falsely race-
mose (Guiana, Brazil’).
III. DIOSMEÆ.
15. Coleonema Barrz. & Wenpr.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; re-
ceptacle subplane or rather concave, outwardly produced in cupuli-
1 Fl. Flum., i. 20, t. 49.—Pu., in Ann. Se.
Nat., sér., 3, xix. 75.—B. H., Gen., 286,
n. 8.—Lemonia Linpu., in Bot. Reg. (1840),
t, 59.
2 For præfloration and form see H, By., in
Adansonia, x. 308.
3 Handsome, white, pink, or reddish ; perianth
and androceum pellucid-punctuate.
4 Spee. 2. WaLe., Rep., v. 387 (Lemonia).
5 L., Gen., n, 850.—A. Juss., in Mem. Mus.,
xii. t. 52, fig. 31.—DC., Prodr., i, 729.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5994, — B. H., Gen., 286, n. 9.—
H. By., in Adansonia, x. 309. — Aubletia,
Ricu., in Pers. Syn., ii. 638 (nec Lour., nec
GÆRIN., nec SOHREB., nec JACQ.).
6 Simulating floral bracts.
7 Opposite, intermediate.
8 Small, not handsome, sessile.
9 Spec. 2. AuBL., Guian., ii, 730, t. 293. —
H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec., vi. 9.—Nrxrs &
Mant., in Nov. Act, Nat, Cur., xi, 162, t. 18.—
Tr. in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 5, xiv, 305.
464 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
form entire, sinuate or 5-lobed glandular disk. Calyx 5-partite ;
lobes ovate-acute, or aristate, imbricated. Petals obovate unguicu-
late glabrous, inwardly from base to middle thickened-canaliculate,
imbricated or more rarely contorted. Stamens 10, of which 5 are
alternipetalous, fertile glabrous; filament inserted without disk,
usually subperigynous, free; anthers 2-locular, introrsely rimose,
glandular terminate; oppositipetalous 5, reduced to staminodes, in-
cluded in canaliculate petals or recondite adnate. Carpels 5, oppo-
sitipetalous, or more rarely 2-4; ovary free, naked at apex or ter-
minating dorsally in glandular thickening; styles 5, free at base,
afterwards coalescing in erect column, capitellate-stigmatiferous
5-lobed at apex ; ovules 2, subcollateral or subsuperposed descending ;
micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit cocci 5, compressed rugose,
corniculate at apex; endocarp solute, finally 2-valved. Seeds in each
coccus 1, 2; embryo exalbuminous fleshy.— Ericoid glandular-
punctuate shrubs; branches slender; leaves alternate linear, very
acute, ciliate at margin, serrulate or smooth; flowers solitary at
apex of twigs or scantily cymose, bracteolate ; bractlets adpressed
(South-Western Africa). See p. 390.
16. Adenandra W.'—Flowers nearly of Coleonema; receptacle
more or less cupuliform. Petals subsessile naked. Stamens 10, of
which 5 are sterile, opposite petals, not recondite ; the fertile termi-
nating in glandular stipitate anthers. Germens 2-5, bearing stipitate
glandules ; styles coalescing in short sulcate curved column, discoid-
stigmatiferous 5-lobed at apex. Cocci glandular-muricate, obtuse
or corniculate.—KErect ramified glandular-punctuate shrubs; leaves
alternate, sometimes imbricated, or more rarely opposite subsessile
small coriaceous, entire or callose at margin and apex ; petioles some-
times 2-glandular ; flowers (rather large)’ sessile at apex of twigs or
subumbellate or racemose; pedicels 2-bracteolate (South Africa’).
17. Acmadenia Barri. & Wenpu.'—Flowers of Adenandra ; pe-
1 Enum. Pl. Berol., 256.—BARTL, & WENDL.,
Diosm., 59, t, A.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
470, t. 19, fig. 6.—Spracu, Suit. à Buffon, ii.
327—ENDz., Gen. n. 6015.—B. H., Gen.
290, n. 22.— Glandulifolia WENDL., Collect., i.
33-37.
2 White, or rarely pink.
3 Spee. 21. Bera., Fl. Cap., 70 (Hartogia).
—Tuunn., Fl, Cap., 226, 228 (Diosma).—L.,
Spec., 227 (Diosma), — BARTL., in Linnea,
xvii. 358.— Linx., Hnum., 239.— Ecxxz. &
Zeyu., Enum., 779.—Hary. & SOND., LV. Cap.,
i, 384.— Bot. Mag., t. 273, 1271, 1519 (Diosma),
—WALP., Ann., vii. 512.
4 Diosm., 59, t. A, fig. 4.—A. Juss., in
Mém. Mus., xii. 473, t. 18, fig. 11.—ENDz,
Gen., n, 6019.—B. H., Gen., 289, n, 21.
RUTACE ZA. 465
tals unguiculate ; claws barbate. Stamens usually 10, of which 5
are fertile ; anthers muticous or terminated by sessile glands. Cocei
2-5, compressed transversely rugose, corniculate at apex. Seeds
and other characters of Adenandra—Fricoid, glandular-punctuate
shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite, often imbricated, 3-quetrous
conduplicate, entire at margin, serrulate or ciliate; flowers solitary
at apices of twigs or 2,3 or more rarely collected, and protected by
summit of imbricated leaves or bracts (South Western Africa’).
18. Agathosma W.’—Flowers of Adenandra ; petals unguiculate ;
claws often pilose or slightly hispid. Stamens 10, 5 sterile oppo-
sitipetalous, narrow, petaloid, and 5 fertile ; filaments usually longer
than perianth ; anthers minutely glandular at apex. Carpels 2-5 ;
styles coalescing in elongate-filiform glabrous column, simple, stig-
matiferous at apex. Cocci 2-5, compressed, cornutus; seeds and
other characters of Adenandra.—Hrect ramified glandular-punctuate
shrubs or undershrubs; leaves alternate, sometimes imbricated ;
more rarely opposite, usually flat or sub-3-agonal, entire or glandular-
denticulate ; flowers at apex of twigs subumbellate or capitate, very
rarely axillary ; peduncles (sometimes very short), 2-bracteolate at
middle (South Africa’).
19. Barosma W.'— Flowers of Adenandra, sometimes polyga-
mous ;* petals subsessile, naked. Germens 3-5, often glandular-
tuberculate, rostrate auriculate at apex; styles of Ayathosma (in
male flower minute or 0). Cocci 3-5, rostrate, compressed, glan-
dular; seeds and other characters of Adenandra.—KErect ramified
glandular-punctuate small shrubs; leaves alternate or oftener op-
posite, coriaceous, flat or revolute at margin, entire or glandular-
crenate ; flowers axillary, solitary or 2, 3-nate; pedicels bracteate
and bracteolate (South Africa’).
1 Spec. ad 13. Harv. & Sonp., Fl. Caps i.
379.—Watp., Ann., vii. 512.
2 Enum, Pl. Berol., 259.—Barru. & WENDL.,
Diosm., 121, t. B.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.
xii. 475, t. 20, fig. 19.—Spacu, Swit. à Buffon,
li, 332.—ENDL., Gen., n. 6021.—B. H., Gen.,
290, n. 24.—Bucco Wrnvt., Collect., t. 2, 3,
15, 28, 77. — Gymnonychium Barn, in
Linnea, xvii, 354, t. 11. — Dichosma DC.,
Prodr., i, 714.
3 Spec. ad 100. Hany, & Sonp., FU. Cap., ii. 399.
— Bot. Reg., t.336, 339.— Watp., Ann., vii. 513.
VOL. IV.
* Enum. Pl. Berol., 257.—Banrtu. & WENDL.,
Diosm., 94, t. B.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii.
474, t. 29, fig. 18.—Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 330.
—ENDL., Gen., n. 6020.—B. H., Gen., 290,
n. 23.—Parapetalifera Wrnvt., Collect., 92, t.
15, 34.—Baryosma Ra. & Sou, Syst., v. 25.
5 Receptacle usually cupuliform.
6 Spec. ad 15. THUNB., FU. Cap., 227, 229
(Diosma).—Hany. & Sonn., Fl. Cap., i. 392.—
Bot. Mag., t. 582, 1616 (Diosma), 3413.—
Wazp., Ann., iv. 412; vi. 512.
H H
466 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
20. Diosma Brre.'—Flowers of Adenandra; stamens 5, alterni-
petalous, fertile; filaments subulate; anthers oblong, glandular
terminate. Germens 5, free; styles soon coalescing in glabrous
curved column, capitate stigmatiferous at apex. Cocci transversely
rugose, corniculate at back ; endocarp solute ; seeds and other cha-
racters of Adenandra.—Small ericoid shrubs, glabrous or pilose
pellucid-punctuate ; branches virgate; leaves alternate or opposite,
linear, dorsally carinate or rotund, sometimes 3-quetrous, ciliate or
scabriusculous at margin, sometimes serrulate; flowers solitary or
subumbellate at apex of branches; pedicels short, 2-bracteolate
(South-western Africa’).
21. Eucheetis Barry. & Wenpr.‘—Flowers of Diosma ; petals ob-
long-lanceolate, unguiculate, inwardly transversely barbate.‘ Germen
5; styles coalescing in short thick column, capitate stigmatiferous
at apex. Cocci 5; other characters of Diosma.—Ericoid shrubs or
small shrubs ; branches virgate ; leaves alternate or very often oppo-
site, 3-quetrous or carinate, more rarely dorsally convex, glabrous
or ciliate, at margin epunctuate, pellucid, entire, serrulate or ciliate ;
flowers solitary or subcapitate at apex of branches ; pedicels very
short, 2-bracteolate (Sowth-western Africa’).
22. Macrostylis Barri. & Wernpu..—Flowers of Diosma; petals
subspathulate, unguiculate, barbate at middle. Germens usually 2,
3; styles subbasilar, coalescing in erect thick elongated column,
tapering at base, simple or capitellate stigmatiferous at apex. Cocci
2, 3, cornutus ; seeds and other characters of Diosma.—Suberect or
depressed pellucid-punctuate small shrubs; leaves alternate and
opposite, sometimes subimbricate, small, rather flat or 3-quetrous,
glabrous or slightly pilose, sometimes carinate; flowers subumbel-
late or subcapitate at apex of branches ; pedicels short, bracteolate at
base (South Africa’).
1 Fl. Cap., 62.—L., Gen., n. 272.— Bantu, &
Wenpt., Diosm., 55, t. AA—A. Juss., in Mém.
Mus., xii. 472, t. 18, fig. 13.—DC., Prodr., i.
716 (part.).—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 329.—
Envt., Gen., n. 6017.—B. H., Gen., 289, n. 19.
2 Spec. ad 10. Harv. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i.
373.— Bot, Mag.,t.2332.—Watp., Ann., vii.511.
3 Diosm., 15, t. A.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
xii. 472.— END, Gen., n. 6018.—B, H., Gen.,
289, n. 17.
4 Stamens inserted outside annular disk.
5 Spec. 4. Harv. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 371
(part.).— Waze., Ann., vii. 510.
5 Diosm., 191, t. B, fig. 8.—A. Juss., in
Mém. Mus., xii. 476, t. 19, fig. 20.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 6022,—B. H., Gen., 289, n. 18.
7 Stamens high perigynous, inserted with
perianth on margin of cupuliform receptacle.
8 Hany. & SOND., Fl. Cap. i. 373 (Eucheætis),
439.—WakLpP., Ann., vii. 511,
RUTACEÆ. 467
23. Empleurum Sonanp.'— Flowers monœcious, apetalous, 4-
merous. Calyx gamophyllous cupuliform-subcampanulate, 4-fid.
Stamens 4, opposite calyx-lobes; filaments free, subulate, in male
flower inserted below minute rudimentary gyneceum; anthers
large, exserted, introrse; cells divergent on both sides, crowned with
sessile gland at apex; clefts longitudinal, submarginal. Carpels in
female flower 1 (or very rarely 2), excentric, sessile. Style of germen
rather short, terete, curved, glabrous, stigmatiferous at apex, simple
above, dorsally produced at apex in long rostrum ; ovules 2, inserted in
internal angle, collaterally descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior.
Fruit long lanceolate, produced above in elongated rostrum ; endo-
carp finally separating ; seeds 1, 2, of Diosma, nigricans glabrous.—
An erect glabrous pellucid-punctuate shrub ; branches virgate ; leaves
alternate, linear-lanceolate, crenulate glandular; flowers small, in
few-flowered axillary cymes; peduncle bracteolate at base (South
Africa’).
24? Empleuridium Sonp.‘—“ Flowers dicecious, 4-merous ; calyx
lobes patent, imbricated. Petals 4, deciduous. Stamens 4, inserted
below marginal angles of explanate subquadrate disk ; filaments subu-
late; anthers 2-dymous. Female flower ...? Fruit carpel 1, linear-
oblong, apiculate with persistent terminal style (in male flower short,
inserted at middle of disk); seed 1.—An undershrub, ramified from
base ; branches slender ; leaves alternate, acicular, 3-quetrous, epunc-
tuate; flowers axillary, solitary, minute, pedunculate ; peduncles
2-bracteate* at base (South-western Africa’).
25. Calodendron Tuuns.’—Flowers subregular ; sepals usually 5,
valvate. Petals 5, alternate, elongate, unequally-patent or reflexed,
imbricated. Stamens 10, 5 fertile, alternipetalous ; filaments free,
glandular, inserted below shortly cupuliform disk ; anthers exserted,
1 Ex Lamx,, Zil., t. 86.—AxT., Hort. Kew.,
ed, 1, iii, 340.—GÆRTN. F., Fruct., iii, 340.—
Barrz, & WENDL., Diosm., t. B.—A. Juss., in
Mém. Mus., xii. 476, t. 19, fig. 21.— DC.
Prodr., i, 718.—SrAcH, Suit. à Buffon, ii, 334.
—Enpt., Gen., n. 6023.—B, H., Gen., 291, n,
25.—BerG. & Scum., Off. Gew., i. t. 2 à.
2 Spec. 1. Æ. serrulatum Arrv., loc, cit.—
Hany. & Son, Fl. Cap., i. 442.—WALP.,
Ann., vii. 515.—Diosma ensata Tuuns., F1.
Cap., 226.
3 Fl. Cap., i. 442.—Haryv., Thes. Cap., t.
77.—B. H., Gen., 291, n. 26.
4 “Gen, multis notis Celastrineis accedens.”
(B. H.).
§ Spec. 1. Æ. juniperina SOND., loc. cit,
5 Nov. Gen., ii. 41; F1. Cap., 197.—Lamx.,
in Journ, Hist. Nat., i. 56, t. 3—DC., Prodr.,
i, 712.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 469, t.
19, fig. 15.—Spacnu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 326.—
Exoz., Gen., n. 6014.—B. H., Gen., 288, n. 16.
—Pallasia Hourt., Pl. Syst., iii. 319, t. 22.
H H 2
468 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
glandular at apex, introrsely rimose; 5 sterile oppositipetalous,
inserted slightly above disk, long petaloid, sparsely glandular, glan-
dular at apex. Germen central, long stipitate; cells 5, oppositi-
petalous, tuberculate, each crowned with conoid gland at apex ;
ovules 2, descending; micropyle extrorse, superior; style slender,
inserted at summit of germen, stigmatiferous, entire, not dilated at
apex. Capsule stipitate, thick, ligneous, subglobose-5-agonal, echi-
nate, septicidally 5-valved ; endocarp cartilaginous, free, circumcissile
at margin; seeds subhorizontal; testa crustaceous; embryo exal-
buminous ; cotyledons conferruminate, thick, fleshy, oily; radicle
minute.—A lofty pellucid-punctuate tree ; branches decussate, oppo-
site or 3-nate; leaves decussate, petiolate, acutely crenulate, parallel
nerved; flowers in terminal compound cymiferous racemes’ (South
Africa).
IV. BORONIEZÆ.
26. Boronia Su.—Flowers 4-merous ; receptacle rather convex
or concave. Sepals free or connate at base, decussate-imbricate.
Petals 4, alternate, scarcely unguiculate, imbricated. Stamens 8,
2-seriate, hypogynous or perigynous, inserted without glandular
disk ; filaments free, glabrous, ciliate, tuberculate or glandular below
apex, more rarely pilose ; the oppositipetalous sometimes antherless ;
anthers ovate or cordate, muticous at apex or sometimes produced in
various appendices, introrsely 2-rimose. Carpels 4, oppositipetalous,
surrounded at base by disk ; germens free, 2-ovulate ; ovules descend-
ing, collateral or superposed ; micropyle extrorse, superior ; others
sometimes ascending ; styles 4, soon coalescing in one, stigmatiferous
capitate 4-lobed apex. Cocci 2-4, free, 1, 2-spermous, usually solute
from endocarp, dehiscing. Seeds albuminous ; embryo often terete.—
Glabrous, pilose or tomentose shrubs, glandular-punctuate or tuber-
culate ; odour rutaceous ; leaves opposite, simple or 3-foliolate, often
pinnate ; folioles entire or serrulate, articulate; rachis sometimes
winged ; flowers axillary and terminal, solitary or cymose; cymes
simple or ramified; pedicels bracteolate, articulate (Australia). See
p- 393.
1 Spee. 1, C. capense Tuune., loc. cit., Al, oe. cit. — Dictamnus capensis L. ¥., Suppl.
42, 43; Prodr. Fl. Cap., 44.—Hany. & Sonp., 232.— D. Calodendron Lamx., Ill, t. 344,
El. Cap., i, 371.—Pallasia capensis Hourt., fig. 2,
RUTACEÆ. 469
27. Boronella H. By.'—Flowers of Boronia; receptacle rather
convex. Sepals 4, decussate, imbricate ; interior smaller. Petals 4,
imbricate or contorted; stamens 8, 2-seriate; filaments pilose at
base, afterwards glandular-verrucose ; anthers ovate-acute, introrsely
rimose, connective apiculate beyond cells. Disk suborbicular in-
terior to stamens and 8-lobed between them. Carpels and styles 4,
coherent among themselves, and capitellate-stigmatiferous at apex (of
Boronia); germens 1-ovulate ; ovule inserted slightly above the base,
suborthotropous, ascending ; micropyle superior.—A glabrous shrub ;
branches sub-2-chotomous; leaves opposite, collected at summit of
branches, simple, subsessile, articulate, entire, glandular-punctuate ;
flowers’ scantily cymose, rather long pedicellate, at summit of
branches or in axils of upper leaves subumbellate (W. Caledonia’).
28. Zieria Sm.'— Flowers nearly of Boronia, 4- or more rarely
5-merous; receptacle rather convex, sometimes slightly concave.
Sepals and petals valvate, or sometimes subimbricate or imbricate.
Stamens 4, alternipetalous, inserted below, outside disk ; filaments
short, glabrous or pilose, inwardly glandular at base, usually thick,
obtuse crowded; anthers introrse, apiculate.’ Germen, fruit, seeds,
and other characters of Boronia.—Trees or shrubs, glabrous or
pilose, smooth or verrucose-glandular; leaves opposite, petiolate,’
3-foliolate or sometimes 1-foliolate, glandular-punctuate ; flowers’
axillary and terminal, rarely solitary, usually cymose or racemose-
cymose; branches and branchlets of inflorescence articulate, 2-brac-
teolate (Zustern Australia’).
29. Zieridium H. By.'—Flowers of ÆZeria ; receptacle shortly
conical. Sepals 4, and petals same in number, valvate. Stamens 4,
inserted below exterior of disk; filaments free; anthers short, in-
trorse. Carpels 4, oppositipetalous, free; styles free, inserted at in-
terior angle of germen slightly above the base, afterwards coalescing
1 In Adansonia, x. 302. 5 Or more rarely muticous.
2 When dry rather purple, ® Rarely sessile.
5 Spec. 1. B. Pancheri H. Bn., loc. cit., 304, 7 White, usually very small.
4In Trans, Linn. Soc. iv. 216.— DC. 8 Spec. ad 10. Rupes, in Trans. Linn. Soc.,
Prodr., i. 722.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. x. t. 17, fig. 2.—Dexess., Je. Sel., iii. t. 48-50.
443, t.22, fig.27.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon,ii.341. —Bunru., Fl. Austral., i, 307.— Bot. Mag., t.
—Expz., Gen., n. 6003.—B. H., Gen., 291,989, 1395.—Watp., Rep., iii. 502; Ann, ii. 247;
n. 27.—Boronia (part.) F. MuELx., Fragm. vi. 515.
Phyt. Austral., i, 101. % In Adansonia, x, 303.
470 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
in gynobasic column, at apex all dilated, recurved, stigmatiferous,
free. Ovule solitary in germens, inserted at internal angle near base,
suborthotropous, ascending; micropyle superior.—A very slender,
glabrous shrub; branches and twigs opposite; leaves opposite,
pellucid-punctulate, digitate-3-foliolate ; folioles membranous, un-
equally-crenate or dentate; flowers’ in axillary cymes, generally
3-flowered, with very slender peduncules, shorter than the petiole
(lV. Caledonia’).
30. Acradenia Krrr.—Flowers nearly of Boronia, hermaphrodite,
4—8-merous ; receptacle convex. Sepals small, subvalvate or imbri-
cated. Petals same in number, alternate, much longer, subunguicu-
late, velvety, imbricate. Stamens inserted with petals double in
number ; alternipetalous longer ; filaments subulate glabrous; anthers
introrsely 2-rimose. Disk glandular within and above stamens ; lobes
rather prominent between base of filaments. Gynzeceum inserted at
summit of receptacle ; carpels 4, 5; germens free, dorsally produced
in ovoid glands ; style inserted below apex of internal angle, after-
wards coherent and contorted among themselves, not dilated stigma-
tiferous at apex ; ovules in each germen 2, collaterally descending ;
micropyle extorse superior, blocked by thick obturator. Fruit, cocci
separating, subquadrate compressed truncate; endocarp solute de-
hiscent; seeds . . .?—A much ramified very glabrous shrub largely
glandular-punctuate ; leaves opposite petiolate, 3-foliolate ; folioles
obtuse coriaceous crenate-serrate ; flowers’ in axillary cymes 3-cho-
tomous pedunculate and bracteolate (Western Tasmania’).
31. Crowea Sm.'—Flowers (nearly of Boronia) 5-merous or more
rarely 4-merous;’ receptacle convex. Sepals free or connate at
the base, imbricated, valvate or subvalvate, often incurved at apex
1 Very small, “ virescentibus.”
2 Spec. 1. Z. gracile H. Bn., loc. cit., 304.
3 In Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi. 207, t, 22
293, 990, n. 35 (incl.: Æriostemon SM., Phe-
balium VENT.).
7 Sometimes 6-8-merous in 1 species, viz., C.
(nec F. Muezr.).—B. H., Gen., 292, 990,
n, 30.
4 White, not fragrant, ordinary,
5 Spec. 1. A. Franklinie Kipr. loc. cit.—
Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 328.
6 In Trans, Linn. Soc, iv. 220 (1798).—
DC., Prodr., i. 720,—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
xii. 481, t. 21, fig. 24.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon,
ii. 337.—ENDL., Gen., n. 6007.—B. H., Gen.
Nottii (Briostemon Nottii K, MuELL., Fragm.,
vi. 22), with calyx dentate, petals long narrowed
at base, disk very small and germens all free
5-7; styles inserted at middle of internal
angle of germen, afterwards coalescing, at apex
shortly infundibuliform-capitate. Petals out-
wardly lepidote, as are also leaves, germens,
styles, &e. Stirps of Crowea, connected some-
what with Acradenia,
RUTACEÆ. 471
(Phebalium). Petals same in number, alternate, imbricated or more
rarely subvalvate. Stamens double in number to petals, 2-seriate ;
filaments inserted below disk more or less thick and varied in form,
glabrous, hispid or villous ; alternipetalous longer; anthers oval or
oblong, shortly apiculate (Zriostemon’), or very rarely terminating in
elongated barbate appendages (Zucrowea). Gynwceum superior ;
germens equal in number to petals and opposite, or more rarely 2,
3, free,* outwardly at back acute or rostrate, sometimes glandular ;
styles same in number inserted a greater or less height in the
internal angle,’ afterwards coalescing in erect column, stigmatiferous
capitellate more or less lobed at apex; ovules in each germen 2,
descending, collateral or superposed ; micropyle extrorse superior.
Fruit, cocci 2-5, sometimes rostrate ; endocarp solute; seeds in each
1, 2, albuminous.—Glabrous, pilose or lepidote shrubs or small
shrubs; leaves alternate simple, usually elongated glandular-punc-
tuate ; flowers’ axillary or terminal, rarely solitary, usually cymose,
racemose or umbellate (Australia, particularly Extra-tropical, N. Zea-
land and N. Caledonia’).
32. Microcybe Turcz.’—Flowers nearly of Phebalium; sepals’
1-5, free or variously connate among themselves. Petals 5, imbri-
cated. Stamens 10, 2-seriate; anthers minutely glandular at apex.
Carpels 2; germens free obcuneate-orbicular stellate-tomentose,
2-ovulate ; styles 2, ventral, afterwards coalescing in filiform columns
simple stigmatiferous at apex. Fruit, cocci 2, cuneate-orbicular,
1-spermous.—Hricoid ramified small shrubs ; branches glabrous or
tomentose ; leaves alternate sessile, patent or imbricated, linear or
from margin revolute terete, coriaceous largely pellucid-punctuate ;
1 VENT.,. Malmais., 102 (1803). — DC.,
5 Spec. ad 47, Dutnss., Ic. Sel., iii, t. 45-47
Prodr., i. 719.—A. Juss., in Mém. Soc. Hist.
(Eriostemon), — F. Muezz.,, in Hook, Kew
Nat. Par., ii. 130; in Mém. Mus., xii. 479.—
Enpu., Gen, n. 6009.—B, H., Gen., 292,
990, n. 32.
2 SM., in Trans. Linn, Soc., iv. 221.—DC.,
Prodr., i. 720,—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii.
481,t. 21, fig. 25.—Enpz., Gen., n. 6006.—
B. H., Gen., 292, 900, n. 31.
3 “In Zriostemone trachyphyllo F. MUELL.,
ovar. (si fas sit fruct. judic.) integrum est et 4,
5-loculare,” (B. H., Loc. cit.).
4 The place of insertion, which varies in
divers species of Æriostemon, forms no good
generic distinction from the legitimate Croweas.
5 White or pink; more rarely red or yellow.
Journ., vi. 36, 37; Fl. Vict., i. 118, 129;
Fragm., iii. 102, 180 (Æriostemon).—Hoox.
Icon, t. 57-59 (Phebalium). — Bentu., F1.
Austral., i. 328, 330 (Eriostemon), 336 (Phe-
balium). — Bot. Mag., t. 2854, 3180 (Zrio-
stemon).—Waze., Rep, i. 503, 504, 505; ii,
248 (Æriostemon), 823 (Phebalium); v. 389;
Ann, i. 504; ii, 248, 249, 250 (Phebalium) ;
vii. 519 (Eriostemon), 522 (Phebaliwn), 523.
7 In Bull. Mose. (1852), ii. 167.—B. H.,
Gen., 293, 990, n, 33.
8 Like bracts or leaves; calyx as in some
species of Urocarpus, or obsolete Diplolæna.
* Persistent round fruit.
472 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
flowers' in dense terminal sessile heads involucrate with small leafy
bracts at the base? (Australia).
33. Geleznovia Turcz.‘—Flowers nearly of Boronia, 4—5-merous ;
sepals petaloid much larger than corolla, persistent. Petals shorter
more or less navicular, imbricated. Stamens 8—10, 2-seriate, shorter
than petals; anthers oblong. Gynzceum nearly of Boronia; ger-
mens free, truncate at apex, 2-ovulate; styles terminal. Fruit cocci,
1—5.—Small shrubs largely glandular ;’ branches terete rigid ; leaves
alternate small sessile imbricated simple entire subovate veinless ;
flowers’ at apex of branches solitary or scantily cymose, subsessile
or shortly pedicellate ; pedicels furnished with bracts more or less
adpressed to coriaceous calyx (Sowth-western Australia’).
34. Philotheca Rupce—Flowers nearly of Boronia, 5-merous ;
calyx and longer corolla imbricated. Stamens 10, either all fertile,
anthers introrse; or sterile 5, antherless longer plumose-barbate
(Drummondita’) ; filaments in conical tube, sometimes slightly in-
curved at apex l-adelphous free only at apex, much villose-barbate.
Gynæceum, fruit and other characters of Boronia (or Geleznovia).—
Small ericoid glabrous shrubs, largely glandular-punctuate or tuber-
culate; leaves alternate imbricated slightly terete ; flowers" terminal
or axillary solitary shortly pedunculate (Australia).
35. Nematolepis Turcz."—Flowers nearly of Boronia (or Philo-
theca), 5-merous ; calyx imbricated. Petals 5, valvate, coalescing in
elongated tube, free at base and apex. Stamens 10, 2-seriate; fila-
ments free inwardly at base enlarged into pilose squamules ; anthers
1 White or yellowish, small. 8 In Trans. Linn. Soc., xi. 298, t. 21.—
2 A genus allied to Phebalium, “ differt ovarii
forma, habitu, inflorescentia ovulisque collater.”?
(B. H., loc. cit.).
3 Spec. 3. F. Murr, in Trans. Vict. Inst.,
i. 116 (Asterolasia) ; Fragm., i. 106 (Ærioste-
mon).—BrENTH., Fl, Austral., i. 346.—WALP.,
Ann., vii. 522.
4 In Bull. Mosc. (1849), ii. 12.—B. H.,
Gen., 293, 990, n. 34.—Sandfordia, J. DRUMM.,
in Hook, Kew Journ., vii. 53.
5 When dry, rugose tuberculate from pro-
minent glands.
6 Rather large.
7 Spec. 2. Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 347.—
F. Muett., Fragm., i. 7 (Eriostemon).—W axp.,
Ann,, ii, 250; iv. 407 (Sandfordia) ; vii. 523.
DC. Prodr., i. '721.—A, Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
xii. t. 21.—Enpu,, Gen., n. 6008.—B. H., Gen.,
293, 990, n. 36.
9 Harv., in Hook. Kew Jowrn., vii. 53.—
B. H., Gen., 294, 990, n. 38.
10 Rather large.
1 Spec. 3. Sm., in Rees Cyclop., xiii. (Erio-
stemon).—Turcz., in Bull. Mose. (1849), ii.
16.—Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 348, 349 (Drum-
mondita).—WAuP., Rep., i, 505; Ann., ii, 249 ;
iv. 407 (Drummondila).
12 In Bull. Mosc., (1852), ii. 158.—B. H.,
Gen., 295, n. 42.— Symphyopetalum J. DRUMM.,
in Hook, Kew Journ., vii. 54.
RUTACEZ. 47e
introrse. Gynæceum and other characters of Boronia (or Philotheca) ;
cocci truncate.—Small ramified leafy shrubs ; leaves alternate shortly
petiolate oblong-obtuse entire coriaceous glandular-punctuate or
lepidote ; flowers’ axillary solitary; peduncles 2-bracteolate above
apex (South-western Australia’).
36. Correa Su.*— Flowers (nearly of Vematolepis) 4-merous ;
calyx cupuliform truncate or obtusely 4-dentate, more rarely 4-lobed.
Petals 4, elongated erect, connivent in cylindrical tube, finally free
or always cohering, valvate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, inserted below
disk prominent between them ; alternipetalous usually shorter ; fila-
ments free esquamate ; anthers exserted, introrsely 2-rimose. Ger-
mens 4, oppositipetalous free, 2-ovulate (of Zieria) ; styles afterwards
coalescing in elongated filiform erect column, entire or 4-lobed stig-
matiferous at apex. Cocci 4, truncate (of Boronia or Nematolepis).—
Small trees or shrubs, stellate pubescent, densely tomentose or
pulverulent, sometimes subglabrous ; leaves opposite petiolate simple
pellucid-punctuate ; flowers' terminal, solitary or in few-flowered
cymes (often 3), axillary to twigs, short often terminal, sometimes
pendulous (Ausfralia’).
37. Urocarpus J. Drumm.'—Flowers nearly of Phedalium (or
Eriostemon) ; calyx very short subentire, sometimes almost wanting
or shortly 5-fid, valvate. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 10, 2-seriate,
or more rarely 11-15 ; filaments free slender ; anthers naked at apex,
introrsely or laterally rimose. Germen 1, shortly lobed or truncate ;
cells 2, 3, or more rarely 5 (Asfero/asia’); ovules in each cell 2,
oblique, descending or afterwards ascending ; style inserted between
lobes of germen, slender stigmatiferous capitate lobed or peltate at
1 Red, somewhat similar to Correa.
2 Spec. 1. NV. phebaloides Turcz., loc. cit.—
Bentu., Fl. Austral., 1. 356.— Symphyopetalum
correoides J. DRUMM., loc. cit.—WALP., Ann.,
iv. 407.
3 In Trans. Linn. Soc., iv. 219 (1798).—
DC., Prodr., i. 719.—A. Juss., in Mém, Mus.,
xii. 478, t. 21, fig. 22.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon,
ii. 335.—ENDL., Gen., n. 6012.—B. H., Gen.,
294, 990, n. 41.—Mawxeutoreron LABILL., Voy.,
ii, 11.— Correas Horrmans., Verz., 168.—
Antomarchia Coun., Hort. Ripul., App. li. 345.
— Didymeria Linpu., in Mitch. Tr. Exp.
ii. 198. -
4 Usually handsome, pendulous, white, yellow,
virescens, or red ; sometimes 2-coloured.
5 Spec. 5, 6, of which cultivated var. numer.
VENT. Malmais.,t.13.—Sweer, FV. Austral., t. 1,
—Hookx., Icon., t. 2, 3.—F. Muett., FU. Vict., i.
135.—Bentu., Fl. Austral, i. 353.— Bot. Mag.,
t. 1746, 1901, 4029, 4912.— Bot. Reg., t. 26,
1224.—Watp., Rep., i. 505; ii, 824; v. 390;
Ann., i, 155; vii. 524.
5 In Hook, Kew Journ., vii. 54 (1855).—
B. H., Gen., 294, n. 39.
7 F. Mvett.,in Hook. Kew Journ., viii. (1856),
34 (part.).—B. H., Gen., 294, 990,n. 40 (part.).—
Sect. Euasterolasia Bentu., Fl. Austral,, i. 350.
474 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
apex. Fruit capsular, at base 2-5-locular ; cocci free at apex obtuse,
produced in cornutus; endocarp solubile. —Stellate-tomentose or
squamulose undershrubs ; leaves alternate simple coriaceous entire
punctuate ; flowers’ solitary or cymose-subumbellate, axillary or sub-
terminal (Australia).
38. Pleurandropsis H. By.‘—Flowers hermaphrodite without
sepals; receptacle short conical. Petals 5, shortly unguiculate,
induplicate-valvate. Stamens 10-15, inserted with petals; fila-
ments free filiform very unequal; anthers oblong introrse. Car-
pels 5, free oppositipetalous ; germens connivent, outwardly densely
stellate-hirsute closely contiguous (not connate); styles same in
number more or less coherent at internal angle, at apex free re-
flexed thick subclavate patent, interior densely tuberculate-papillose.
Ovules in each germen 2, descending; one sometimes aborting; mi-
cropyle extrorse superior. “Fruit cocci 5, tomentose” ?—A rigid
densely stellate-tomentose or woolly shrub; leaves alternate simple
obtuse or truncate rather thick; flowers‘ terminal or falsely axil-
lary,’ solitary or very few together ; leaves of superior branches and
bractlets very small few or sometimes 0, involucre of flowers and
calyx taking their place (Awstralia').
39. Chorilæna Enpu.’—Flowers nearly of Boronia (or Philotheca) ;
sepals 5, and petals same in number longer narrow-elongated. Sta-
mens 10, much longer than perianth; filaments filiform, inwardly
long enlarged with scales; anthers oblong introrse. Gynzceum
(5-merous), fruit and other characters of Boronia (or Philotheca).—
Shrubs with stellate long hispid hairs; leaves alternate petiolate
sinuate-lobed ; flowers in pedunculate axillary cymes; central | or
few subsessile ; exterior pedicellate; pedicels 2-bracteolate, dense,
bractlets equal or longer than sepals (Western Australia’).
1 Small, whitish; petals sometimes outwardly 5 Properly terminating the very short axillary
stellate-pilose.
2 Spec. 7, 8. A. Juss., in Mém, Soc. Hist.
Nat, Par. ii. 130, t. 10 (Phebalium). — FP.
Mvett., in Trans. Vict. Inst., i, 34 (Pheba-
lium); Fragm, i. 105; Pl Vict., i, 232
(Briostemon).—Hoox., Icon., t. 727 (Pheba-
lium).—Bentu., F1. Austral., i, 349 (Astero-
lasia, part.).—WatLpP., Ann, iv. 407; vii, 523
(Asterolasia, part.).
3 In Adansonia, x, 305.
* Pale yellow.
branchlets, whose few approximate leaves have
been taken for a calyx.
6 Spec. 1. P. phebalioides H. BN., loc. cit.,
306.—Asterolasia phebalioides F. MUELL., in
Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict., i. 10.—BENTH., F1,
Austral., i. 351.—Eriostemon plewrandroides
F. Mortn., Fragm., i. 106; Pl. Vict,, i. 133.
7 In Hueg. Enum, 17; Gen. n. 6010.—
B. H., Gen. 295, 990, n, 43.
8 Spee, 2. Benru., Fl. Austral., i. 357.—
Wazr., Ann. vii. 524.
RUTACEÆ. 475
40. Diplolæna R. Br.'—Flowers nearly of Chorilena, without
sepals; petals 5, squamiform, naked or ciliate. Stamens 10,
2-seriate, disk, gynæceum, and fruit of C#orilena—Shrubs, with
stellate tomentose hairs; leaves alternate petiolate, linear or oblong
entire glandular-punctuate ; flowers small in axillary pedunculate
nutant capitula (simulating flowers), inflorescence densely crowded
and sessile on flat receptacle; bracts o, imbricated in involucre
round flowers; exterior shorter pubescent or tomentose; interior
petaloid (simulating corolla) larger (South-West Australia’).
V. ZANTHOXYLES.
Al. Zanthoxylum L.—F lowers polygamous-diæcious ; receptacle
short convex. Sepals 2-6 (or more rarely 0), more or less high
connate, imbricated. Petals same in number (or sometimes 0), im-
bricate or induplicate-valvate. Stamens equal in number to petals
(in female flower effete, rudimentary or 0) ; filaments inserted below
disk (in male flower minute or 0, in hermaphrodite female longer
produced) ; anthers introrsely 2-rimose. Gynæceum (in male flower
rudimentary, simple or 2—5-partite) 1-5 carpels or more rarely
6-8 oppositipetalous and constant; germens l-locular free or very
rarely (Perijæa) connate in plurilocular ovary ; ovules in each 2, in-
serted at the internal angle, descending; micropyle extrorse supe-
rior; styles apical or inserted at a greater or less height at internal
angle of germen, more or less elongated, free or more or less joined
among themselves; apex stigmatiferous rather thick. Fruit of
1-5 cocci, or very rarely plurilocular, loculicidal capsular; cocci
often drupaceous glandular, usually 2-valved ; endocarp sometimes
solute. Seeds oblong or subglobose widely umbilicate, at maturity
pendent by filiform funicle; testa hard, usually crustaceous black ;
albumen fleshy oily; embryo axile straight or curved; cotyledons
foliaceous flat; radicle short superior.—Trees or shrubs, glabrous
or pubescent, unarmed spinescent or straight recurved and bristly
aculeate ; leaves alternate 1—co -foliolate usually imparipinnate ;
1 In Flind. Voy., ii. 546.—DEsr., in Mém, ? Spec. 4. Barts, in Pl. Preiss., i. 173.—
Mus., iii. 450, t. 19, 20.—DC., Prodr.,i.719.— Hoox., in Bot. Mag., sub n. 4059.—BENTH.,
A. Juss,.,in Mém. Mus., xii. 479.—ENDL., Gen, Fl. Austral., i. 358.
n. 6011.—B. H., Gen., 295, 990, n. 44.
476 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
folioles often opposite, like the whole “plant pellucid-punctuate,
aromatic ; flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, sometimes spici-
form, oftener ramified cymiferous; pedicels usually articulate (4/7
Tropical and Subtropical Regions, rarely Temperate). See p. 396.
42. Evodia Forsr.—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, 4,
5-merous (nearly of Zanthovylon); sepals decussate-alternate or
quincuncially imbricated, persistent. Petals 4, 5, much larger,
valvate or subvalvate. Stamens double in number to petals (J/e/i-
cope, Pelea’), or equal (Huevodia,’ Boninia’), inserted below disk,
much varied in form (either subentire, more or less adnate to car-
pels, or 4, 5-lobed ; lobes more or less prominent between stamens),
either all fertile, or sometimes but very rarely oppositipetalous,
sterile (Broméya’) and much smaller than fertile. Germen free; cells
4, 5, oppositipetalous, entirely (Melicope, Euevodia) or at apex only
(Pelea, Boninia, Boymia’) free ; style inserted at apical depression
of germen, stigmatiferous 4, 5-lobed at apex; ovules in cells 2,
descending; micropyle extrorse, superior. Other characters of
Zanthoxylon. Carpels in fruit free, dry, 1, 2-valved, or capsule
4, 5-locular, with base of stamens and calyx stipate at base,
loculicidal from apex, scarcely to middle; endocarp separating ;
seeds oblong; testa thick black; embryo albuminous; coty-
ledons elliptical ; radicle superior.—Trees or shrubs; leaves oppo-
site or sometimes (Pe/eastrum") alternate, petiolate, simple, punc-
tuate, penninerved; flowers in terminal and axillary bracteate
1 Char. Gen, t. 7 (nec G#RTN.).—LamMK.,
Dict., ii. 38; Suppl. ii. 292; ZI. t. 811.—
DC., Prodr., ii, 88, 90.—A. Juss,, in Mém.
Mus., xii. 484, t. 22, fig. 28.—ENDL., Gen., n,
5996.—B. H., Gen., 296, 994, n. 46.—H. By.,
in Adansonia, x. 325 (incl.: Astorganthus
Enpu., Aubertia Bory, Boninia P1., Boymia
A. Juss. Brombya F. Murtt., Entoganum
Banks, Lepta Lour., Megabothrya Hance,
Melicope Forst., Pelea A. Gray, Philagonia
Bu., Tetradium Lovn.).
2 Char, Gen., t. 28.—J., Gen., 429, 453.—
DC., Prodr., i. 7238.—ENDL.,, Gen., n. 5995.—
B. H., Gen. 295, 990, n. 45.— ÆEntoganum
Banks, in Gertn. Fruct., i. 331, t. 68.—Astor-
ganthus ENvDL,, mss. (ex Hoox., Zcon., t, 585).—
Aubertia Bory, Voy., i. 356.
3 À, Gray, in Unit. St. Explor. Exp., Bot.
i, 339, t. 35-38.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x.
321.
4F. Muezz., Fragm., v. 4.—B. H., Gen.,
991, n. 45-a.
5 Of which section are Ævodia (Forsr.)
and Zepta Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 82, Am-
pacus RuMPH., Herb, Amboin., ii. 186, t. 62
(cfr. Tr. & Pu, in Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 5, xiv.
308, not.).
6 Pr, in Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 5, xiv. 309.—
H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 325.
7 À. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 507, t. 25,
fig. 39.—Sre8. & Zuce., Fl. Jap., i. 50, t. 21.
8 Leaves also imparipinnate in Philagonia
bu., Bijdr., 250 (2. Roxburghiana), Mega-
bothrya Hanon, in Walp. Ann, ii. 259 (E.
meliæfolia) and in Tetradio Lour., Fl. Co-
chinch., 91 (Æ. fraxinifolia), whose germen,
seated on the glandular disk, is plurilocular at
the base (as in Pelea and Boymia) on account
of the slightly connate carpels.
RUTACE ZA. 477
cymes! (Trop. Asia, Ind. and Pac. Archipelago, Australia, N. Zealand,
N. Caledonia, Mascaren. Isles, Malasia’).
43. Bouchardatia H. By.‘—F lowers (nearly of Zvodia), 4-merous ;
calyx short, imbricated. Petals longer, imbricated. Stamens 8,
inserted with perianth towards base of elongated obpyramidal
receptacle; filaments dilated at base, subpetaloid; anthers in-
trorse, 2-rimose. Carpels 4, oppositipetalous, inserted at summit
of receptacle; germen free; ovules in each about 12, 2-seriate,
descending ; styles inserted slightly below apex at internal angle of
germen, afterwards coalescing in conoid column, stigmatiferous,
scarcely capitate at apex. Mature carpels free, folliculiform, dehis-
cent ; endocarp curved, veined, separating ; seeds few, albuminous.
—A small glabrous tree ; leaves opposite, petiolate, pinnate, 3-folio-
late ; terminal foliole long petiolulate ; flowers‘ in opposite-ramified
terminal cymes (Worth-eastern Australia’).
44. Bosistoa F. Muezz.®—Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx short,
gamophyllous, 5-dentate. Petals 5, valvate, inflexed at apex; sta-
mens 10, 2-seriate, inserted below disk, and prominent between
filaments dilated at base; anthers rather large, introrsely 2-rimose.
Carpels 5, oppositipetalous, free ; germens in internal angle 5, 6-ovu-
late; ovules 2-seriate, descending; micropyle extrorse, superior; styles
inserted at summit of internal angle of germen, afterwards slightly
cohering among themselves, finally solute, stigmatiferous, not di-
lated at apex. Fruit cocci 1-5, large, free, coriaceous, compressed,
2-valved; endocarp cartilaginous, separating ; seeds solitary; testa
membranous; embryo exalbuminous; cotyledons thick, fleshy; radicle
1 A genus scarcely distinguished from Zan-
thoxylon, except by very artificial characters.
From the peculiar configuration of the receptacle
and disk we can find no good generic dis-
tinction.
2 Species about 50 (more or less known, of
which some are simple leaved, described as
belonging to Eastern Ins, and warm South
Africa). Laprun., Sert. Austro-Caled., t. 74.
—Envu., Prodr. Fl. Norfolk., 86.—A. CUNN.,
in Ann. Nat. Hist., iii, 315 (Melicope).—
SCHOTT, Rutac., t. 1.—NEEs, in Flora (1825),
125 (Philagonia.—Hook., Icon., t. 603 (Meli-
cope, 710 (Philagonia).—Bentn., Fl. Hong-
kong., 58; Fl. Austral., i. 359 (Melicope), 361.
—F. Mvrt., Fragm., i. 28; ii. 102.—A.
Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exp., Bot., i. 332, 349,
i. 39 (Melicope).—Hook. F., in Trans, Linn.
Soc, xxiii. 166—H. Bx., in Adansonia, x.
322 (Pelea), 326.—Watr., Rep., i. 500 (Meli-
cope), 522, 523; v. 387 (Melicope); Ann., iv.
410 (Melicope), 415, 417 ; v. 397; vii. 525.
3 In Adansonia, vii, 347, t. 10; ix. 109.
4 Small, crowded.
5 Spec. 1. B. neurococca H. BN., op. cit., ix.
110.—B. australis H. BN., op. cit., vii. 351.—
Evodia neurococca F. MuELz., Fragm., i. 28;
ii. 103.—Melicope neurococca BENTH., Fl, Aus-
tral., i. 860.—WALP., Ann., vii. 525.
6 Ex Bentu., Fl, Austral., i. 359.—B. H.,
Gen., 990, n. 45 a.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x.
328.
478 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
small.—A glabrous tree ;' leaves opposite, pinnate ; folioles largely
serrate or subentire, pellucid-punctuate ; flowers in cymiferous ra-
cemes, often 2-chotomous’ (astern Australia’).
45. Pagetia F. Muezr.‘—Flowers (nearly of Ævodia) 5-merous ;
petals subvalvate. Stamens 10, inserted below annular disk ; fila-
ments free, linear-subulate; anthers cordate-ovate. Germen 5-sul-
cate ; styles 5, short, contorted in one ; stigmas minute, coalescing ;
ovules in cells 4-6. Cocci 5, distinctly 2-valved ; endocarp separat-
ing.—A tree; leaves opposite, petiolate, simple, or 2, 3-foliolate ;
folioles ovate or cordate, unequal at base, coriaceous, glabrous, pen-
ninerved, veined; terminal buds subglobose ; flowers’ in ramified
3-chotomous terminal cymes (astern and Subtropical Australia’).
46. Choisya H. B. K.’— Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
thickly convex. Sepals 5, imbricated, deciduous. Petals same in
number, alternate, longer, patent, imbricated. Stamens 10, of
which 5 oppositipetalous are shorter; filaments free, subulate, inserted
below glandular disk ; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 5, oppo-
sitipetalous; germen free, base immersed in thick disk, outwardly
dorsally produced in erect cone ; styles same in number, inserted at
internal angle of ovary, afterwards coalescing among themselves in
an erect column, stigmatiferous, obtusely lobed, dilated at apex;
ovules in each germen 2, descending; micropyle extrorse, superior.
Cocci 5, 2-valved ; endocarp solute ; seeds . . . >—A glandular-punc-
tuate shrub (very fragrant); leaves opposite, petiolate, exstipulate,
3-foliolate ; petioles and folioles articulate at base ; flowers* in cymes
terminal or axillary to the upper leaves, 2, 3-chotomous, ramified ;
pedicels articulate at base, bracteolate (J/evico’).
1 Habit of Cupania. 4 Fragm. Phyt. Austral., v. 178.—B. H.,
? Genus differing from Bouchardatia in Gen., 991, n. 50 8.
leaves pinnate, not 3-foliolate, flowers 5- not 5 Small, white.
4-merous ; petals valvate, disk prominent be- 6 Spee. 1. P. medicinalis F. MuELt., loc. cit.
tween stamens, not (like some Quassias, as 7 Nov. Gen. et Spec., vi. 4, t. 513.—DC.,
noted in Adansonia, vii. loc. cit.) obconical, Prodr.,i, 724.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii.
ovules in carpels 4, 5, and cocci large, 490.—ExDz., Gen., n. 6001.—B. H., Gen. 297,
% Spee. 1. B. pentacocca.—B. sapindiformis n. 50.— Juliana Luay. & Lex, Nov. Gen.
F. Murti, Herb. (ex Bunru.).— Ævodia Deser., ii. 4.
pentacocca F. MuELz., Fragm., iii. 41, — 8 Rather large; white, handsome,
Acradenia Bosistoi F. MUELL., op. cit., vi. 9 Spee. 1. C. ternata K., loc. cit.
167.
RUTACEÆ. 479
47. Medicosma Hook F.'—Flowers 4-merous ; sepals 4, decus-
sately imbricated, deciduous. Petals 4, sessile, finally recurved-
patent. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, inserted below thick pulvinate 4-lobed
disk; oppositipetalous, shorter; filaments free, widely subulate,
robust glandular-verrucose, connivent in cone, margins woolly, con-
nivent ; anthers oblong-ovate, introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 4, oppo-
sitipetalous, sessile; germens free; ovules in each 2, descending ;
micropyle extrorse, superior; styles 4, shortly coalescing in one,
slender, stigmatiferous 4-lobed at apex. Fruit cocci 4, tomentose ;
endocarp separating, 2-valved—A_ glabrous shrub ; leaves opposite,
petiolate, simple (or 1-foliolate?) glandular-punctuate; flowers?
in few-flowered, axillary cymes; pedicels -bracteolate (Hastern
Australia’).
48. Platydesma H. Mann.‘—Flowers nearly of Medicosma ;
sepals 4, decussately imbricated ; exterior 2 larger. Petals same in
number, alternate, contorted, finally recurved at apex. Stamens 8,
2-seriate, inserted below slightly 8-lobed disk; filaments subpeta-
loid; anthers subsagittate, introrse, 2-rimose, inserted inside filaments,
subadnate. Germen deeply 4-sulcate, 4-locular; cells oppositipeta-
lous; connate only at internal angle; style central, short, stigma-
tiferous at apex; ovules in each cell 4-6, inserted at internal angle,
descending. “ Cocci erect, discrete, succulent, often 1-spermous by
abortion ; endocarp thin, cartilaginous; seed . . . ?’”—Small trees,
subglabrous (graveolens) ; leaves opposite, simple, obovate-lanceolate,
petiolate ; cymes’ axillary, few-flowered ; pedicels 2-bracteolate (Sand-
wich Islands).
49. Dutaillyea H. By.’— Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
shortly conical. Sepals 4, valvate, at first slightly decussate. Petals
same in number, alternate longer, contorted or oftener (sometimes
decussately) imbricated. Stamens 4, alternipetalous ; filaments free,
subulate, inserted at base of glandular-thickened and obscurely-lobed
1 Gen., 296, 991, n. 48. Watp., Rep., ii. 825.—Ævodia Cunninghami
* Rather large, handsome, white, pubescent. F. MuEzz., Fragm., iii, 2.
3 Spec. 1, culta. JZ. Cunninghami Hook. F., 4 In Proceed. Bost. Soc. Hist, Nat., x. 317.
loc, cit. — BENTH., Fl. Austral., i. 362.— —B. H., Gen., 991, n. 50 a.
Acronychia Cunninghami Hook., in Bot. Mag., 5 Flowers large, “ white.”
t. 3994.—H. BN., in Adansonia, ii, 253,— 5 Spec. 1. P. campanulata H. MANN, loc. cit.
7 In Adansonia, x. 327.
480 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
germen ; anthers oblong, longer than filaments, introrsely 2-rimose.
Germen free, conoid; style apical simple; apex stigmatiferous, not
thickened ; cells 4, oppositipetalous ; ovules in each 2, descending ;
micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit ...?—A shrub; leaves oppo-
site, petiolate, digitate, 3-foliolate ; folioles petiolulate, entire, coria-
ceous, penninerved ; flowers rather large in compound axillary cymes’
(N. Caledonia’).
50. Astrophyllum Torr. & Gr.'—Flowers hermaphrodite; 4,
5-merous ; receptacle concave? Sepals and petals same in number,
alternate, perigynous (?), valvate. Stamens 8, 10, 2-seriate; fila-
ments subulate ; anthers ovate. Germen surrounded by 8-10-lobed,
little conspicuous disk ; lobes 4, 5, incurved above; style ventral,
free at base, coalescing at apex, oblong-5-sulcate, stigmatiferous ;
ovules in cells 2, collateral. ‘ Cocci (aborted 2) coriaceous, dorsally
apiculate, with base of style rostrate ; endocarp cartilaginous, solute,
2-valved. Seeds ovate-globose ; testa nitid, black ; albumen fleshy,
scanty ; embryo curved ; cotyledons large ; radicle short.’—A humble
much, ramified shrub, all prominently glandular-verrucose ;‘ leaves
subopposite, petiolate, digitate 5—-10-foliolate ; flowers axillary and
terminal, solitary or subumbellate, long pedicellate’ (V. Mexico’).
51. Peltostigma Waxp.’— Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
thick, rather convex; perianth 8-leaved, very unequal, generally
spirally inserted, closely imbricated; exterior 4 narrower and
shorter, greenish; interior much larger, petaloid.? Stamens o,
slightly longer than perianth, and spirally inserted, free; anthers
introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 8, inserted at summit of receptacle,
alternating with leaves of perianth; germens free ; ovules in each 2,
descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior ;" styles slender, inserted
1 A genus by gynæceum allied to Acronychia, authors are silent; hence doubtful. (Vid.
germen one plurilocular ; differs especially in the
number of stamens.
2 Spec. 1. D. trifoliata H. Bn., loc. cit.
3 In Pope Exped., Bot. 5—B. H., Gen,
296, n. 47,
4 Afterwards graveolens.
5 A genus very little known to us. Younger
flowers (seen by us, perhaps belonging to
another plant) seem to belong to Rutaceæ ; but
concerning the very perigynous insertion and the
concave receptacle observed in them by us,
p. 400, not. 1).
® Spec. 1. À. dumosum Torr. & GR, loe,
cit.—Torr., in Emor. Rep., Bot., 42.—WALxpP.,
Ann., vii, 526.
7 Rep., v. 387.—B. -H., Gen., 800, n. 61.
— Pachystigma Hoox., Icon. t. 698 (nec
RAFIN.).
$ « Sepala” (Hoox.).
9 « Petala” (HooKk.)
10 Double coats,
RUTACE A. 481
at internal angle of germen above the middle, afterwards cohering
among themselves in a thick, obovoid, stigmatiferous mass, reflexed,
thickened at apex. Fruit cocci 8, rostrate at apex, 2-valved; endo-
carp solute; seeds oblong; embryo ...?—A small glabrous tree,
glandular-punctulate, and fragrant; leaves alternate, petiolate, 3-
foliolate, punctulate; flowers' in long pedunculate axillary cymes,
often 2, 3-chotomous, few-flowered ; pedicels foliaceous, bracteate’
(Jamaica).
52? Melanococca BL —Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle short.
Calyx short, 5, 6-fid, valvate, persistent. Petals same in number,
obtuse. Stamens 5, 6, alternipetalous, outwardly inserted below
thick depressed annular disk; filaments free, short; anthers in-
trorse, 2-rimose. Carpels 5, 6, more or less coherent by short
laterally stigmatiferous styles; ovules in each germen solitary.
Drupes 1-4, oblique, globose, succulent ; putamen unequally lenti-
cular, bony, tuberculate or rugose. Seed compressed-reniform,
sinuous umbilicate; testa membranous; albumen thin; embryo
curved; cotyledons subovate, flat; radicle cylindrical, ascending,
slightly shorter.—A small tree, simply ramified ; branches, leaves, and
inflorescence tomentose ; leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; folioles
4-7-jugate, subopposite, entire, epunctuate, veined ; flowers in axil-
lary and terminal ramified panicles’ (W. Guinea’).
53. Comeurya H. By.’—Flowers hermaphrodite (?); receptacle
shortly cupuliform or pateriform, inwardly clothed with obscure
crenate disk. Sepals 5, imbricated, and petals same in number,
alternate, longer, at apex slightly imbricated or contorted, inserted
at margin of receptacle. Stamens 10, 5 are oppositipetalous, shorter,
inserted with perianth; filaments filiform ; anthers introrse, linear-
oblong, versatile, 2-rimose. Carpels 5, oppositipetalous, free ; germens
1 Whitish-lutescent, rather large, fragrant,
2 A genus made into an order as a very ano-
malous medium between Rufacee and Ochnacee,
on account of the spiral insertion of the leaves of
perianth and the indefinite number of stamens.
All parts of the plant glandular and odoriferous,
3 Spec. 4. P. pteleoides War. loc. cit, —
Pachysligma pteleoides Woox., in Bot. May. t.
4470.
4 Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i.
—B. H., Gen., 298, n. 52.
VOL. IV.
236 (Anacardiacee),
5 A genus, on account of little known flowers
very uncertain, ‘“‘characterib. permult, Zan-
thoxylo quadrat” (B. H.), but with inodorous
and epunctuate leaves. It also seems to bear
some aflinity to the Æwycomæ among the
Simarubee as to the structure of leaves and
flowers, but the plant is not bitter, Flowers
generally polygamous, pericarp epunctuate,
Chiefly from description of BLUME.
5 Spec. 1. WM. tomentosa Bu., loc. cit.
7 In Adansonia, x. 329.
Hat
482 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
stipitate, short, inserted together and connate among themselves at
base, 1-locular, afterwards free and tapering in an equal number of
styles, cohering among themselves, slightly thickened, reflexed,
stigmatiferous at apex ; ovules (fertile ?) in each cell solitary or rarely
2-nate, descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit .. .P—A
tree (?) ; leaves alternate (?), imparipinnate; folioles opposite, very
short, petiolate, ovate-oblique, tomentose, epunctuate, insipid ;
flowers in much ramified terminal cymiferous racemes; pedicels
articulate (JZanilla’).
54. Decatropis Hook. r.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle sub-
cylindrical. Calyx inserted on receptacle, short, cupuliform, 5-
dentate, rather thick, villous, immersed in wool. Petals 5, inserted
with calyx, lanceolate, patent membranous, valvate, at apex acute in-
flexed. Stamens 10, inserted with perianth, the 5 oppositipetalous
shorter; filaments free, subulate; anthers subcordate, introrse,
2-rimose. Carpels oppositipetalous 5, inserted at summit of recep-
tacle, free; germens dorsally longitudinally suleate, laterally 2-cari-
nate; styles short slender, thick obconical stigmatiferous at apex,
coherent among themselves; ovules in each ovary 2, collaterally
ascending; micropyle extrorse. Fruit ...?—A tree (?); branches
terete; twigs, petioles, and leaves below densely velutinate-tomen-
tose; leaves alternate, imparipinnate; petiole terete; folioles 4,
5-jugate, opposite, thickly petiolulate, oblong or linear-lanceolate,
entire, coriaceous, impressed-punctulate ; flowers in large much rami-
fied axillary glomeruliferous racemes (Mexico).
55. Polyaster Hook. r.'— Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
depressed conical. Sepals 5, small, imbricated. Petals same in
number, alternate, sub-3-agonal, valvate. Disk thick, glandular-
punctuate, obscurely 10-lobed, prominent between stamens. Stamens
10, 2-seriate, inserted below disk ; filaments subulate, pilose ; anthers
introrse, sub-2-dymous, 2-rimose. Carpels 5, oppositipetalous ; ger-
mens free ; styles short, coalescing in rather thick column, at apex
stigmatiferous, 5-lobed, capitate; ovules in germens 2, collaterally
descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit .. .?—An unarmed
Spee. 1. C. Cumingiana H. BN., loc. cit. 4 Spee. 1. D. Coulteri Hook. F,, loc. cit,
Gen., 298, n. 55. 5 Gen., 299, n. 56.
Small, crowded, white.
tw 1
RUTACEZ. 483
shrub, pellucid-punctuate ; leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; rachis
thinly winged; folioles opposite, œ-jugate, linear-oblong, sessile,
obtuse, entire; flowers small, in axillary or terminal subdichotomous
or by abortion 1-parous, sometimes foliate, subsessile, ebracteolate
(Mexico').
56. Megastigma Hook. r.’—Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
small, conical. Sepals 4, small, acute. Petals 4, longer, membra-
nous, imbricated. Disk thick, sometimes subglobose, attenuated at
base, fleshy-glandular. Stamens 8, inserted below disk, of which 4 are
oppositipetalous, shorter; filaments free, glabrous; anthers subcor-
date, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen 2-locular, 2-dymous (or more rarely
3-locular) ; style short, afterwards dilated in large subglobose, ob-
securely 2, 3-lobed stigmatiferous head; ovules in each cell 2, sub-
collaterally descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit .. .?—
Unarmed shrubs, glandular-punctuate, odoriferous ; leaves alternate,
imparipinnate ; folioles »-jugate, subopposite ; flowers* in compound
cymiferous racemes; pedicels slender, bracteolate at base (J/ewico,
Guatemala’).
57. Pilocarpus Vanu.’—F lowers usually hermaphrodite; recep-
tacle short, usually depressed. Calyx short, 4-5-dentate or sub-
entire. Petals 4, 5, longer, 3-agonal, patent, reflexed, præfloration
valvate or slightly imbricated. Stamens same in number, alternate ;
filaments inserted outside below annular often thick accrescent disk,
free, subulate, incurved in bud; anthers short, rather wide, introrse,
versatile, 2-rimose. Carpels 4, 5, oppositipetalous, free or connate
at base, usually immersed in disk; styles same in number, free to a
greater or less height, afterwards in erect column, stigmatiferous,
capitate-5-lobed dilated at apex ; ovules in each germen 2, subhori-
zontal or descendent ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Cocci 4, 5,
distinct, loculicidally 2-valved ; endocarp solute, elastically 2-valved.
Seeds usually solitary, ovoid; embryo exalbuminous, fleshy ; radicle
short, retracted between thick cotyledons. — Pellucid-punctuate
1 Spec. 1. P. boronioides Hook, F., loc. cit. fig. 29.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffor, ii. 344,—
2 Gen., 299, n, 57. ENDL., Gen., n. 5999.—A. S. H., in Bull. Soc.
3 Small, white. Philom. (1823), 130 ; Pl. Rem. Brés., i. 145, t.
4 Spee. 2. H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 331. 16; Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 82, t. 17.—B. H., Gen.,
5 Eelog., i. 29, t. 10.—DC., Protr., i. 728.— 299, n. 59. ‘
A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 488, t. 22,
22
LUE
484 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
shrubs ; leaves alternate, opposite or 3-nate, petiolate, 1-3-foliolate
or imparipinnate ; flowers in spikes or simple, much elongated ra-
cemes, terminal or axillary; pedicels below middle or at apex
bracteolate (Trop. and Subtrop. Cont. aad Ins. America’).
58. Esenbeckia H. B. K°— Flowers nearly of Péilocarpus, 4,
5-merous ; petals imbricated or valvate (I/etrodorea’). Stamens 4, 5,
outwardly inserted below subentire disk, or between alternipetalous
lobes; anthers short, often 2-dymous, mucronate. Carpels 4, 5,
oppositipetalous, in 4, 5-locular germen more or less high, connate,
dorsally at apex granulate or tuberculate; style inserted at summit
of depressed germen, stigmatiferous capitate subentire or lobed at
apex; ovules in cells 2, descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior.
Capsule subglobose or depressed, smooth (Awa/a‘) or oftener echinate
or muricate, septicidally 5-coccous ; cocci 2-valved ; endocarp more or
less solute, elastically 2-valved. Seeds oblong; hilum linear ; thick
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryoes often unequal, 2, 3; radicle
superior, short. Other characters of P/i/ocarpus.—Pellucid-punctuate
trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, opposite, 1-3-foliolate ; petiole flat
or winged, sometimes dilated at base (J/etrodorea), and including
axillary bud; flowers’ in ramified cymiferous racemes, axillary or
terminal’ (Zrop. and Subtrop. Cont. and Ins. America’).
59? Helietta Tur.®— Flowers (nearly of Hsenbeckia) 3, 4-merous ;
sepals connate at base, imbricated. Petals longer, imbricated, finally
reflexed. Stamens equal in number to petals, outwardly inserted
below concave 6—8-crenate disk, free; anthers at summit of reflexed
1 Spec. 5, 6. Nees & Marr., in Nov. Act.
Nat. Cur., xi. 176, t. 19.—Tuz., in Ann. Se.
4 Karst. & TR.,in Linnea, xxviii. 429.
5 Small, sometimes rather purple, nigrescent.
Nat., sér. 3, vii. 284.—A. Gray, in Unit. St.
Expl. Exp. Bot., i, 331.—Grises., Fl, Brit.
W.-Ind., 135.—Tr. & PL. in Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 5, xiv. 306.—Wazr., Rep., i. 501; Ann., i.
154; iv. 411.
2 Nov. Gen. et Spec., vii. 246, t, 655.—
A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii, 486.— Scuorr,
Rutac., 13, t. 7.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii.
343.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5997.—B. H., Gen., 299,
n. 60,—Polembryon A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
xii. 519, t. 28.—Colythrum Scuorr, Rutac., 9
18, t. 5, fig. 7.
SAS, H., #l. Bras. Mer., i. 81, t. 16.—
A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 487.—Enpt.,
Gen., n. 5998,—PAYER, Organog., 99, t. 22.
»
5 A genus perhaps scarcely distinguished from
Pilocarpus except by babit and character of
inflorescence.
7 Spec. ad 25. H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Spec.,
vii, 246, t. 655.—A.S. H., Pl. Us. Bras. t. 4
(Evodia); Pl. Rem. 149; Fl. Bras, Mer., i.
79.—Marrt., Nov. Gen. et Spec., iii, 80, t. 232,
233.—GrisEeB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 135.—
Turoz., in Bull. Mose, (1858), i, 440.—Pont.,
Pl, Bras., ii. t. 128.—Neus, Pl. Off, Suppl, t.
94,—TR., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 5, xiv. 306.—
Watpr., Rep., i. 501; Ann, ii. 247; iv. 411;
vii. 528, 529 (Kuala).
8 In Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 3, vii. 280.—B. H.,
Gen., 301, n. 66.
RUTACEÆ. 485
filaments finally extrorse, 2-rimose. Carpels 3, 4, oppositipetalous,
inserted within disk; germens subfree, dorsally gibbous; styles
coalescing in common column, at apex stigmatiferous capitate, 3—4-
lobed; ovules in germens 2, finally ascending; micropyle introrse,
inferior. Fruit cocci 3, 4, dry, ligneous, outwardly winged upwards,
afterwards samaroid, and finally solute; seed elongated; embryo
albuminous ; cotyledons straight ; radicle terete.—A rather glabrous
small tree; leaves opposite, alternate, 8-foliolate ; folioles obovate,
obtuse, glandular-punctuate ; flowers' in pedunculate ramified ter-
minal and axillary cymes ; pedicels 2-bracteolate (V. Granada’).
60. Lunasia Branco.’— Flowers dicecious, usually 3-merous.
Sepals 3, sometimes connate at base, inserted on shortly conical
receptacle. Petals 3, alternate, longer, valvate. Stamens 3, alterni-
petalous (in female flower sterile); filaments free, short; anthers
short, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen free (in male flower rudimentary,
minute); cells 3, oppositipetalous, afterwards dorsally produced in
rather thick obtuse wing; style erect, 3-fid stigmatiferous at apex ;
ovule solitary in each cell, inserted at internal angle, descending ;
micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit capsular, obpyramidal ; cocci
connate at internal angle, dorsally produced in wings, straight,
truncate at apex (inwardly dehiscing?). Seed solitary in each
coccus, descending, oblong ; embryo . . . ? — Furfuraceous-lepidote,
pellucid-punctulate shrubs; branches angular; leaves alternate, long
petiolate; petiole thick at apex; limb elongated, membranous,
penninerved ; male flowers small, in axillary capituliferous racemes ;
the female on alternate rachis solitary or in scanty glomerules
(Ind. Arch.*).
61. Hortia Vanpr.u.’—Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx obconi-
eally cupuliform, 5-dentate or 5-crenate. Petals 5, longer, free,
coriaceous, inwardly barbellate at middle, valvate; apex reflexed,
Stamens 5, alternipetalous, inserted round angular 5-lobed disk.
Germen free, 5-locular; cells oppositipetalous ; style short, conical,
1 Minute. iv. 519, t. 17, 18 (ex H. By., loc. cit.).—B. H.,
2 Spec. 1. H. Pleana Tot., loc. cit.—Tr., in
Ann, Se, Nat., sér. 5, xiv. 320,—Watp., Ann., i.
158.
3 Fl. de Filip., 783.—Envu., Gen, n.
5888%.— H. By., Et. Gén. Euphorbiac., 668
(Diosmeæ) —MueLz. ara., in DC. Prodr., xv.
sect. J, 1259.—Ralelaisia Pu, in Hook. Jowrn.,
Gen., 299, 991, n. 58.—Mytilicoccus ZOLL., in
Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 387.
4 Spec. 1, 2.
° Ex VANDELL., in Rem. Script. Pras., 188.—
DC., Prodr., i.732.—A, Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii.
489, t. 22, fig. 30.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 346.
— EnpL,, Gen.,n, 6000.—B. H., Gen.,301, n, 64.
486 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
5-suleate, stigmatiferous at apex ; ovules in each cell 2, descending,
superposed ; micropyle extrorse superior. Berry ovoid, 5-locular ;
pericarp resinous-lacunose ; seeds in cells 1, 2, nidulant ; outer coat
pulpy; testa crustaceous; albumen fleshy; embryo axile, albu-
minous ; cotyledons wide, membranous; radicle short, superior.—
Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple or 3-foliolate,
coriaceous, minutely glandular-punctuate ; flowers in much ramified
terminal cymiferous racemes; twigs and pedicels thick, articulate
(Brazil').
62. Acronychia Forsv.’—Flowers polygamous ; receptacle shortly
conical. usually 4-lobed, imbricated, sometimes
accrescent after anthesis. Petals 4, longer than calyx, valvate,
finally patent or revolute. Stamens 8, 2-seriate ; filaments inserted
outside below glandular conical disk, or 4-8-agonal from impres-
sions of filaments, subulate, often ciliate; anthers introrse, 2-rimose.
Germen free, often tomentose; style terminal, more or less elon-
gated, at apex stigmatiferous, 4-sulcate or 4-lobed; cells 4, opposi-
tipetalous ; ovules in each cell 2, descending, subcollateral or super-
posed; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit dry or drupaceous,
indehiscing or sometimes loculicidally 4-valved, more rarely at apex
shortly 4-lobed, 4-agonal; testa black ; albumen fleshy; embryo
straight ; cotyledons flat, oblong; radicle straight, superior.—Trees
or small trees; leaves alternate or opposite, 1- or more rarely
3-foliolate ; folioles entire, pellucid-punctuate ; flowers’ in ramified
cymiferous racemes, sometimes corymbiform, axillary and terminal
(Lrop. and Subtrop. Asia and Oceania’).
Calyx short,
63. Halfordia I. Mur.u.’—Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of
Acronychia), 5-merous ; calyx short, cupuliform, 5-dentate. Petals
1 Spec. 2, 3. A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras., t. 17;
Fl. Bras. Mer., i. 80.
? Char. Gen, 53, t. 27 (nec Hoox.), —
SCHOTT, Rutac., 3, t. 2, 8.—ENDL., Gen., n.
5978.—B. H., Gen., 302, 992, n. 67.—Jam-
bolifera L., Gen. n. 479 (part.).—Ankenda
Herm, Mus, 73 (ex Enpt.). — Doriena
Dennst, Hort. Malab., v. 15 (ex Enpt.).—
Gela Lour., Fl, Cochineh., ed, olyssip. (1790),
232,.—Cyminosma GÆRIN., Fruct., i. 280, t. 58.
—DC., Prodr., i. 722.—A, Juss., in Mém.
Mus., xii. 465, t. 17, fig. 11.—Huonia Mon-
TROUS., in Mém. Acad. Lyon, x. 185.
% Whitish or yellowish, ordinary or small.
1 Spec. ad 18. LaBizz., Sert. Austro-caled.,
t. 65 (Lawsonia)—Wiaur, Il, 65 (Cymi-
nosma).—M1Q., Il. Ind.-Bat., Suppl, i. 532.—
F. MuELzz., Fragm., iv. 154; Fl. Vict., i. 96.—
A. Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exp., Bot., i, 233, t.
32-34.—Brnru,, Fl, Austral, i. 366.—WALP.,
Rep., i. 261 (Cyminosma), 523; ü. 845; Ann.,
i. 159; iv. 416; vii, 530.
5 Fragm., v. 43, t. 36.—B. H., Gen., 992, n.
67 a.—H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 328,
RUTACEZ. 487
5-valvate. Stamens 10, 2-seriate ; filaments inserted below 10-cos-
tate disk, free, pilose or scantily granulose-glandular; anthers in-
trorse, shortly apiculate, longitudinally rimose. Germen conical,
5-locular; cells oppositipetalous, l-ovulate; ovule descending ;
micropyle extrorse, superior; raphe more or less long, free; style
small, erect, 5-sulcate, minute, stigmatiferous at apex. Drupe dry,
3—d-locular ; seeds solitary in cells; testa crustaceous; albumen
fleshy ; embryo straight ; cotyledons foliaceous, slightly longer and
wider than radicle. Other characters of Acronychia.—Glabrous
shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, pellucid-
punctuate ; flowers small, in terminal ramified cymiferous corymbi-
form clusters! (Australia, N. Caledonia’).
64. Skimmia THuxs.®—Flowers polygamous-dicecious, 4, 5-me-
rous; receptacle short, convex. Sepals subfree or connate at base, im-
bricated. Petals longer, imbricated or subvalvate. Stamens alter-
nating with petals, equal to them in number ; filaments free ; anthers
(effete in female flowers) introrse, 2-rimose. Germen (rudimentary in
male flower) surrounded by base of disk, lobed between stamens ; cells
2—5 ;* style terminal, sometimes very short, at apex stigmatiferous,
more or less dilated, 2-5-lobed. Ovule solitary in cell,’ at internal
angle, descending, anatropous ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Drupe
glabrous ;’ mesocarp pulpy; pyrenas 2-5, scarious or cartilaginous.
Seed solitary in pyrena, descending; albumen fleshy; embryoes
1- © ;* cotyledons oblong; radicle terete superior.—Glabrous ever-
green shrubs, in all parts glandular-punctuate; leaves alternate,
petiolate, simple, entire, coriaceous, exstipulate ; flowers’ in terminal
ramified cymiferous racemes (Cextro-eastern Temp. Asia”).
1 A genus certainly allied to Skimma Aco-
nychia (of which perhaps it is a section), dif-
fering principally in number of floral organs
and in solitary ovules,
2 Spec. 1, 2.
3 Fl. Jap, 62.—J., Gen., 425.—GÆRTN. F.,
Fruct., iii, 242, t. 225.—Porr., Dict., vii. 221;
Suppl., v. 161—DC., Prodr., ii. 18.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5712.—B. H. Gen,, 302, 992, n. 68.—
Laureola RœM., Syn, Hesp., '74—Anquetilia
Done. in Voy. Jacquem., Bot., 161, t. 161.
4 Alternating with stamens, equal in number
to them.
° Ex A. Gray (fid. B. H., Gen., 992), 1-5.
5 Funicle short, thick; endostome rather
long, tubular dilated beyond exostome.
7 Outwardly glandular-punctuate, usually red.
8 Whence many little plants spring from one
pyrena (whence perhaps it bas been considered
polyspermous), as in most Awrantiee, to which it
is nearly allied.
% Congested, whitish or virescens, sometimes
outwardly purplish, inodorous.
10 Spec. 4, very varied, (K=MPF., Amen.,
779 (Sin-San v. Mijama-Skimmi).— Banxs,
Icon, Kempf., t. 5.—DC., Prodr., i. 536, n. 2
(Limonia).—Watt., Pl. As. Rar., iii. t. 245.—
LEM., in Ill. Hort, (1854), t. 13.— Bot. Mag.,
t. 4719.— Watp., Rep., i. 541; v. 404; Ann.
vii. 931.
488 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
65. Casimiroa Luav. & Lux.'—Flowers polygamous-dicecious ;
receptacle depressed conical. Sepals usually 5, free or connate at
base, narrow, imbricated. Petals same in number, alternate, valvate,
incurved at apex. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ; filaments inserted
below, very small annular disk, free; anthers introrse, subeordate or
subsagittate at base, longitudiually 2-rimose (in female flower
smaller, effete). Germen (rudimentary in male flower) free, sessile,
subglobose, cells 5, or more rarely 6-8 ; style short, thick, after-
wards divided into a like number of thick reflexed stigmatiferous
lobes; ovule in each cell 1, inserted at internal angle, descending ;
micropyle extrorse superior’ crowned with 2-lobed obturator.
Drupe large, pomiform, depressed-globose; pulp sapid; pyrenas
usually 5, crustaceous, 1-spermous ; seeds oblong-compressed ; hilum
ventral, elongated ; testa subcoriaceous ; embryo exalbuminous ; ra-
dicle short ; cotyledons fleshy, amygdaloid—Ramified trees ; leaves
alternate, digitate, 3-7-foliolate ; folioles petiolulate, entire or slightly
serrate, glabrous or pubescent, thinly pellucid-punctuate ; flowers* in
more or less ramified axillary cymiferous racemes* (AZewico’).
66. Phellodendron Rvupr.'—Flowers dicecious ; sepals 5-8, free
or connate at base. Petals same in number, alternate, inwardly at
middle pilose-carinate, valvate, incurved at apex. Disk shortly
columnar. Stamens (small, effete in female flower) equal in number
to petals, and alternating with them; filaments short, subulate ;
anthers large, incurved, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen (rudimentary
5-lobed in male flower) 4, 5-locular; style ...? ovules (solitary ?)
descending ; micropyle extrorse superior. Drupe pisiform, 5-pyre-
nate; mesocarp oleose-lacunose ; seeds compressed; testa black,
crustaceous ; albumen fleshy, scanty; embryo rather straight ; coty-
ledons flat, oblong; radicle superior.—A glabrous tree; leaves
opposite, imparipinnate; folioles opposite, petiolate, articulate,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, unequal at base, scantily pellucid-
punctuate; flowers in compound terminal and axillary racemes,
sometimes subcapitate ; pedicels articulate (Zanchouria’).
1 Nov, Gen. Deser., fase. ii. 2.—ENDL., Gen., 5 Srem., Voy. Her. Bot., 273, t. 51, 52.
n. 6879.—B. H., Gen., 302, n. 69.
2 Coats double ; nucleus oblique.
8 « Viridulis,”’ small for plant.
4 À gems remarkable for its involute cell,
whencesomewhat approaching the Luphorbiacce.
The thick edible sarcocarp rare in the order.
6 In Maak., 526, n. 16.—MAXIM., Primit,
Fl. Amur., 72, t. 4.—B. H., Gen., 301, 991, n.
63.—H. BN., Adansonia, x. 330.
7 Vragrance terebinthaceous.
8 Spec. 1. P. amurense Rupr., loc. cit, —
Watr., Ann., vii. 530.
RUTACEA. 489
67? Pitavia Mor..'— Flowers polygamous or dicecious ; receptacle
very convex. Sepals 4, connate at base, imbricated, deciduous.
Petals 4, alternate, longer, imbricated. Stamens 8, inserted with
perianth, 2-seriate ; oppositipetalous shorter; filaments free, subu-
late; anthers ovate, introrse, 2-rimose. Gynæceum inserted at
summit of much thickened glandular receptacle, beyond insertion
of stamens; germens 4, free, oppositipetaious, dorsally glandular
without; styles springing from internal angle of germen at a
greater or less height, afterwards coalescing in column, 4-lobed,
stigmatiferous at apex; ovules usually 2 (in male flower 1, 2, or by
abortion 0), descending; micropyle extrorse. Drupes’ 1-4, inde-
hiscent; flesh thick; putamen thin, 1-spermous; seeds oblong ;
testa crustaceous ; “albumen... (?); embryo straight ; cotyledons
oblong, foliaceous ; radicle short.”—A very glabrous tree; leaves
opposite or 3-nate, shortly petiolate, simple, sinuate-crenate, sub-
enerved, pellucid-punctuate, odoriferous ; flowers in axillary cymes,
ramified, bracteate and bracteolate, 2, 3-chotomous’ (Chz/i*).
68. Pentaceras Hook. r.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
convex, produced beyond insertion of perianth and androceum in
thick obconical column. Sepals 5, small. Petals same in number,
alternate, much longer, glandular-punctuate, valvate. Stamens 10,
inserted with petals, 2-seriate ; oppositipetalous 5, shorter ; fila-
ments subulate, glabrous, finally exserted ; anthers oblong, introrsely
2-rimose, caducous. Gynæceum placed at summit of receptacle ;
germens 5, free, oppositipetalous, apex produced in obtuse gland ;
ovules in each 2, superposed, descending ; micropyle extrorse, supe-
rior; styles inserted at internal angle of germen, about middle,
afterwards twisted into slender column, stigmatiferous, not thickened
at apex. Fruit carpels 5, or fewer by abortion, subdrupaceous,
produced on both sides in wide membranous nerved wing ;° endo-
carp subligneous ; seeds in each 1, 2; testa thick, glabrous ;’ albu-
men scanty, fleshy; embryo straight; cotyledons subovate.— A
1 Chil., ed. 2, 287.— Don, in Edinb. N. Simarubeæ on account of the disk, and structure
Phil, Journ., xiii. 241.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5969. of gynæceum, differs by epunctuate leaves.
—B. H., Gen. 297, n. 49.—Galvezia R. & 4 Spee. 1. P. punctata Mot, loc. cit. —
Pav., Prodr., 56, t. 35; Syst., i. 97.—A. Juss., C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 484.—Watp., Rep., i. 519.
in Mém. Mus., xii. 500, t. 25, fig. 37. — Galvezia punctata KR. & Pav., loc. cit.
2 Very bitter. 5 Gen. 298, 991, n. 54.
# A genus much better placed among the 5 Whence recalling those of Atlantus.
7 Nigrescent.
490 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
glabrous tree ; leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, oblique at base, entire, much crowded, pellucid-punctulate ;
flowers small in axillary much ramified compound racemes ; pedicels
bracteolate below articulation (Hastern and Subtrop. Australia’).
69. Ptelea L.*—Flowers polygamous ; receptacle more or less con-
vex. Sepals 3-5, short, imbricated. Petals same in number, alter-
nate, much longer, imbricated. Stamens same in number, inserted
with petals and alternate with them; filaments free, more or less
pilose ; anthers introrse, 2-rimose, effete in female flower. Germen
(rudimentary in male flower) inserted at summit of receptacle, more
or less produced and dilated beyond insertion of androceum, 2,
3-locular; style short, stigmatiferous 2, 3-lobed at apex; ovules in
each cell 2, descending; micropyle extrorse, superior Fruit dry,
orbicular, widely 2, 3-winged, 2, 3-locular, indehiscent; seeds in
each cell solitary from abortion, oblong; testa coriaceous ; albumen
fleshy; embryo straight; cotyledons flat, ovate-oblong; radicle
short, superior.—Small trees or shrubs, more or less bitter; leaves
alternate or more rarely opposite, exstipulate, 3-foliolate or pinnate
5-foliolate ; folioles ovate, oblong or sublanceolate, entire, crenate or
serrulate, pellucid-punctuate ; flowers‘ in ramified cymiferous racemes,
sometimes corymbiform (Northern Temp. America’).
70. Toddalia J..—Flowers polygamous (nearly of Zanthorylon) ;
calyx 2—5-merous leaves lobed or dentate subequal.
longer, valvate or slightly imbricate.
Petals) 235:
Stamens same in number
1 Spec. 1. P. australis Hoox. F., loc. cit.—
Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 365.— Cookia Aus-
tralis F. Muezx., Fragm., i. 25; iii, 27.—
Ailantus punctata F. MUELL., op. cit., ili. 42.
2 Gen., n. 152.—Mizx., Icon., t. 211.—J.,
Gen., 375.—Lamx., Jil., t. 84.—Poir., Dict,,
v. 706; Suppl, iv. 597.—GÆRTN., Fruct., i,
223, 6. 49.—K., in Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 1, ii,
355.—Turp., in Dict. Se. Nat., Atl., t. 128.—
DC., Prodr., ii, 82.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
xii. 510, t. 26, fig. 42.—Spacn, Suit. à Buffon,
ii, 369.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5977.— PAYER, Or-
ganog., 107, t. 24,—A. Gray, Gen. I. t. 157.
—J. G. Aa., Theor. Syst. t. 19, figs. 7, 8.—
B. H., Gen. 301, n. 65.—Belluccia ADANS.,
Fam. des Pl., ii. 344.
3 Coats double.
4 Flavo-virescens.
5 Spec, ad 6. Torr. & Gr., Fl. N.-Amer., i.
214.—A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 110.—CHApM.,
Fil. S, Unit. St., 66.—Watv., Rep., i. 523; ii.
259 ; Ann., vii. 530.
6 Gen. 371.—Lamx., Il, t. 139.— Porn.
Dict., vii. 692; Suppl., v. 314.—K., in Ann. Se.
Nat, sér. 1, ii. 356.—DC., Prodr., ii. 83.—
A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 508, t. 26, fig. 40,
—Spracu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 368.—ENDL., Gen.,
n. 5975.—B. H., Gen., 300, 991, n. 62 (part.).—
Boscia Tuuns., Fl. Cap., 159 (nec LAMK.). —
Asaphes DC, Prodr., ii. 90.— Duncania
ReicuB., Consp., 197.— Vepris CoMMERS. (ex
A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii, 509, t. 26, fig. 41).
—Expz., Gen., n. 5976.—Crantzia SCHREB.
Gen., 143 (nec Scop., nee Sw., nec Laa., nec
Nurr.).—Scopolia SM., Le, ined., ii, t. 34 (nec
L., nec Forst., nec Jacg.).—Dipetalum DALz.,
in Hook, Kew Journ., ii. 38.
RUTACEZ. 491
alternipetalous (sterile or 0 in female flower) inserted below disk ;
receptacle beyond insertion of androceum more or less elongated and
dilated, in female flower often thick disciferous. Germen 2-8-
locular' (in male flower rudimentary minute, 2-8-partite or sub-
entire) ; style very short or more or less elongated, at apex stigma-
tiferous dilated, more or less lobed; ovules in cells 2, descending ;
micropyle extrorse superior; fruit fleshy or coriaceous subglobose
punctuate, 2-S-locular; cells 1, 2-spermous. Seed subangular ;
testa coriaceous; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved cotyledons oblong
foliaceous or linear; shrubs often sarmentose, unarmed or aculeate ;
leaves alternate digitate 3-foliolate, or more rarely 4- -foliolate ;
folioles entire or crenate pellucid punctuate odoriferous ; flowers’ in
more or less ramified cymiferous axillary and terminal racemes
(Trop. Cont. and Ins. Asia, South-East. Cont. and Ins. Africa’).
VI. AMYRIDEZ.
71. Amyris L. — Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; re-
ceptacle short conical. Calyx gamosepalous, 4-dentate, imbricated,
persistent. Petals 4, longer, imbricated, patent at anthesis. Sta-
mens 8, hypogynous; filaments free ; the oppositipetalous shorter ;
anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen (rudimentary or sterile in male
flower) surrounded at base by pulvinate or thickened disk (in male
flower 0, or small), l-locular ; style terminal short, almost wanting,
capitate stigmatiferous at apex; ovules 2, parietally inserted, col-
laterally descending ; micropyle extrorse superior. Drupe globose or
ovoid aromatic oily ; putamen chartaceous, by abortion 1-spermous.
Seed descending; testa membranous; embryo exalbuminous ;
cotyledons thick plano-convex punctuate; radicle superior short.—
Trees or shrubs, in all parts glandular-punctuate resinous-aromatic ;
leaves alternate and opposite, 1-3-foliolate or imparipinnate exsti-
pulate ; petiole and rachis sometimes marginate; folioles opposite
petiolulate entire or crenate; flowers in terminal and axillary
1 Cells oppositipetalous, while the gynæceum Prodr., i. 149.—WieurT, Jil., t. 66.—OLIV.,
is equal to the perianth. Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 306 (part.).— Harv. & Sonp.,
? Small, whitish, lutescent, or virescent, some- J. Cap., i. 446.—K1., in Pet. Mos., Bot., i. 87
times odoriferous. (Vepris).—Turez., in Bull. Mose. (1858), i.
3 Spec. about 5, very variable, Wat, Pl. 413.—Watp., Ann., vii. 529, 530 (Vepris).
As, Rar., iii. 17, t. 232.—Wiaut & ARN.,
492 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ramified cymiferous bracteate racemes ; pedicels bracteolate (Trop.
and Subtrop. Cont. and Ins. America). See p. 403.
72. Stauranthus Linsm.'—Flowers polygamous (?) ; calyx short,
4- or more rarely 5-dentate, persistent; teeth unequal acute.
Petals same in number ; alternate much longer rather thick valvate,
or inflexed slightly imbricated at margin. Stamens equal in
number to petals and alternate, filaments inserted below base’ of
slightly glandular germen, free; anthers small introrse 2-rimose
(sometimes effete). Germen free, l-locular; style very short after-
wards dilated in subsessile wide discoid unequally 4—5-lobed stigma-
tiferous head; ovule solitary descending, incompletely anatropous,
more or less laterally inserted ; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit
subbaceate oliviform ; sarcocarp replete with oily glands; ‘“ seed with
wide hilum laterally appended to cells; testa coriaceous; embryo
exalbuminous ; cotyledons oblong amygdaloid; radicle superior.’—
An evergreen glabrous tree; leaves alternate petiolate, 1-foliolate ;
foliole entire elliptical-lanceolate penninerved integerrimus coriaceous
pellucid-punctuate ; flowers’ in axillary racemes ; pedicels articulate
at base, with small or sometimes foliaceous bracts; bractlets
2 lateral minute glanduliform* (Mezico’).
73. Teclea Drx.’—Flowers diæcious, 4, 5-merous. Calyx high
gamosepalous campanulate, slightly dentate or crenate at apex,
imbricated. Petals much longer, slightly imbricated. Stamens
alternipetalous, I-seriate (in female flower sterile shorter) ; filaments
free; anthers oblong introrse, 2-rimose. Germen (in male flowers
conical-subulate sterile), glandular thickened
style short, afterwards dilated in wide peltate
matiferous head; ovules 2, parietally inserted
descending ; micropyle extrorse
at base, 1-locular;
obtusely lobed stig-
in cells, collaterally
blocked by shortly
obconical obturator. Fruit drupaceous glandular-punctuate ; puta-
men pergamentaceous, l-spermous. Seed descending exalbuminous ;
superior,
1 Nov. Pl, Mex. Dec. (in Vidensk. Meddel.
(1853), 91).—B. H., Gen., 303, n. 72.
more allied to Zecleæ than to the legitimate
Toddalias.
2 Small, whitish, or virescent.
3 A genus doubtfully placed among the
Aurantiee, “ potiusque forsan ad Toddalieas re-
ferendum” (B. H.), nevertheless corresponding
in many respects with Amyris, and much
4 Spee. 1. S. perforatus LIEBM., loc. cit.—
WALP., Ann., iv. 428.
5 In Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 2, xx. 90 (1843).—
H. BN., in Adansonia, x. 320.—Aspidostigma
Hocusr., in Flora (1844), 18.
RUTACEÆ. 493
embryo fleshy thick; cotyledons plano-convex glandular-punctuate ;
radicle short conical superior. A glabrous pellucid-punctuate tree ;
leaves alternate pedunculate, digitate, 3-foliolate or more rarely
1, 2-foliolate ; folioles shortly petiolate, articulate at base, lanceolate
penninerved ; flowers in short axillary and terminal ramified and
glomeruliferous racemes, at base glandular-thickened sessile
(Abyssinia’).
VII. AURANTIEA.
74. Limonia L.—Flowers hermaphrodite, 3-5-merous ; receptacle
convex. Sepals free or more or less high connate, imbricated.
Petals same in number alternate, longer imbricated. Stamens
double in number to petals; filaments inserted below annular and
stipiform disk, more or less dilated at base free; anthers introrse,
sometimes bearing dorsal or apical glands, introrsely rimose. Ger-
men seated on disk; cells 2, or oftener equal in number to petals,
and opposite them; style rather short continuous with summit of
germen, and often persistent (G/ycosmis), or more rarely articulate at
base, finally deciduous, more or less dilated stigmatiferous at apex ;
ovules in each cell 1, 2, descending; micropyle extrorse superior.
Berry more or less pulpy, 1-5-locular, 1-5-spermous ; seeds covered
with mucilage; embryo exalbuminous fleshy thick; cotyledons
plano-convex often punctulate ; radicle short.—Odoriferous glandular-
punctuate trees and shrubs, often spinose; leaves alternate, 1-3-
foliolate, or more rarely imparipinnate, exstipulate ; petiole some-
times winged; folioles opposite or alternate, entire or serrate;
flowers axillary, or more rarely terminal in cymes (sometimes
1-flowered), or in more or less ramified cymiferous racemes (some-
times leafy) (Zrop. Australia, Africa, Asia). See p. 405.
75. Murraya L.’—Flowers nearly of Zimonia; calyx 5-fid or
5-partite. Stamens 8-10; filaments linear-subulate ; anthers short.
Germen 2—5-locular; ovules in each 1 (Bergera) or 2, collateral or
1 Spec. 1. 7. nobilis Deu., loc. cit.—Aspi- MH. BN., Aurant., 12, 19, 33.—Or1v., in Journ.
dostigma acuminatum Hocust., loc. cit—Tod- Linn. Soc., v. Suppl, 15, 28.—B. H., Gen.
dalia nobilis Ouxv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 306. 304, 992, n. 76.—Chaleas L., Mantiss., 68.—
2 Mantiss. Alt.,563.—J., Gen.,261,—LAMK., J., Gen., 260,— Bergera KœN., in LZ, Mantiss.,
TU, t. 352.—DC., Prodr., i. 537.—Spacu, Suit. 563.—Enpt., Gen., n. 5505. —H. By., Aurant.,
à Buffon, ii. 254.—Envu., Gen., n. 3506.— 12, 30.—Sicklera RŒM., Synops., 49.
494 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
subsuperposed; style elongated, stigmatiferous capitate at apex,
finally deciduous. Berry’ ovoid or oblong; seeds 1, 2; testa gla-
brous or woolly.—Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves pinnate; folioles
alternate, unequal or cuneate at base, entire or crenulate; flowers’
axillary, solitary or in axillary or terminal ramified cymiferous and
corymbiform cymes (Zrop. Asia, Trop. and Subtrop. Australia’).
76. Micromelum Br'—Flowers nearly of Zimonia, 5-merous ;
calyx 3-5-lobed or subentire. Petals thick, valvate or subvalvate.
Stamens 10, free. Germen ?-6-locular ; ovules in cells 2, descend-
ing; style constricted articulate at base, deciduous. Berry dry;
testa of seed membranous; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons folia-
ceous, contortuplicate; radicle rather long. Other characters of
Limonia.—Unarmed trees; leaves imparipinnate ; folioles alternate,
oblique, entire or serrulate; flowers in terminal dense cymiferous
corymbiform clusters (Zrop. Oceania and Asia’).
77. Clausena Buxu.—Flowers nearly of Limonia 4—5-merous ;
calyx lobed or partite. Stamens 8-10; filaments dilated at or
below middle, often fornicate-concave, stipitate at apex; anthers
short. Germen seated on stipiform disk, 2—5-locular; style finally
deciduous ; ovules in cells 2, collateral or superposed. Berry glo-
bose or oblong; seeds few, oblong; testa membranous; cotyledons
equal, plano-convex.—Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves impari-
pinnate, very often deciduous; folioles entire or crenulate, mem-
branous ; flowers in racemes, usually cymiferous, axillary or ter-
minal (Zrop. Asia, Africa, and Australia’).
5508.—H. Bn., Aurant., 20, 33.—OLrv., loc.
cit. ; 17, 29.—B. H., Gen., 304, n. 77.—Cookia
SonNEr., Voy., ii. 180, t. 131.—ENDL., Gen., n.
1 Small.
2 Usually rather large.
3 Spec, ad 4 Roxs., Pl. Coromand., t. 11%
(Bergera).—Wiaur & Arn., Prodr., i, 94.—
Wiaut, Icon. t. 13 (Bergera)—Tuw., Enum,
Pl. Zeyl., 45, 46, 406.—BENTH., Fl, Austral.,
i. 368.—LINnDL., in Bot, Reg., t. 434.—WaAtp.,
Ann., vii. 533.
4 Bijdr., i. 137.—ENDL, Gen. n. 5509.—
H. By., Aurant., 19, 35.—Ou1v., loc. cit., 18,
39.—B. H., Gen., 303, n. 73.
5 Spec. 3, 4. Wieut & ARN., Prodr., i. 90,
not.—Mro. in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat., i. 211.—
Turcz., in Bull. Mose. (1858), i. 379 ; (1863), i.
578.—Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 46.— WALP.,
Ann., vii, 533.
6 Fl, Ind., 87.—J., Gen., 430.—Lamx., Ill, -
t. 310.—DC., Prodr., i. 538.—ENDL., Gen., n.
5507.—Quinaria Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 272.—
Aulacia Loun., op. cit., 273.—Myaris PRESL.,
Bot. Bem., 40.—Fagarastrum Don, Syst., ii.
87.— A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 506.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5940.—Gallesioa RŒM., Synops,, 45
(part.). — Piplostylis Datz., in Hook, Kew
Journ, iii, 33, t. 2.
7 Spec. 12,18. Jacq., Hort. Schenbr., t.
101 (Cookia)—Wieut, Icon., t, 14,.—WieHT
& ARN., Prodr., i. 95.—MiqQ., F1. Ind. Bat.,
Suppl., i. 501,—Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 47,
406.—Or1v., Fl. Trop Afr., i. 307.—Hanv. &
Sonp., Fl. Cap.,i. 444 Wyaris)—Watr., dnn.,
Vii, 533, 534 (Cookia).
RUTACEÆ. 495
78. Luvunga Ham.'—Flowers nearly of Zimonia, 4-5-merous ;
calyx cupuliform, subentire or 4—6-lobulate. Petals 4, 5, imbricated.
Stamens 8-10; filaments subulate, free or connate below ; anthers
elongated. Germen surrounded at base by elevated annular or
cupuliform disk, 2—4-locular ; style finally deciduous. Berry’ thick,
corticate; seeds few; testa membranous, veined; embryo fleshy ;
cotyledons oblong, equal.—Scandent glabrous shrubs, often spine-
scent; leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers in solitary or fasciculate simple or
ramified cymiferous racemes (Zrop. Asia’).
79. Atalantia Corr.‘—Flowers nearly of Zimoma, 3—5-merous
Stamens 6-8, or more rarely 15-20, often irregularly adnate between
themselves and with base of corolla l-adelphous ; anthers ovate or
cordate. Germen surrounded at base by annular or cupuliform disk,
2-5-locular ; ovules in cells 1, 2; style capitate, finally deciduous.
Berry’ corticate, subglobose, 1-5-locular, 1—5-spermous, or more
rarely o-spermous.—Small trees or shrubs, spinose or unarmed ;
leaves 1-foliolate, persistent; flowers axillary, solitary or cymose,
sometimes shortly racemose-cymose (Zrop. and Kast. Asia, Trop.
Australia’).
80. Paramignya Wicur.’—Flowers nearly of Zimonia, 4-5-
merous ; calyx cupular. Petals oblong, imbricated or induplicate-
valvate. Stamens 8-10; anthers linear-oblong. Germen 3-5-
locular, placed at summit of columnar thick stipiform receptacle ;
style deciduous; ovules in cells 1 (Arthromiscus*), or 2. Berry cor-
ticate, globose or ovoid, usually contracted at base.—$Shrubs un-
armed or armed with axillary spines, often scandent; leaves 1-folio-
1 In Wall. Cat., n. 6382.—ENDL., Gen., n.
5511.—H. Bx., Aurant., 20, 35.—Ottv., loc.
cit., 21, 48.—B. H., Gen., 304, n., 78.—Lavanga
Meissn., Gen., 46, Comm., 34.
2 Elliptical, rather large.
3 Spec. 3, 4. Wiqur & ARN., Prodr., i. 90,
not.—THw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 47.—WAxr.
Ann., Vii. 534,
4 In Ann. Mus., vi, 383.—DC., Prodr., 1.
535.—ENDz., Gen., n. 5499,—H. BN., Aurant.,
29, 32.—OtIv., loc. cit., 12, 23.—B. H., Gen.,
305, 992, n. 80.—Sclerostylis Bu., Bijdr., 133
(part.).—ZLampetia RŒM,, Synops., 42, —Helia
RœM., loc. cit.—? Merope Rao., loc. cit., 44.—
Rissoa ARN., in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xviii.
324,—Severinia TEN., Ind. Sem. Hort. Neap.
(1840).— Chilocalyx Turoz., in Bull. Mose,
(1863), i, 588.
5 Rather large.
5 Roxs., Pl. Coromand., t. 82 (Limonia).—
Kœx., in Act, Holm. (1788), t. 10 (Turrea),—
Wieut, Icon., t. 72 (Sclerostylis).—Hoox., Bot.
Mise., Suppl., t. 38.—Taw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl.,
44, 405.—BENTH., Fl. Austral., i. 370; Fl.
Hongk., 51.—Watp., Ann., vii. 535,
7 Til,, i. 108, t. 42.—ENDL,, Gen., n. 5510.—
H. By., Aurant., 19, 34.—Ottv., loc. cit., 20,
41.—B. H., Gen., 305, n. 79.
8 Tuw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl., 47.
496 NATURAL HISTORY OF PIANTS.
late, entire, persistent ; flowers’ axillary, solitary or cymose (7rop.
India’).
81. Feronia Corr.'—Flowers (nearly of Zimonia) polygamous ;
calyx small, flat, 5, 6-dentate, deciduous. Petals 4-6. Stamens
10-12; filaments free, dilated at base; anthers oblong. Germen
4—6-locular ; cells often incomplete ; style short, thick, oblong, fusi-
form, stigmatiferous at apex, deciduous (?); ovules in cells o,
descending. Berry subglobose ; cortex ligneous; cells «, incom-
plete. replete with pulp; seeds m, compressed; embryo fleshy ;
cotyledons thick.—A spinose tree; leaves imparipinnate ; folioles
opposite, subsessile, punctuate ; petiole sometimes winged ; flowers®
in simple or ramified loose cymiferous racemes (Zrop. Asia’).
82. Ægle Corr.‘—Flowers nearly of Feronia, 4—5-merous; sta-
mens œ (30-60), free; cells of ovary o, œ-ovulate. Berry o-
locular ; cortex ligneous; cells replete with mucus, c-spermous.
o 2
Seeds “ oblong, compressed ; testa woolly, mucous.”—Spinose trees ;
leaves 3-foliolate, punctuate; flowers” in scanty axillary racemes
» P
(West. Trop. Africa and Asia”).
83. Citrus L.—Flowers 5- or more rarely 4-S-merous; calyx
cupular urceolate or more rarely subplane (Papeda). Stamens o,
inserted round orbicular disk; filaments unequally polyadelphous,
very rarely fasciculate, subfree (Papeda). Germen o-locular; style
terete or obconical, often articulate at base, deciduous, stigmatiferous
capitate subentire or lobed at apex; ovules in each cell %, 2-seriate
inserted. Berry varying in form, corticate ; cells o, interior filled
with piliform compressed juicy cells (springing from endocarp).
Seeds æ, often few, horizontal or oblique, descending ; testa more
1 Articulation often obscure, 8 In Trans. Linn. Soc, v. 222. — DC.
2 White, rather large. Prodr., i. 538.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii.
3 Spec. ad 4 Wuiaut, Il. t.42 (Microme- 255.—ENDL., Gen., n. 5513.— H. BN., Aurant.,
lum).—W sLP., Ann., vii. 534. 18, 36.—OtrIv., loc. cit., 21, 44.—B. H., Gen.,
«4 In Zrans. Linn, Soc., v.224.—DC., Prodr., 306, n. §3.—Belou Apans., Fam. des Pl., ii.
i. 5388.—Spaou, Suit. à Buffon, \i,254.—Enpu., 408.
Gen., n. 5512.—H. BN., Aurant., 18, 35. — ® Large, often globose, exterior very hard,
O11v., loc. cit., 21, 44.—B. H., Gen., 305, n. 82. interior finally juicy.
5 Large, externally corticate, hard. 10 White, rather large, odoriferous.
6 White, handsome. 11 Spec. 2, 3. Wieut, Icon., t. 16.—Roxs.,
7 Spee. 1. À. elephantum Corn, loc. cit— Pl. Coromand., t. 148.— WiGuT & ABx,
Roxg., Pl. Coromand., ii. t. 141.—Wicur & Prodr., i. 96.
Axgn,, Prody., 1. 96.
RUTACEÆ. 497
or less thick, coriaceous; embryo fleshy, 1-»; cotyledons usually
unequal, irregular, plano-convex or angular; radicle short, superior.
—Trees or shrubs, often thorny, aromatic pellucid-punctulate ; leaves
alternate, persistent, usually 1-foliolate; petiole more or less dilated
in wing; foliole coriaceous, entire or crenulate ; flowers axillary,
solitary or in simple or compound racemose cymes (Zrop. Asia).
See p. 407.
VIII. BALANITES.
84. Balanites Det.—F lowers hermaphrodite; receptacle depressed.
Sepals 5, obliquely imbricated at margin, deciduous. Petals 5, alter-
nate, glabrous or villous, imbricated. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, inserted
in inferior grooves of disk; filaments free, subulate; anthers in-
trorse, 2-rimose. Germen free, surrounded at base by depressed
conical 10-sulcate disk, excavated at apex ; cells 5, oppositipetalous ;
style short, subulate, terete, cr 5-sulcate, stigmatiferous, simple or
minutely 5-lobed at apex; ovules solitary in cells, descending ;
micropyle extrorse, superior. Drupe oblong, fleshy, oily ; putamen
thick, hard, 5-agonal, 1-locular, 1-spermous ; seeds descendent ;
embryo exalbuminous, thick; cotyledons oblong, plano-convex,
sometimes corrugate or 2-lobed; radicle short, superior.—Spinose
epunctuate shrubs; spines axillary, straight, strong; cortex bitter ;
leaves alternate, 2-foliolate ; folioles coriaceous, entire ; stipules very
small, lateral; flowers in cymes axillary to leaves or bracts ; pedicels
articulate at base (Worth-Hastern Africa, South-West. Asia). See
p. 410.
IX. QUASSIEA.
85. Quassia L.— Flowers hermaphrodite, regular, usually 5-
merous ; receptacle obconical or obpyramidal. Calyx partite or
lobed, imbricated. Petals more or less thick, contorted or more
rarely imbricated, finally at anthesis erect, connivent or oftener
patent. Stamens double in number to petals, the oppositipetalous
being shorter; filaments inserted with perianth, free, often enlarged
at base in villous scales; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels equal
in number to petals, and opposite them. Germens free, 1-locular,
seated on summit of flat receptacle; styles coalescing in long
VOL, IV. K K
498 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
conical, more or less sulcate column, stigmatiferous, thickened or
not so at apex; ovules in germens solitary, descending ; micropyle
extrorse, superior. Drupes 5 (or by abortion fewer), seated on com-
mon receptacle ; endocarp more or less thick and hard; coats of
solitary cell-like seed thin ; embryo exalbuminous thick ; cotyledons
amygdaloid, plano-convex, equal or unequal; radicle superior, very
short, retracted, usually cuboid.—Intensely bitter trees or shrubs ;
leaves alternate, imparipinnate, or more rarely 1—3-foliolate ; folioles
opposite, entire; rachis more or less articulate between juga; flowers
in terminal and axillary racemes, simple or oftener ramified, often
cymiferous; pedicels articulate, bracteolate (Zropical America and
Africa). See p. 411.
86. Simaruba Auer.' — Flowers diccious, nearly of Qwassia (or
Aruba); calyx short, 5-dentate or 5-lobed, imbricated. Petals free,
patent at apex, contorted. Stamens 10 (effete in female flower),
inwardly appendiculate; receptacle dilated beyond insertion, de-
pressed, subhemispherical. Carpels 5 (of Quassia), seated on summit
of receptacle (sterile in male flower). Drupes 1-5, sessile, patent,
and seed of Quassia.—Bitter trees; leaves alternate pinnate, folioles
alternate entire; flowers’ in axillary terminal simple or more or less
ramified cymiferous racemes (Zropical America’).
87. Hannoa Pr'— Flowers nearly of Quassia (or Aruba) poly-
gamous-dicecious, 4-merous; male calyx at first closed, afterwards
unequally 2, 3-parted, torn. Petals 5, contorted or imbricated, inte-
rior villous. Stamens 10 (sterile in female flower), inwardly enlarged
in scales inserted below depressed-10-crenate dilatation of receptacle
where 4-6 carpels of Qvassia (sterile in male flower) are placed.
Drupes 1-6, oblong, subreniform small fleshy; seed and embryo
of Quassia.—-A small bitter tree; leaves alternate imparipinnate ;
folioles long petiolulate coriaceous glandular at apex; flowers’
1 Guian., ii., 856, t. 381, 332.—DC., in Ann. vi. 16.—A. S. H., Pl. Us. Bras. t. 5; Fl.
Mus., xvii. 423; Prodr., i, 733.—A. Juss.,in Bras. Mer., i. 70.— GnIsEB., Fl. De W.-.
Mém. Mus., xii. 514, t. 27, fig. 44.—Spacu, JInd., 139.—Cuarm., Fl. S. Unit. St. 67.—
Suit. à Buffon, ii. 374. — ENDL., Gen., n. SEEM., Voy. Her., Bot., 95.—TR., in Ann. Se.
5963.—B. H., Gen., 309, n. 5. Nat., sér. 5, xv. 357.— WALr., Ann., i, 163;
2 Small, ordinary. vii, 537. Ai à
8 Spec. 3, 4. Lamx., Ill, t. 348, fig. 2 4 In Hook. Lond. Jowrn,, v. 566.—B. H.
(Quassia) — GÆRTN., Fruct., i. 340, t. 70, fig. 1 Gen., 308, n. 3. i
(Quassia). —H. B. K., Nov. Gen, et Spec., 5 Small, white, odoriferous.
RUTACEZ. 499
in terminal ramified compound cymiferous racemes (Zrop. West.
Africa’).
88. Samandura L.’— Flowers nearly of Qwassia, 3—5-merous ;
calyx small, outwardly glandular at base, imbricated. Petals 3-5,
much longer than calyx, contorted; receptacle dilated at base in
small squamiform disk within petals, and produced higher in short
eylindrical or obconical column-bearing ovary. Stamens inserted
with perianth double in number to petals, 2-seriate ; filaments
free, furnished within at base with short scales; anthers introrse
included. Gynzceum 3-5-merous (of Qwassia), placed at summit
of receptacle. Drupes 1-5, free, finally dry or suberose, widely
compressed rigid carinate-winged, seed in each (nearly of Quassia).
—Glabrous trees or small trees; leaves alternate petiolate simple
oblong entire coriaceous, beneath slightly beyond base 2-glandular ;
flowers’ few in long pedunculate false racemes (Madagascar, Zeylania,
Malaysian Arch.
?
89. Mannia Hook. r°— Flowers hermaphrodite (or polyga-
mous ?); sepals 5, imbricated. Petals same in number, alternate
longer, obtuse, imbricated. Stamens 15-20, inserted outside below
thick cupuliform disk, sinuate at margin; filaments short, free, or
slightly connate at base, enlarged at base in short pilose scales ; anthers
longer, subglandular at apex, introrsely 2-rimose. Carpels 5, oppo-
sitipetalous ; germens 5, free immersed in subearinate disk, 1-locular ;
styles same in number coalescing in 5-agonal column, stigmatiferous
5-lobed at apex; ovules in cells solitary “ascending.” Fruit. . .P—
A remarkable glabrous tree ; leaves alternate pinnate ; petiole terete ;
folioles subopposite petiolulate linear-oblong entire retuse, oblique
at base, thick coriaceous ribbed apiculate, glaucous beneath ; flowers’
1 Spec. 1. H. undulata PL, loc. cit,—Outv., Gen. Nov. Madag., 14.—DC., loc. cit.— Mau-
Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 309.—Watp., Ann., i. 163.— duytia ComMERs., mss, (ex DC.) — Manungala
Simaba ? undulata Guizem. & PERR., Fl, Sen. Buane., Fl. Filip., 306.
Tent., i. 136, t. 34. 3 Rather large.
2 Fl, Zeyl., 202 (1747).—H. BN., in Adan- 4 Spec. 2, 3. PRESL, Symb., ii. t. 51 —
sonia, x. fase. 12,— Samadera GÆRIN., Fruct., ii. Wrant, Til, t. 68.—Wieut & ARN., Prodr., i.
(1791) 352, t. 159. —A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., 151.— Hoox., Icon., t. 7. — Wat, Pl. As.
xii. 516, t. 27, fig. 47.— ENDL., Gen., n. 5965.— Rar, ii. t. 108 (Niofa).—Pu., in Hook. Lond.
B. H., Gen., 310, n. 8.—Zocandi ADANS., Fam, Journ., v. 563 (Samadera).—WaAarr., Ann., i.
des Pl., ii. 449.—Wittmannia Vauu., Symb. 161; vii. 538 (Samadera),
Bot., iii. 51, t. 60.— Niota Lamx., Lil, t. 299. 5 Gen., 309, n. 4.
—DC., Prodr., i. 592.—Biporeia Dur.-Tu., 5 Purple, handsome.
K K 2
500 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
like floriferous branches axillary elongated, simple or slightly
divided in short pedicellate cymes (Zrop. West. Africa).
90. Hyptiandra Hook. ¥.?— Flowers hermaphrodite, usually
5-merous ; receptacle shortly conical. Sepals small free. Petals
alternate, much longer, dorsally pilose, imbricated. Stamens 10,
5 oppositipetalous shorter; anthers introrse, 2-rimose versatile.
Gynæceum placed on glandular thick depressed conical disk ; germens
free oppositipetalous villous ; ovules in each 1, descending ; micropyle
extrorse superior ; styles inserted at summit of germens, afterwards
coalescing among themselves in short column, at apex only stig-
matiferous free minutely capitellate. Fruit carpels 1 or more,
seated on acute obpyramidal receptacle compressed ovate, subdru-
paceous ; exocarp subcoriaceous, putamen 1-spermous; seed ventri-
fixed ; testa membranous; albumen very scanty; embryo straight ;
cotyledons ovate plano-convex; radicle short superior. — Shrub
somewhat glabrous, younger branches pubescent; leaves alternate
(bitter’) narrow lanceolate entire coriaceous ; flowers small, shortly
pedunculate, axillary, solitary or few (Hast. Subtrop. Australia’).
91. Castela Turr.— Flowers dicecious, 4-merous ; receptacle short.
Calyx small, 4-fid. Petals 4, longer, imbricated. Stamens 8,
2-seriate ; filaments free inserted below 8-crenate disk; scales 0, or
very short; anthers (sterile in female flower or 0) 2-locular, at
margin or extrorsely rimose. Carpels 4, oppositipetalous (rudimen-
tary or 0 in male flower), seated on disk; germens free; styles co-
alescing at middle, at apex inwardly stigmatiferous revolute ; ovules
in germens solitary descending incompletely anatropous ; micropyle
extrorse superior. Drupes 4 (or fewer from abortion), free patent ;
mesocarp usually thin ; putamen crustaceous ; seeds descending, with
wide funicle; testa membranous; albumen thin; embryo inverse ;
cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle superior.—Shrubs ; branches often
spinescent; leaves alternate small very shortly petiolate entire
1 Spee. 1. WM, africana Hook. +, loc. cit.—
Orxv., Fl. Trop, Afr., i. 313.
2 Gen., 293, n. 37 (Rutacea); 992, n. 8 a
(Simarubea).—-¥. Mvxtt,, Fragm., vi. 165.
3 Bark and wood.
4 Spee. 1. H. Bidwilli Hoox. Fr, loc. eit.—
Bentu., Fl. Austral,, i. 874.—WALP., Ann.,
vii. 523.
5 In Ann, Mus., vii, 78, t. 6; in Dict. Se.
Nat., Atl., t. 126.—DC., Prodr., i. 738, —
SPACH, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 380.—ENDL,, Gen.,
n. 5956.—A. Gray, Gen. II, t. 158.—B. H.,
Gen., 310, n. 9.
RUTACEZ. 501
coriaceous, articulate at base ; flowers‘ axillary cymose, usually few
(Trop. and Subtrop. America’).
92? Holacantha A. Gray.’—“‘ Flowers by abortion diccious ;
male receptacle subcupuliform. Calyx short, 5-8-partite, imbricated.
Petals 5-8 oblong, imbricated, deciduous. Stamens 10-16, inserted
without below crenate disk; filaments rather thick villous (subulate
in female flower); anthers introrse ovate 2-rimose (effete in female
flower). Germen (in male flower rudimentary depressed conical)
placed on disk. Carpels 5-8 free; germens 1-locular tapering in
terminal styles subcoalescing at base, afterwards subulate and in-
wardly stigmatiferous divergent; ovule in each germen solitary
inserted on internal wall incompletely anatropous ; micropyle extrorse
superior. Drupes (?) 4-6, patent separating from short-rigid 4—6-fid
receptacle; exocarp thin; putamen crustaceous; seeds ovate; testa
thin ; albumen fleshy scanty ; embryo straight, radicle short superior ;
cotyledons flat ovate—An aphyllous orgyalis shrub; branches
ascending ; twigs changing into strong spines, flowers small glome-
rate on spinescent branches’ (NV. Mewico’).
93. Ailantus Desr—Flowers polygamous; calyx short, 5-fid,
imbricated. Petals 5, longer, induplicate valvate, patent ;7 receptacle
dilated beyond perianth in 10-lobed disk (in male flower depressed,
in female large elevated subhemispherical). Stamens 10, 2-seriate,
inserted at base of disk (in female flower all or partly sterile, some-
times 5-7, or all wanting) ; filaments free; anthers 2-locular ; cells
at margin or subextrorsely rimose.* Carpels 2-5, oppositipetalous
(rudimentary or 0 in male flower) seated at summit of disk ;° germens
1 Small, red, or virescent,
2 Spec. 5, 6. Hoox., Bot. Misc., i. 271, t.
56.—GrisEB., Fl. Brit, W.-Ind., 140.—LIEBM.,
in Vidensk. Medd, (1853), 108 (part.).—TR., in
Ann. Se, Nat., sér, 5, xv. 8359.— WaALP., Ann., i.
164; vii. 539,
3 Pl. Thurber., in Mem. Amer, Acad., sér.
nov., v. 310.—B. H., Gen., 310, n. 10.
4 A doubtful genus almost unknown to us,
enumerated after Castela among the Simaru-
bacee, (B. H.), with aspect of Keberlinia,
from description of figure allied to Astrophyllum,
with aphyllous branches and apparently eglan-
dular,
5 Spec. 1. H. Emoryi A.GRay, luc.cit.—Torr.,
in Emor, Rep., Bot., t. 8.—WAtLpP., Ann., vi. 419.
6 In Act. Ac, Par. (1786), 263, t. 8.—DC.,
Prodr., ii. 88.—K., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 1, ii.
358.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 511. —
Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 370.—ENDL., Gen.
n. 5980. — PAYER, Organog., 110, t. 24. —
B. H., Gen., 309, 992, n. 6.
7 In A. glandulosa Desr. the petals are in-
duplicate, valvate, slightly imbricated at apex,
at base within concave and pilose.
8 A. glandulosa, inserted at apex of filament
outwardly at middle of connective.
% A disk correctly said to be double; exterior
outwardly 10-lobed, prominent between petals
and stamens; inferior lobes alternating with
exterior, surrounding base of carpels in female
flowers.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
502
free, 1-locular; styles same in number inserted at summit of in-
ternal angle of germen, approximate or more or less cohering and
twisted among themselves; apex stigmatiferous variously dilated or
recurved free; ovules in germens solitary descending incompletely
anatropous; micropyle extrorse superior." Samaras 1-5 free linear-
oblong membranous veined, at middle seminiferous and sometimes
subdrupaceous, sometimes apiculate with lateral style; seeds com-
pressed scantily albuminous; embryo subequal to albumen; cotyle-
dons flat foliaceous elliptical ; radicle short superior.—Lofty trees ;*
leaves alternate imparipinnate ; folioles alternate entire, sometimes
oblique or sinuate-dentate ; flowers’ in much ramified terminal eymi-
ferous bracteolate racemes (South-East. Asia, Trop. and Subtrop.
Australia’).
94. Picræna Linpi.’—Flowers polygamous, 4—5-merous; sepals
short free or connate at base. Petals longer, subvalvate or slightly
imbricated. Stamens equal in number to petals and alternating
with them, inserted below disk, thick depressed between stamens ;
filaments free esquamate; anthers (effete or 0 in female flowers)
introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 3, 4, seated on summit of disk oppositi-
petalous; germens (rudimentary or 0 in male flower) free (of
Quassia) ; styles free at base and apex, at middle more or less cohering,
at apex recurved or reflexed stigmatiferous. Drupes 1-3, and exalbu- .
minous seeds of Quvassia.—Bitter trees; leaves alternate imparipin-
nate; folioles opposite entire or crenate; flowers’ in axillary and
terminal ramified cymiferous racemes (Zrop. America’).
95. Picrasma Bu.*—Flowers nearly of Picrena ; petals 4, 5, in
male flower usually marcescent, in female accrescent after anthesis,
Stamens equal in number to petals (in female flower effete
Carpels (in male flower sterile) 3-5; styles inserted at
valvate.
or 0).
14. —H. BN., in Adansonia, xi, fase. 1, —
Muenteria Watr., Rep. v. 398, — Æschryon
1 Coats double.
2 Subfetid; bark sometimes bitter.
3 Small, virescent or whitish. VELLOZ., Fl. Flum., i. t. 152. — Picranena
4 Spee. ad 4, of which 1 is everywhere common lLinpt, (ex PL, in Hook. Lond. Journ., v.
(scil. A. glandulosa). Lutr., Stirp., t. 84— 572).
Roxz., Pl. Coromand., t. 23.—Wiaut & ARN.,
Prodr., i.150.—Wieut, Zcon., t. 1604,—F,
Movett,. Fragm., iii. 42 (part.).—Brnrnu., F/.
Austral., i. 373.—Watpr., Rep., v. 165; Ann.
vii. 5388.
5 Bot. Med., 208.—B. H., Gen., 311, n.
6 Small, virescent.
7 Spee. 8. Pu, in Hook. Lond. Journ. v.
573 (Picrasma).—GnriseEB., Fl, Brit. W.-Ind.,
140.—Watp., Ann., i. 167 (Picrasma).
8 Bijdr., 247.— Enpu., Gen., n. 5972, g.
(Zanthoæylon). —B. H., Gen., 311, n. 12.
RUTACEÆ. 503
angular base of germen recurved, subfree or cohering at middle
among themselves ; ovules solitary, finally ascending. Drupes 1—5,
scarcely fleshy ; putamen crustaceous or coriaceous ; seeds formed
like cell, copiously filled with albumen; embryo straight.—Bitter
trees; leaves alternate imparipinnate; folioles entire or glandular-
dentate ; the inferior sometimes stipuliform; flowers’ in axillary
ramified cymiferous racemes’ (Trop. and Hast. Asia’).
96. Picrolemma Hook. r.'—Flowers diæcious; male usually
4-merous ; calyx cupular, imbricated, and petals longer, alternate,
imbricated, punctuate, deciduous. Stamens 4, oppositipetalous,
inserted round minute rudimentary gyneceum; glands 4, small
alternate ; filaments free, more or less corrugated in bud; anthers
2-rimose. Female flowers usually 5-merous; stamens 5, sterile
rudimentary, inserted below base of 5 carpels ; germens free ; ovules
in each solitary, descending; style short, thick, capitate, stigma-
tiferous at apex. Drupes’ (solitary by abortion); flesh scanty ;
putamen thin, crustaceous; linear hilum of seeds and embryo of
Quassia.—Small simple glabrous trees; bark very bitter; leaves
alternate imparipinnate; folioles multijugate, petiolulate, entire ;
flowers* in slender irregularly ramified cymiferous racemes shorter
than leaf (Zrop. South-East. America).
97. Brucea Mirr'—Flowers polygamous (nearly of Picrena),
4-merous, sepals short, imbricated. Petals longer, imbricated.
Stamens 4, alternipetalous (effete in female flower), inserted exter-
nally below disk between the 4 lobes; filaments free, naked ; anthers
introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 4, oppositipetalous (rudimentary or 0
in male flower); germens free ; styles free, usually thick, recurved,
inwardly at middle only cohering among themselves, otherwise free,
inwardly stigmatiferous patent at apex ; ovule in germens solitary,
1 Virescent. 5 Small, golden, ebracteate.
? A genus nearly allied to Picrena (formerly 7 Spec. 1. P. Sprucei Hook. F., loc. cit.
a section of it) differing by accrescent petals,
ovules, and albumen.
3 Spec. 5, 6. BENN., Pl. Jav. Rar., t. 41.—
Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., i. p. ii. 679, t. 28.—
A. Gray, in Mem. Amer. Acad. (1859), 383,
not.— Wazp., Ann., iv. 167 (spec. as.); vil.
540,
4 Gen., 312, n. 15.
5 Rather large glabrous, “ minute.”
8 Fasc., t. 25.—K., in Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 1,
li, 362.— DC., Prodr., ii. 88.— Juss., in Mém.
Mus., xii. 501.—Spacu, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 362.
—ENDL., Gen., n. 5970.—B. H., Gen., 311, n.
13.—H. BN., in Dict. Encycl. Sc. Méd., xi.
174; in Adansonia, xi, fase, 1.—Gonus Lour.,
Fl. Cochinch., 809.— Nima HamM., mss. (ex
A. Juss., loc. cit, 516).— Enpz., Gen. n.
5966.
504 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANT'S.
descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Drupes 1-4, seed and
embryo (exalbuminous) of Quassia (or Picrena).— Bitter trees ;
leaves alternate imparipinnate; folioles entire or largely serrate ;
flowers! in axillary elongated cymiferous spikes ; pedicels bracteolate,
articulate (Zropical and Subtropical Asia and Africa’).
98? Kirkia Ox1iv.'— Flowers polygamous ; calyx wide at base,
4-partite ; segments ovate. Petals 4, oblong-lanceolate, much longer
than calyx, finally patent ; margin involute. Stamens 4, alterni-
petalous, inserted round fleshy 4-agonal disk; filaments filiform,
exappendiculate, glabrous ; anthers ovate-oblong muticous, 2-locular,
longitudinally rimose, dorsifixed slightly above base. Germen
(minute) deeply 4-lobed, 4-locular, glabrous; styles distinct, very
short; stigmas simple. Ovule solitary or (very occasionally 2 ?)
inserted at internal angle very minute. Fruit dry, oblong 4-
quetrous, finally separating into 4 cocci, linear-oblong, glabrous,
1-spermous, indehiscent, inciso-dentate above, entire or emarginate
at base, pendulous from central carpophorum ; epicarp thin; en-
docarp coriaceous and subosseous, finally fibrous. Seeds exal-
buminous; testa papyraceous; cotyledons fleshy, linear-oblong,
complanate, emarginate at base, much longer than thick subacute
superior radicle—A glabrous tree; leaves usually fasciculate at
summit of branches, alternate multifoliolate exstipulate ; folioles
subopposite or alternate oblique lanceolate acuminate serrulate ;
flowers in cymose crowded pedunculate corymbs axillary to upper
leaves, constituting a wide leafy panicle ; pedicels equal to or shorter
than flowers””* (Region of the Zambesi).
99. Eurycoma Jacx.’—F lowers polygamous ; sepals 5, small, free
or connate at base, usually bearing glandular hairs. Petals 5, much
longer; margin induplicate-valvate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous
(effete in female flower) ; filaments free, externally bearing 10 glands
alternating in pairs with stamens, stipate; anthers short, often
* Char. all taken from Oxtv.
5 Species unknown to us. K. acuminata
1 Small, insignificant. virescent, often out-
wardly pilose.
2 Spec. 5, 6. Roxs., FU. Ind., i. 469.—
GuerR., in Bull. Soc, Philom., iii. 182.— Done.
in Nouv, Ann. Mus., ii. t. 20.—Or1v., Fl. Trop.
Afr., i. 309.—M1Q., Fl, Ind.-Bat., Suppl., 209,
535.—Watp., Ann., i. 167.
3 Fl. Trop, Afr., i. 310.
Ottv., loc. cit. — Hoox., Jcon., t. 1036 (ex
OuIv.).
6 Ex Roxs., Fl. Ind., ii. 307.—DC., Prodr.,
ii. 86.—ENpL., Gen., n. 5952,—B, H., Gen.
312, n. 16.
RUTACEZ. 505
reflexed, versatile laterally or subintrorsely rimose. Carpels 5,
oppositipetalous (in male flower rudimentary or 0); germens free ;
styles same in number, soon coalescing among themselves, stigma-
tiferous free at apex; ovule solitary in germens, descending ; micro-
pyle extrorse superior. Drupes 3-5, stipitate or subsessile, dry;
finally late inwardly dehiscing ; seed and exalbuminous embryo of
Quassia.—Bitter trees ; branches frondose at apex; leaves alternate
imparipinnate ; folioles oblong, entire, »-jugate; flowers in large
subterminal much ramified cymiferous racemes ; branches and twigs
glandular-pilose compressed (Malayan Archipelago’).
100. Picrella H. By.?— Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
shortly convex. Sepals 4, decussate-imbricated. Petals 4, alter-
nate, much longer, erect-connivent in suburceolate corolla, valvate,
acute, finally reflexed at apex. Stamens 4, alternipetalous ; fila-
ments free, inserted without between lobes of hypogynous glandular*
disk ; anthers short, introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 4, oppositipetalous ;
germens free, produced at apex in short slender styles, soon coalese-
ing among themselves; summit of column stigmatiferous subovoid-
capitate; ovules solitary in each cell, inserted at internal angle;
either descending micropyle extrorse, superior; or ascending
micropyle introrse, inferior. Fruit ...?—A glabrous shrub, in all
parts glandular-punctuate and very bitter; leaves opposite petiolate,
3-foliolate ; folioles ovate or subobovate; flowers‘ in small opposite
cymuliferous racemes, axillary to leaves of upper branches ; pedicels
articulate, 3-bracteolate’ (J/ezico’).
101. Dictyoloma DC.’—Flowers polygamous, 5-merous; calyx
gamophyllous, short, imbricated? Petals 5, much longer than
calyx, imbricated. Stamens 5, alternipetalous; filaments free, in-
wardly crowded with wide simple or 2-fid ciliate glands; anthers
introrse, 2-rimose, versatile. Carpels 5, oppositipetalous (rudimen-
tary in male flower), seated on summit of receptacle, produced be-
yond stamens in glandular knobs longitudinally before staminal
+
1 Spec. 2. Miq., Fl. Ind.-Bat., Suppl., 209, 4 Small, white.
335.—WALP., Ann., i. 174. 5 A genus as if intermediate between Æsen-
2 In Adansonia, x. 149, t. 10. beckia (Zanthoxylon) and Simarubee,
3 «Discus inter stamina prominulus ibi lobos 6 Spec. 1. P. trifoliata H. Bn., loc. cit.
totidem truncatos efformare yidetur.’ (H. By., 7 Prodr., ii. 89.—A, Juss., in Mém. Mus.,
loc. cit.) xii, 499, t. 24,—B. H., Gen., 312, n. 17.
506 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
filaments 5-sulcate ; germens free, 2-5-ovulate ; ovules curved, in-
serted at internal angle, 2-seriate ; funicle ascending or descending ;
styles coalescing among themselves, free, thick, reflexed, stigma-
tiferous at apex. Capsules 5 (or fewer), free, compressed, 2-valved ;
endocarp chartaceous, separating from thin exocarp; seeds in each
solitary or few, compressed, suborbicular, furnished with very thin
suborbicular radiate striate concentric and veined marginal wing ;
embryo scantily albuminous, curved; radicle terete, superior.—
Small trees (not bitter) cinereo-pubescent; leaves alternate, 2-
pinnate; folioles multijugate, glandular-punctuate ; flowers’ in
large wide ramified compound cymiferous racemes, winged above
(Brazil).
102. Cneoridium Hook. r.A—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous ;
sepals short, imbricated. Petals much longer than calyx, imbri-
cated. Stamens 8, inserted with perianth, 2-seriate; filaments free ;
oppositipetalous 4 shorter, sometimes wanting; anthers suborbi-
culate, introrsely 2-rimose. Gynæceum inserted at summit of
receptacle, produced beyond insertion of perianth and stamens in
short thick 8-agonal column; germen of solitary subexcentric carpel
l-locular; style gynobasic, inserted slightly above the base of
germen, stigmatiferous at apex; ovules 2, collaterally inserted
slightly above base of cell, ascending ; raphe dorsal. Drupe globose,
pisiform, coriaceous ; seed 1, ascendant; testa subcrustaceous ; em-
bryo exalbuminous; cotyledons thick, plano-convex.—A glabrous
shrub; sap bitter, subacrid; leaves opposite or subverticillate,
simple, linear, entire, coriaceous, subfleshy, glandular-punctulate,
glandular at margin, exstipulate ; flowers axillary, usually solitary ;
peduncle 2-bracteolate* ( California’).
103. Cadellia F. Muruu.’—Flowers 5-merous (more rarely 6, 7-
merous); sepals imbricated. Petals larger alternate, imbricated.
Stamens 10, 2-seriate, hypogynous ; filaments free, subulate ;
anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 1 or 5, free, oppositipetalous,
1 Outwardly sericeous, bitter. 5 Spec. 1. C. dumosum Hook. F., loc. cit.—
4 Spec. 2. WaLr., Ann., i. 174. Pitavia dumosa Nurr., mss, (ex Torr, & Gr,
3 Gen. 312, n. 18.— Pitavie sect. Gas- Fl. N.-Amer., 215).
trostyla 'ToRR., in Emor. Rep., Bot., 43. 6 Fragm. Phyt. Austral., ii, 25, t, 12.—
4 «Gen. Surianæ proxim., Cneoro quoque B. H., Gen., 313, 992, n. 19.
affine.” (Hoox. F., loc, cit.)
RUTACE. 507
subsessile ; germens 1-locular; styles same in number, inserted at
internal angle of germen at or slightly above base, free, capitellate
stigmatiferous at apex ; ovules in each cell 2-5, collaterally descend-
ing,' incompletely anatropous ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Drupes
1-5, free, slightly fleshy ; putamen hard; embryo exalbuminous,
fleshy ; cotyledons convolute-plicate ; radicle short, superior.—Trees
(not bitter); branches slender; leaves alternate, simple, petiolate ;
stipules minute, caducous; flowers in few-flowered axillary ra-
cemes (?) ; pedicels slender, 2-bracteolate at base? (Subtrop. Australia’).
104. Tariri Ausu.'—Flowers diccious, 3-5-merous ; petals longer
than calyx, imbricated or subvalvate, more rarely 0. Stamens equal
in number to petals and opposite them (sterile in female flower).
Glands alternipetalous, equal in number to stamens, free or connate.
Gyneceum seated on summit of disk, 2, 3-merous ; germen single,
2-3-locular ; style erect, more or less long 2, 3-fid at apex; lobes
recurved, inwardly stigmatiferous ; ovules in cells 2, collaterally de-
scending ; micropyle extrorse, superior, usually blocked with thick
obturator. Berry oliviform 1, 2-locular ; cells 1-spermous; seeds
descending ; testa thin ; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons (?) undi-
vided, adhering to coats; position of radicle . . .?—Trees or shrubs
usually intensely bitter; leaves alternate imparipinnate ; folioles
entire ; flowers’ in spikes or racemes, usually elongated pendulous
cymiferous, terminal or leaf-opposed’ (Zrop. America’).
105? Spathelia L..—Flowers polygamous ; receptacle convex.
Sepals 5, usually coloured, imbricated or subovate. Petals 5, alter-
Sub 2-seriatis.
1
2 A genus nearly related by its flowers to
Picrasmaand Suriana. By 1-carpellary species,
strongly pointing to Cneoridium, only dis-
tinguished from it by ovules and seeds, Some-
what related to Hypliandra by more polygamous
species,
# Spec. 2. F. Murtt., loc. cit. — BENTH.,
Fl. Austral., i, 374.—WaALP., Ann., vii. 540,
4 Guian., Suppl., 37, t. 390 (1775).—TR., in
Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 5, xv. 353.—Picramnia Sw.,
Prodr., (1783), 27; Fl. Ind. Occ., i. (1797),
217, t. 4—ScHRE8., Gen.,n. 1517.—J., Gen.,
370.—Enpu., Gen., n. 5941.— B. H., Gen.,
315, n. 28.—H. Bn., in Adansonia, xi. tase, 1.
5 Small, somewhat purple or virescent,
® A genus nearly related to Spathelia, Bur-
seraceæ, Chailletia, and 2-ovulate Euphorbiacee.
7 Spee. ad 20. Tux. in Ann. Se. Nat., sér.
3, vil. 257.—BENTH., Sulph. Voy., Bot., 166
(Cicca).—SrEM., Voy. Her, Bot., 95, t. 24
(Picramnia)—Pu., in Hook, Lond, Journ., v.
578.— Grises., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 14 (Pi-
cramnia).—TR., loc. cit., 354 (Picramnia).—
Watp., Ann., i. 168; iv. 429; vii. 542 (Pi-
cramnia).
Gen, n. 373:—J., Gen. 371.— Por.,
Dict,, vii. 309.—Lamx., Til., t. 200.—Gmrtn.,
Fruct., i. 278, t. 58.—K., in Ann. Se. Nat.,
sér. 1, ii. 357.—DC., Prodr., ii. 84.—ENDL.,
Gen., n. 5979.—B. H., Gen., 315.—Spathe P.
Br., Jam., 187.
508 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
nate longer, glandular at apex, imbricated. Stamens 5, alterni-
petalous (in female flower sterile); filaments inserted outwardly
below hypogynous 5-agonal disk, subpetaloid at base, ciliate or
villous, interior naked or with 2 lateral scales, more or less high,
stipate ; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen very shortly stipitate
beyond disk (in male flower rudimentary), 3-agonal, 3-locular ;
styles short, 3-lobed, inwardly stigmatiferous, sometimes reflexed
at apex; ovules in each cell solitary or 2-nate, inserted below apex
at internal angle, descending ; micropyle introrse, superior; raphe
dorsal. Fruit samaroid, with linear-oblong nucleus, subdrupaceous,
3-winged ; wings vertical, finally dry; putamen hard, 3-agonal, atte-
nuated on both sides, traversed by resiniferous channels; cells 3,
l-spermous (or abortive 1, 2). Seeds somewhat terete ; testa fibrous ;
albumen fleshy; embryo straight; radicle very short, superior ;
cotyledons linear-oblong.—Trees ;’ trunk simple ; leaves alternate,
imparipinnate ; folioles multijugate, alternate, linear-oblong or falci-
form, entire or serrate, glanduliferous at margin ; flowers’ in large
terminal elongated cymiferous racemes; bractlets very small
(Western India’).
106? Picrodendron Pu.’—Flowers “dicecious ;” male ...? Fe-
male flowers 5-merous ; sepals small and petals (?) same in number,
alternate, laterally glandular.’ Germen free, 2-locular; style
branches 2, linear, at apex stigmatiferous revolute ; ovules in cells
2, collaterally descending; micropyle extrorse, superior, blocked
by rather thick obturator. Drupe l-spermous (one cell effete) ;
“putamen finally sub-2-valved ; seeds sulcate, exalbuminous ; testa
membranous, insinuated between folds of embryo; cotyledons
plicate ; radicle superior.”—A small very bitter tree; leaves alter-
nate, 3-foliolate ; folioles entire; flowers “male amentaceous axil-
lary ;”’ female axillary, solitary, pedunculate® (Cuda’).
5 In Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 579.—B. H.,
Gen., 315, n, 29.
5 Known only from induviate fruit, thus re-
quiring further examination.
7 Ex SLOANE, Jam., t. 157, fig. 1 (Juglans),
1 Lofty, not bitter.
* Rather large; somewhat purple when dry.
3 A genus very anomalous among the Æu-
taceas, nearly allied to Boswellia, and perhaps
better placed among the Burseree. Apotropous
ovule rarely observed in this order.
4 Spec. 3, 4. Ker, in Bot. Reg., t. 670.—
GrisEB., Fl. Brit. W.-Ind., 140 ; Cat, Pl. Cub.,
49,.—Watp., Ann., i. 173.
5 A genus to be studied.
9 Spec. 1. P. Juglans GRISEB., Fl. Brit,
W.-Ind., 177.-— P. trifoliatum Pxr., mss, —
Juglans baccata L. — Schmidelia macrocarpa
A. Ricx., Fl. Cub., i. 283, t. 30,
RUTACEÆ. 509
107. Harrisonia R. Br'—Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx short,
4, 5-fid. Petals 4, 5, longer, rather thick, valvate. Stamens 8-10,
inserted round annular or shortly cupular (Zasiolepis) disk; fila-
ments free, enlarged at base in scales, entire or shortly 2-fid ;
the oppositipetalous slightly shorter; anthers introrse, 2-rimose.
Germen free ; cells 4, 5, oppositipetalous, more or less prominent
at back ; styles same in number, connate or free at base, stigma-
tiferous slightly dilated at apex ; ovule in cells solitary, descending ;
micropyle extrorse, superior. Drupe globose or depressed, with
2-5-pyrena; pyrena perforated, l-spermous; seeds curved; testa
rather thick ; embryo scantily albuminous ;* cotyledons conduplicate
at middle; radicle short, superior.-—Glabrous* spinescent shrubs ;
spines often 2-nate; leaves alternate, 1-3-foliolate or imparipinnate ;
folioles entire or few-dentate; flowers in axillary cymes; pedicels
bracteolate at base (Australia, Malay. Arch).
108? Irvingia Hook. r.°—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-5-merous ;
sepals short, free, connate at base, imbricated. Petals longer, im-
bricated, patent. Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate ; filaments inserted below
thick elevated pulviform disk, free ; more or less plicate in bud; the
oppositipetalous shorter ; anthers short, introrse, 2-rimose. Germen
seated at summit of depressed disk, 2-locular ; style simple, curved
in bud, stigmatiferous more or less capitellate at apex; ovule in
each cell solitary, descending, incompletely anatropous ; micropyle
extrorse, superior. Drupe thick, ligneous, oblong or shortly ovate,
compressed ; flesh scanty; putamen hard; albumen fleshy, copious’
or 0;° embryo inverse; cotyledons’ flat, foliaceous or plano-convex,
amygdaloid; radicle short, superior.—Glabrous insipid epunctuate
trees ; branches annulate at nodes; bud blocked by axillary stipules,
convolute in acuminate more or less curved cone (finally marked
with the annular cicatrix) ; leaves alternate, simple, entire, coria-
1 Ex A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., 517, xii. t. 28,
fig. 47 (nec ADANs., nec Hoox.).—ENDLt., Gen.,
n. 5967.—B. H., Gen., 314, n. 25.—Æbelingia
ReIcus., Consp., 199.
2 BENN., Pl. Jav. Rar,, 202, t. 42.—Pu., in
Hook, Lond, Journ., v. 570.
3 Greenish.
4 Dry nigrescent.
5 Spec. 2, 3. Gaupicu., in Freycin. Voy.,
Bot., t. 103.—MrQ., Fl. Ind.-Bat., Suppl., 209.
—Bentu., Fl. Austral., i. 376.—WALP., Ann.,
i. 165.
6 In Trans. Linn. Soe., xxiii, 167.—B. H.,
Gen., 314, 993, n. 24.—H. Bn., in Adansonia,
viii. 91.
7 In I. Smithii Hoox. ¥., the cotyledons of
which are foliaceous.
8 In Z. Gabonensi (H. BN., loc. cit.—I. Bar-
teri Hook. r.), with plano-convex cotyledons.
9 In Z. Smithii virescent.
510 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
ceous, petiolate ; flowers’ in terminal and axillary compound-ramified
racemes’ (Zrop. West. Africa’).
109. Soulamea Lamxk.'— Flowers polygamous, 3-merous, more
rarely 4—5-merous; receptacle short. Sepals free or connate at
base, valvate or imbricated. Petals same in number, alternate
longer, usually linear-patent, imbricated or subvalvate. Stamens
double in number to petals, 2-seriate (in female flower sterile or 0) ;
filaments free, naked; anthers short extrorse, 2-rimose. Glands
opposite petals, equal in number to them, thick subtruncate, some-
times unequally lobed. Germen (in male flower rudimentary or
oftener 0) free, compressed, 2-locular; styles 2, short distant,
capitate, recurved, stigmatiferous at apex; ovules solitary in cells,
descending, incompletely anatropous ; micropyle extrorse, superior.
Fruit indehiscent, obcordate, dry, coriaceous, marginally winged ;
wings short, thick or wide, submembranous, veined ; endocarp lig-
neous, 2-locular. Seeds solitary in cells, affixed at middle or de-
scendent; testa membranous; albumen thin; embryo inverse;
cotyledons elliptical or oblique oblong; radicle short, superior.—
Bitter glabrous or villous trees and shrubs ; leaves alternate, long
petiolate, simple 3-foliolate or imparipinnate ; flowers’ in spikes or
racemes, simple, axillary, cymiferous (Warm Subtrop. Oceania’). |
110? Amaroria A. Gray.’— Flowers l-sexual, male nearly of
Soulamea, “ 3-merous, 3-androus ; stamens alternipetalous ; anthers
subsessile ; 3 lobes of fleshy disk 2-fid.” Female flowers 4, 5-merous ;
sepals short, persistent, and petals same in number, alternate narrow
patent. Staminodes (?) 5-10, inserted below thick crenate disk.
Germen excentric, unequally-ovid, 1-locular; ovule 1, descending,
incompletely anatropous ; micropyle extrorse, superior ; style short,
1 Small, odoriferous, whitish or yellow. Gen., 313, n. 22.—Cardiocarpus REINW., in
2 A genus scarcely of this series, hence agree-
ing with Balanite by its insipid epunctuate
leaves, its insertion of gynæceum, and its
drupaceous fruit; whence better perhaps con-
nected with Burseracee.
3 Spee. 2 (v. 3, 4, quar., of which 2 are im-
perfectly known). Oxrv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i.
313.—WALDP., Ann, vii. 541.
4 Dict., i, 449.—J., Gen., 429.—DC., Prodr..
i. 335 (Polygaleæ)—A. 8S. H., et Mog., in
Mém. Mus., xix. 3384.—ENDL., in Ann. Wien.
Mus., i. 188, t. 16; Gen., n. 5658.—B. H.,
Syll, Pl. Ratisb., ii, 14, — Cardiophora
BentuH., in Hook. Lond. Journ., ii. 216.
5 Minute.
5 Species about 8, 1 of Molucca (Rex ama-
roris RuMpx.), most of warm southern regions.
Hassk., in Bull, Soc. Bot. de Fr., x. 874.—Br. &
GR., in Ann. Sc, Nat., sér. 5, iii. 229; in Nouv.
Arch. Mus., iv. t. 37.—Waxr., Ann. i. 168;
vii, 541.
7 Unit. St. Expl. Exped., Bot., 337, t. 40.—
B. H., Gen., 314, n. 23.
RUTACEÆ. 511
soon unequally capitate, stigmatiferous, hence sulcate. “ Drupe
dry, nuciform, ovoid, subcompressed ; putamen osseous ; seed amphi-
tropous, exalbuminous; embryo fleshy; cotyledons ovate, flat; radicle
very short, superior.”—Very bitter small trees; leaves alternate,
simple, elongated, entire, petiolate; flowers' in axillary compound
racemes? (Piji Islands’).
111? Keeberlinia Zucc.‘— Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
shortly conical. Sepals 4, small, free, imbricated, deciduous. Petals
same in number, alternate, convolute-imbricate, deciduous. Stamens
8, 2-seriate; filaments free ; anthers ovate, introrsely 2-rimose.
Germen stipitate, 2-locular; style subulate, obtuse stigmatiferous
at apex; ovules æ, inserted on dissepiment, œ-seriate, descendent
or subtransverse. Fruit subbaccate, subglobose, apiculate with
persistent style; pericarp thinly fleshy, interior pulpy, oligosper-
mous. Seeds descending, “carinate-cochleate ; testa crustaceous,
rugulose-striolate ; albumen thin; embryo annular; radicle supe-
rior.’ — A subaphyllous shrub, ramified, eglandular, glabrous ;
branches crowded, spinescent; leaves alternate, minute, squami-
form, caducous; flowers’ in short racemes placed below apex of
lateral branches’ (Zevas, Mexico).
X. CNEOREA.
112. Cneorum L.— Flowers hermaphrodite, 4- or oftener 3-
merous ; receptacle shortly columnar, exterior glandular. Sepals
small, more or Jess connate at base, persistent, in præfloration not
contiguous. Petals same in number, longer, imbricated, caducous.
Stamens equal in number to petals, and alternate with them;
filaments inserted in pits of disk, free, subulate; anthers in-
trorse, 2-rimose. Germen placed at summit of receptacle; cells
prominent, opposite petals, equal in number to them ; style central,
1 Small. 5 Small, white.
? A genus scarcely distinct. Is it not rather 5 A genus enumerated at the end of Pitto-
a form of Soulamea; second cell of germen sporum (ENDL) or Simarubea (B. H.). It also
abortive ? appears somewhat allied to Zygophyllum,
3 Spee. 1. À. soulamoides A. GRAY, loc. cit. 7 Spec. 1. K. spinosa Zucc., loc. cit.—A.
4 In Flora (1832), Beibl., ii. 73, 74; in Gray, Pl. Wright.,i. 30; ii. 26—Watp., Rep.,
Miineh. Densk. (1838), 358.—ENDz., Gen., n, i, 258.
5670.—B. H., Gen., 315, n. 30.
512 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
erect, dilated stigmatiferous 3-lobed at apex; ovules in each cell
2, descendent, sometimes separated by false incomplete septa, campy-
lotropous; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit drupaceous ; cocci
3, 4, subglobose, drupaceous; mesocarp thin; putamen osseous,
sometimes 2-locellate by false oblique septa; locelli superposed,
l-spermous. Seeds descendent from oblique funicle, uncinate-con-
duplicate; albumen fleshy; embryo uncinate-hypocrepiform ; coty-
ledons elongated, semiterete incumbent; radicle superior, terete.—
Rather bitter unarmed small shrubs, glabrous or pubescent with hairs
affixed at middle ; leaves small, simple, entire, elongated, coriaceous,
epunctuate or at margin pellucid-punctulate ; articulate, exstipulate
at base; flowers axillary, solitary or scantily cymose; peduncle
more or less adnate to petiole; pedicels articulate below flower
(Medit. Reg., North-West. Ins. Africa). See p. 421.
XI. ZYGOPHYLLE.
113. Zygophyllum L.—F lowers 4—5-merous; sepals imbricated,
deciduous or persistent. Petals shortly unguiculate; præfloration
imbricated or contorted. Stamens 8-10, inserted round small glan-
dular angular or more rarely cupuliform disk, sometimes suboblique ;
filaments free, exserted, with squamule inserted inwardly above
base, sometimes wanting (pera). Germen sessile or shortly
and thickly stipitate, 4, 5- or more rarely 2, 3-agonal ; cells same in
number as petals, placed before them; ovules in each cell 2-0,
2-seriate, descending ; micropyle extrorse, superior ; raphe more or
less prominent or partly free; style angular, tapering, stigma-
tiferous, not thickened at apex. Fruit 2—5-agonal or 2—5-pterous,
subcapsular, scarcely dehiscent or with septicidal or loculicidal
dehiscence ; endocarp sometimes solute. Seeds 1-»; testa crus-
taceous; embryo scantily albuminous; cotyledons oblong ;
radicle superior. — Undershrubs or small shrubs, often prostrate ;
branches terete or angular, sometimes spinescent ; leaves opposite,
2- or more rarely 1-foliolate ; folioles opposite, flat, unsymmetrical
(Fabago, Repera), or more rarely terete (Ayrophyllum); stipules 2,
lateral, often spinescent; flowers situated nearly at axil of stipules
and lateral to them, 1 or 2, unequal in age (Asia, South Africa,
Australia, N. America.) See p. 422.
RUTACEÆ. 018
114. Fagonia T.'—Flowers nearly of Zygophyllum; sepals 5,
imbricated, deciduous. Petals 5, imbricated, caducous. Stamens
10, inserted below small disk; filaments naked, slender; anthers
shortly oblong, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen sessile, 5-agonal ; cells
5, oppositipetalous ; style subulate, 5-agonal, simple, stigmatiferous
at apex; ovules in each cell 2, inserted at base of internal angle,
collaterally ascending; micropyle introrse or sublateral, inferior.
Fruit capsular, pyramid-5-agonal ; cocci 5, finally solute from axis,
inwardly dehiscent ; endocarp corneous, separating ; seeds solitary
in cells, erect, compressed, widely oblong; testa mucilaginous ;
albumen coriaceous ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat, wide ovate.—
Ramified herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at base, diffuse or prostrate,
glabrous or with short hairs, often tuberculate at apex, somewhat
hispid; leaves opposite 1-3-foliolate ; folioles entire, mucronate ;
stipules usually spinescent; flowers’ lateral to leaves, pedunculate
(Hast. Med. Reg. South Africa, Temp. America’).
115. Seetzenia R. Br.t—Flowers hermaphrodite, apetalous, usu-
ally 5-merous ; receptacle shortly convex. Sepals linear-oblong, val-
vate incurved at apex. Stamens equal in number to sepals, opposite
them ; filaments inserted below small lobed disk, free; anthers sub-
globose introrsely or sublaterally rimose. Germen sessile, oblong
clavate, rather fleshy, truncate 5-locular; styles 5, short radiating,
capitellate stigmatiferous at apex; ovules solitary in each cell,
descending ; micropyle extrorse superior. Capsule elongate-ovoid,
with 5-cocci; cocci solute from axis; exocarp narrow separating
from crustaceous endocarp inwardly and at excised apex ; columella
persistent rigid, dilated 5-dentate at apex; seeds solitary descending
ovate, compressed; testa thick; albumen thin; embryo subequal ;
cotyledons subelliptical rather thick ; radicle cylindrical superior.—
Rather small prostrate herbs, suffrutescent at base, glabrous or
woolly ; leaves opposite stipulate, 3-foliolate ; folioles obovate apicu-
1 Inst., 265, t. 141.—Gen., n. 531. —J.,
Gen., 296—GæRTN., Fruct., ii. 153, t. 113.—
LaMK., Dict., ii, 447; Suppl. ii. 628; Til, t.
346.— SHAw, Afric., 229. — Forsx., Deser.
Æg.-Arab., n. 68.—DC., Prodr., i. 704.—A.
Juss., in Mém, Mus., xii. 453, t. 24, fig. 2.—
ENDL, Gen. n. 6034.—R. H., Gen., 267,
n. 10.
* Pink, violet, or sometimes yellowish,
VOL. IV.
3 Spee. 4, 5 (enumer. ad 25). Wren, Il, t.
64.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i. 468.— Harv. &
Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 356.—Det., Fl. Agypt., t.
27, fig. 2. t. 28, figs. 2, 3.—Borss., Fl. Or., i.
914.—Watp., Rep, 494; ii. 822; v. 385;
Ann. i. 149; ii. 244; iv. 404.
‘In Denh., Oudn. et Clapp. Voy. App.
231.—END1., Gen., n. 6042.—B. H., Gen.
266, n. 6.
Lu
514 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
late; flowers minute subaxillary, solitary; fructiferous peduncle
pendulous (Warm Africa, South-West. Asia’).
116. Peganum L.—Flowers 4—5-merous ; sepals usually foliaceous
narrow entire or pinnatitid; præfloration subvalvate, slightly imbri-
cated or open. Petals entire subequal, imbricated or contorted,
finally patent. Stamens 3 times more than petals inserted round
usually smooth disk ; filaments dilated at base, sometimes antherless ;
anthers linear, introrsely 2-rimose. Germens sometimes shortly
stipitate ; cells 2, 3; ovules «©, inserted at internal angle, oblique
anatropous ; style erect, sometimes more or less bent, 2, 3-angular-
carinate; keels papillose stigmatiferous. Fruit subglobose fur-
nished with base of persistent calyx, usually dry, 2, 3-valved
(Lupeganum), sometimes baccate, indehiscent (J/alacocarpus) ; endo-
carp papyraceous, adherent. Seeds o; testa outwardly spongy
scrobiculate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved.—Ramified inodorous
herbs, not glandular-punctuate, glabrous or pubescent ; stems terete ;
leaves alternate, entire, irregularly pinnatifid ; stipules lateral se-
taceous, unequal ; flowers pedunculate, solitary, leaf-opposed (Med.
Rey. West. Cent. and Trop. Asia, Mexico). See p. 427.
117. Tribulus T.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle convex.
Sepals 5, imbricated, deciduous or persistent. Petals same in
number, imbricated or contorted, deciduous. Stamens 10, 2-seriate,
of which the 5 alternipetalous longer, outwardly enlarged with gland
at base; filaments free, naked, inserted below 10-lobed disk ; anthers
introrse, 2-rimose. Germen superior sessile adpressed, hirtus ;
cells 5, oppositipetalous, or more rarely 6—12, sometimes æ-locellate
with oblong or transverse septa ; style filiform or pyramidal, stigma-
tiferous 5-12-lobed at apex; ovules in each cell 1—o, finally super-
posed, usually oblique descending; micropyle extrorse superior.
Fruit of 5-12-cocci; cocci finally solute from sometimes thick
pyramidal columella, corneous or osseous, dorsally winged, spinose
aculeate or tuberculate, usually indehiscent; seeds descending,
1 Spec. 1. S. prostrata. —S. africana R. 281, t.7.—Zygophyllum prostratum THUNB., F1.
Br., loc. cit—Hary. & Sonp., Fl. Cap. i. Cap., 548 (ex SOND.).— ? Z. lanatum W., Spec.,
366.—Ontiv., Fl. Trop. Afr., i. 288.—Boiss, ii. 564 (doubtfully from R. Br., from woolly
Fl, Or., i. 916.—Watp., Rep. i. 498.—S. articulation and long filiform style, as described
orientalis DONE., in Ann, Sc. Nat., sér. 2, iii. by authors).—DC., Prodr,, i. 706, n. 19.
RUTACEÆ. 515
usually solitary in cells; embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons ovate,
radicle superior, short.—Loose ramified nodose usually sericeous-
pilose herbs; branches usually prostrate articulate ; leaves opposite,
one in each pair smaller, or aborted aiternately, abrupt pinnate stipu-
late ; flowers lateral to leaves, pedunculate (4// Warm Regions). See
p- 425.
118? Sisyndite E. Mny.'—“ Flowers (nearly of 7ribulus) 5-merous ;
sepals unequal, imbricated. Petals 5, a little longer. Disk 5-lobed,
crowned with 5 scales, hypogynous, ä-fid or lacerate, opposite lobes.
Stamens 10; filaments subulate, of which 5 are inserted between
scales and lobes of disk; other 5 alternate. Germen sessile, 5-locular ;
ovules solitary in each cell descending ; style stigmatiferous clavate,
5-sulcate at apex. Capsule plumose-hirsute ; cocci 5, finally
dehiscing by ventral suture; seeds exalbuminous.—A spartioid
glabrous shrub ; branches terete, spongy subaphyllous, 2-chotomous ;
leaves opposite, stipulate pinnate ; folioles few subopposite coriaceous ;
flowers’ axillary (?) solitary pedunculate” (Cape of Good Hope’).
119. Augea Tuuns.'— Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle (?)
obeonical concave. Sepals 5, inserted at margin, unequal mem-
branous-marginate, imbricated, persistent. Disk urceolate central
shortly stipitate, submembranous, subulate-10-dentate at margin,
bearing 10 stamens alternating with teeth and 10 scales opposite
stamens, exterior. Scales membranous, 3-fid, narrow at base.’
Staminal filaments obcuneate, 3-fid; lobes antheriferous at middle ;
anthers oblong, introrsely 2-rimose ; connective produced beyond cells
in short glands. Germen central, 10-locular; style short thick
obtusely 10-sulcate, subentire stigmatiferous at apex ; ovules in each
cell 2—4, obliquely ascending. Capsule oblong, 10-costate, 10-valved ;
seeds solitary in cells, oblong; embryo exalbuminous; cotyledons
flat, rather thick.—Annual fleshy glabrous herbs ;° root fusiform ;
branches articulate; leaves opposite, stipulate, connate simple,
1 In Herb. Dreg. (ex Harv. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., n. 1875.—Enpu., Gen., n. 6742.—B. H., Gen.
i. 354).—-B. H., Gen., 265, 998, n. 2. 265, n. 3.
2 “ Magnis, luteis.” 5 Perhaps petals or staminodes exterior to
3 Spec. 1. S. spartea E. MEy. loc. cit.— fertile stamens reduced to filaments.
Harv., Thes. Cap., t. 120.—Watpr., Ann., vii. ® Mesembrianthemums, or with habit and
479. leaves of some Portulacace.
4 Fl. Cap., 389 (nec RETZ.) —SPRENG., Gen.,
i 1 C2
516 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. ‘
semiterete obtuse; flowers axillary or sublateral solitary (or in
scanty cymes); pedicels 2-bracteolate at base (Cape of Good
Hope’).
120? Sericodes A. Gray.*— Flowers 5-merous; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, persistent. Petals rhomboid-ovate, late deciduous.
Stamens 10, subperigynous ; filaments free; alternipetalous, inwardly
enlarged at base with scales, 2-fid; anthers oblong. Germen sessile
very villous, 5-lobed, 5-locular; style 5-agonal clavate above ; angles
stigmatiferous ; ovules solitary descendent. Fruit dry, very villous ;
cocci 5, coriaceous, separating from axis indehiscent; seed descend-
ing; embryo exalbuminous; cotyledons ovate-—A much ramified
humble shrub ; leaves small simple fasciculate (fascicles alternate)
sessile oblong-spathulate entire, sericeous; stipules minute spine-
scent; flowers’ 1-3 in the same fascicle as the leaves, shortly pedi-
cellate” (Worth Mexico’).
121. Guaiacum Pium.’—Flowers 4—5-merous ; sepals imbricated,
deciduous. Petals 4, 5, more or less unguiculate, imbricated, de-
ciduous. Stamens 8-10; filaments naked (Awguatacum), or inwardly
at base furnished with membranous squamules (Porlieria Larrea,’
Guiacidium*),or more or less thick fleshy (Bu/nesia,’ Pintoa”), simple or
more or less lacerate ; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen free, in-
serted at summit of receptacle beyond insertion of androceum short
(Pintoa, Larrea, Porlieria) or more or less elongated (Luguaiacum,
Bulnesia); cells 2, 3, or 4, 5, opposite petals, style subulate stig-
matiferous subentire at apex, or scarcely dilated or lobed; ovules in
Guiacidium A. Gray, Larrea Cav., Pintoa C.
Gay, Porlieria R. & Pay.).
6 R. & Pav., Prodr., 55, t. 9—DC., Prodr.,
i. 707.— A, Juss.,in Mém. Mus., xii, 457, t.
16, fig. 6.—Spacn, Suit. à Buffon, ii. 308.—
Envt., Gen., n. 6039.—B. H., Gen., 268, n. 13.
1 Spec. 1, salsuginosa. À. capensis THUNB.,
loc. cit. — Hary., Gen. S.-Afr. PI, 409. —
Harv. & Sonp., Fl. Cap., i. 355.
2 Pl. Wright., i. 28, not.—B. H., Gen., 265,
n. 4.
3 « Flavis.”
4 Spec. 1. 8. Greggù A. Gray, loc. cit.—
Watp., Ann., iv. 403.
5 Gen., t.17.—L., Gen., n. 518.—J., Gen.,
296.—Lamx., Dict., ii. 614; Suppl., ii. 712;
Lil, t. 342.—GÆRIN., Fruct., ii, 148, t. 113.—
DC., Prodr., i. 706.—A. Juss., in Mém, Mus.,
xii, 456, t. 16, fig. 7—Spaou, Suit. à Buffon, ii.
309.—Enpt., Gen, n. 6041.—A, Gray, Gen.
IU., t. 148, 149.—Ae., Theor. Syst., t. 18,
figs. 11, 12.—B. H., Gen., 267, n. 12.—H. Bn.,
in Adansonia, x. 315 (incl.: Bulnesia C. Gay,
7 Cav., in Ann. Cienc. Nat., ii. 199, t. 18,
19; Zcon., vi. 39, t. 359, 360.—DC., Prodr., i.
705.—A. Juss., in Mém. Mus., xii. 456, t. 15,
fig. 5,—ENDLz., Gen., n. 6038.—A. Gray, Gen,
Ili., t. 147.—B. H., Gen., 267, n. 11.
8 A. Gray, Gen. Iii, ii. 121, t. 149.
9 C. Gay, Fl. Chil., i, 474, t. 15.—B. H.,
Gen., 268, n. 16.—Gonoptera TurRcz., in Bull.
Mose. (1846), i. 150.
10 ©, Gay, loc. cit., 479, t. 16.—B. H., Gen.
269, n. 17.
RUTACEÆ. 517
cells 4-1 , 2-seriate descendent; micropyle extrorse superior. Fruit
coriaceous, usually outwardly scarcely fleshy ; cocci 2-5, dry or sub-
drupaceous (Huguaiacum), dorsally obtuse (Larrea), carimate or
more or less wide-winged (Huguaiacum), sometimes dorsally mem-
branous (Bu/nesia), glabrous, or more rarely villous (Larrea),
finally separating from axis, indehiscent (Larrea), septicidal
(Luguaiacum, Pintoa), or inwardly dehiscing (Porlieria, Bulnesia).
Seeds usually solitary in cocci; testa thin; embryo axile (often
green); cotyledons more or less elongated ; albumen fleshy, or more
or less hard or corneous, outwardly smooth or slightly rimose
(Luguaiacum).—Resinous or balsamic trees or shrubs, some spartioid
(Bulnesia); wood often hard; branches nodose articulate; leaves
opposite stipulate, pinnate, 2—» -foliolate ; folioles entire (sometimes
sensitive) unsymmetrical at base ; flowers' solitary or cymose few,
pedunculate lateral to leaves (Zrop. and Subtrop. Temp. and Mont.
America).
122? Plectrocarpa Gu.’—< Flowers often irregular; sepals 5,
concave, imbricated. Petals 5, spathulate, unguiculate, slightly
longer than calyx, open in æstivation. Stamens 10; filaments
filiform or subulate, free at base or enlarged on both sides by sub-
ulate squamules and scales fleshy fimbriate-lacerate stipate ; anthers
oblong, introrsely rimose. Germen sessile densely villous, ovoid- _
5-agonal, 5-locular ; style subulate stigmatiferous at apex; ovules in
each cell 2, descending, laterally inserted by funicle at middle of
cell. Fruit villous subulate-5-agonal or rather terete; cocci 5,
indehiscent, middle of back produced in subulate spur. Seed solitary
in cells, descending compressed; albumen thin fleshy; embryo
axile; cotyledons ovate foliaceous——A ramified shrub; branches
terete spinose at nodes; spines strong straight, 4-partite; leaves
fasciculate at nodes, imparipinnate; folioles oblong sericeous
4, 5-jugate; flowers‘ solitary, pedunculate, erect between fascicles of
leaves” (Mendoza’).
1 Yellow, purple, or bluish, often large, i, 151 (Bulnesia), 153 (Pintoa); iii. 840; iv.
handsome, 406 ; 481, 482 (Porlieria).
? Spec. ad 18. Liypu., in Bot. Reg. (1539), 3 In Hook, Bot. Mise., iii. 166.—ENpDt.,
t. 9.—C. Gay, loc, cit., 471 (Larrea), 476 Gen., n. 6040.—B. H., Gen., 268, n. 15.
(Porlieria)—A. Gray, Pl, Wright., 28 (Por- 4 “ Dense villosis.”
lieria).—H, BN., in Adansonia, x. 315 (Por- 5 Spec. 1. P. tetracantha Gixx., loc. cit,—
lieria) —Waxr., Rep., v. 386 (Larrea); Ann, Watr., Rep. i. 498.
518 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
123. Chitonia Moc. & Suss.'—Flowers 4-merous ; sepals unequal,
imbricated, deciduous. Petals alternate large, shortly obovate,
imbricated. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, shorter than petals; filaments
naked; anther sericeo-barbate introrse, 2-rimose. Germen 4-agonal,
tapering above in subulate style, stigmatiferous widely 4-lobed at
apex; cells 4, opposite petals; ovules in each 2, descending.
Capsule widely 4-winged, septicidally 4-valved ; seeds in cells 1, 2;
raphe crested ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of (green) embryo, oblong.
— À sericeous shrub; branches alternate; inferior leaves alternate,
superior opposite, imparipinnate; folioles 3-0, opposite entire;
stipules subulate ; flowers® solitary or scantily cymose, pedunculate,
lateral to leaves (AZevico’).
XII. NITRARIEA.
124. Nitraria L.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle convex.
Sepals 5, more or less high connate, rather fleshy, imbricated, per-
sistent. Petals same in number, alternate, longer, cucullate indu-
plicate valvate at apices. Stamens 5-15, inserted under very in-
conspicuous disk ; filaments free, naked, anthers introrse, 2-rimose.
Germen free, sessile, sericeous oblong-pyramidal, 2—6-locular, gra-
dually attenuated into short style, stigmatiferous decurrent-2—6-lobed
at apex ; ovules solitary in cells depending from elongated funicle
descending ; micropyle extrorse superior. Drupe subbaccate ovate-
acuminate ; mesocarp usually thin; putamen bony, exterior sulcate or
scrobiculate, 6-valved at apex alternate shorter, dehiscent, 1-sper-
mous. Seeds descending ; testa membranous ; epidermis dry ; embryo
exalbuminous; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short superior.—
Rigid spinose or unarmed shrubs, usually canescent ; leaves alternate
or fasciculate, simple, obovate-cuneate entire or at apex 3-5-fid;
stipules small lateral; flowers in more or less ramified scorpioid
cymes, shortly pedicellate (West Asia, North Africa, and Coast of
Australia). See p. 430.
1 Ex DC., Prodr., i, 707.—Enpt,, Gen., n. 3 Spec. 1. C. mexicuna Mog. & SEss., loc-
6032.—B. H., Gen., 268, n, 14. cit—Zvoo., Nov. Stirp. Fase., i. 355, t. 17.—
? Large, rose-violet. Watp., Rep., i. 493.
RUTACEÆ. 519
XIII? CORIARIEZÆ.
125. Coriaria Nissou.—Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or poly-
gamous ; receptacle depressed conical. Sepals 5, imbricated per-
sistent. Petals 5, alternate, usually shorter than sepals, interior
carinate, fleshy, accrescent after anthesis. Stamens 10, 2-seriate ;
filaments usually free, or sometimes 5 (exterior) adnate to keel of
petals, hypogynous or subhypogynous; anthers (effete in female
flower) introrse, 2-rimose. Carpels 5, alternipetalous, or more
rarely 6-10 free, inserted at summit of receptacle. Germen free
(effete in male flower) ; styles same in number ; free, long, flexuous,
everywhere stigmatiferous; ovules solitary in cells descending ;
micropyle introrse superior. Fruit of 5-10 cocci, included in fleshy
petals, finally compressed to solute receptacle, scarcely drupaceous,
finally dry ; seeds descendent; testa membranous ; albumen ? thin
membranous, sometimes hard; embryo ovate compressed fleshy ;
cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short superior.—Unarmed shrubs,
sometimes sarmentose ; branches angular; buds squamose ; leaves
opposite or 3-nate, entire, 1—5-nerved, exstipulate ; flowers axillary,
solitary or in racemes sometimes densely flowered ; pedicels brac-
teate, or sometimes folio-stipitate (Zed. Rey. Temp. Asia, South-West.
America, and N. Zealand). See p. 432.
XIV. SURIANEÆX.
126. Surianea PLtum.—F lowers hermaphrodite; receptacle sub-
plane at apex. Sepals 5, imbricated, persistent. Petalssame in number
alternate, very short unguiculate, imbricated or contorted. Stamens
19, 2-seriate ; filaments free; anthers short sub-2-dymous, introrsely
rimose (in shorter stamens), oppositipetalous, sometimes wanting.
Carpels 5 opposite petals, free ; germen shortly stipitate, | -locular ;
style inserted at base of internal angle, slightly thickened, stigma-
tiferous at apex; ovules in cells 2, collateral, descending, very in-
completely anatropous; raphe very short introrse inferior; mi-
cropyle extrorse superior. Fruit-carpels 5 (or fewer) furnished with
persistent styles and calyx, drupaceous ; mesocarp thin rather fleshy ;
putamen l-locular; seed ascendent rather compressed, campylo-
tropous; embryo exalbuminous uncinate; cotyledons rather flat,
520 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
incumbent; radicle conical, superior to hilum, descendent.—An
insipid ramified shrub, velvety with capitate hairs ; branches terete ;
leaves alternate collected sessile, articulate at base, linear-spathulate,
obtuse, subnerved entire rather thick, pellucid-punctuate ; flowers
in few-flowered racemose cymes at summit of fasciculate twigs
(All Trop. Sea-coasts). See p. 434.
ERRATA.
Page 176, for “‘ Cardodiptera” read “ Carpodiptera.”
» 202, note 1, for “ Belotian” read ‘ Belotia.”
318, for “ Ruhlia” read “ Kuhlia.”’
2 2.
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA
CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.
Abatia, R. & Pav., 282, 320
Abelmoschus, DC., 96
Abelmosehus, MeprK., 95
Aberia, Hocust., 311
Ablania, AuBL., 207
Abroma, Jacg., 83, 137
Abronia, J., 8, 20
Abutilæa, F. Muezz., 147
Abutilon, T., 91, 147
Acanthocarpæa, KL., 29
Acanthocaryx, ArRuD., 250
Aceratium, DC., 178
Achania, Sw., 153
Achilleopsis, Turcz., 135
Achioti, HERN., 274
Acleisanthes, A. Gray, 4
Acmadenia, Barth. & WENDL.,
392, 464
Acoma, Apans., 286
Acradenia, Krpp., 894, 470
Acronodia, Bu., 178
Acronychia, Forsk., 401, 486
Acrozus, SPRENG., 178
Actinophora, Watt., 192
Adansonia, L., 103, 160
Adenandra, W., 392, 464
Adenobasium, Presi, 207
Adenodiscus, Turez., 202
Adenodus, Lour., 178
Adenogramma, REICHB., 38, 57
Adenogyrus, Ku., 317
Adinandra, Jacx., 241, 364
Admirabilis, CLus., 2
Ægle, Corr., 407, 496
Æschryon, VeLLoz., 502
Agatea, A. Gray, 359
Agathosma, W., 392, 465
Agation, Ap. Br., 346, 859
Agdestis, Mog. & Sess., 32, 54
Agrophyllum, Neck., 424
Ailantus, Desr., 414, 501
Alcea, L., 143
Alegria, Moc. & Suss., 195
Aleurodendron, REINW.,
Alicteres, Neck., 66
Allionia, L., 19
Allionopsis, Cxots., 17
Almeidea, A. S. H., 460
Alsodea, Marr. & Zucc., 356
Alsodeia, Dur.-TH., 356
Althæa, L., 143
Altheria, Dur.-Tn., 77
Amaroria, A. Gray, 420, 516
Amblyorhinum, Turcz., 440
Ambroma, L. ¥., 137
Amphania, Banks, 240
Amphirroge, REICHRB., 355
Amphirrox, SPRENG., 341, 355
Amyris, L., 403, 491
Anamorpha, Karst. & Tr., 77
Anatropa, ÊHRENB., 458
Anavinga, LamK., 314
Anchietea, A. S. H., 346, 360
Ancistrocarpus, Ortv., 172, 194
Ancistrocladus, WaLz., 214, 226
Anetia, Expt., 287
Angostura, Ram. & Scu., 462
Anisodontea, PRESL, 149
Anisomeria, Don, 27, 53
Anisoptera, Korru., 213, 222
Anisosticte, Barre, 269
Ankenda, Herm., 486
Anneslea, Waz., 241, 265
Anoda, Cav., 91, 146
Anotea, DC., 152
Anquetilia, Done., 487
Antanisophyllum, Vaizz., 7
Anteischima, Korru., 260
Anterotriche, Turcz., 222
Anthæa, Nor., 400
Anthodiseus, C. F. Mery, 252,
272
Antholoma, LaBrLr., 181, 208
Antichorus, L. r., 108
Antigona, VELLOZ., 314
Antomarchia, Cozz., 473
Apaloptera, Nurr., 8
Apatelia, DC., 242
Apeiba, AugL., 172, 196
Aphærema, Mrers., 321
Aphlea, Tuz., 282, 319
Aphloia, Bexx., 282, 319
Aplophyllum, A. Juss., 382
Archtæa, Marr. & Zucc., 244,
267
Arcynospermum, Turcz., 110
Argyrodendron F. Muezz., 64
Aristotelia, LHér., 181, 209
Arsis, Lour., 199
Arthromiscus, THw., 495
Aruba, AuBL., 414
Aruba, Nees & Marr., 462
Asaphes, DC., 490
Ascra, SCHOTT., 318
Aspidostigma, Hocusr., 492
Assonia, Cav., 69
Asterochiton, Turcz., 140
Asterochlæna, GARCkE., 152
Asterolasia, F. Mueut., 473
Asteropeia, Dur.-Tx., 286, 323
Asterotrichion, KL., 147
Astiria, LiNpL., 7], 129
Astorganthus, ENDL., 476
Astranthus, Lour., 286
Astrapæa, Lrnpt., 69
Astrodendron, DENNST., 61
Astrophyllum, Torr. & Gr.
400, 480
Astropus, SPRENG., 77
Atalantia, Corr., 407, 495
Atunus, Rumeu., 65
Aubertia, Bory, 476
Aubletia, Scures., 194
Augea, THUNB., 428, 515
Aulacia, Lour., 494
Aurantium, T., 407
Ayenia, L., 80, 134
Azanza, Moc. & Szss., 98
Azanza, ALEF., 155
Azara, R. & Pav., 282, 319
Azeredia, ARRUD., 297
2
Balanghas, Bur., 61
Balanites, Dex., 410, 497
Balanopteris, GÆRTN., 65
Banara, AUBL., 282, 318
Baobab, P. Axp., 160
Barbeuia, Due.-Tx., 30, 54
Barosma, W., 392, 465
Bartramea, DC., 205
Bartramia, GÆRTN., 203
Baryosma, Raa. & Scu., 465
Bastardia, H. B. K., 91, 145
Beaumaria, Enpu., 209
Bellucia, Apans., 400
Beloere, SHurry,, 148
Belotia, A. Ricr., 202
Belou, Apaxs., 496
522
Bennettia, M1q., 277
Bergera, Kœx., 493
Bergsmia, BL., 290, 325
Berrya, Roxs., 169, 191
Bessera, VELLOZ., 8
Bessera, SPRENG., 310
Beythea, Enpt., 178
Biasolettia, PRESL., 110
Bichy, Lunan., 64
Bigamea, Kaw., 214:
Bigelowia, DC., 360
Binendykia, Kurz., 137
Biporeira, Dur.-Tu., 499
Bivinia, Tuz., 289
Bixa, L., 274, 308
Blackbournea, K., 398
Blackburnia, Forsr., 396
Blackwellia, Commers., 285
Blastemanthus, PL., 370, 378
Blepharanthemum, Ku., 147
Blondea, Ricu., 207
Blumia, SPRENG., 242
Boca, VELLOZ., 318
Bœnninghausenia,
383, 457
Boerhaavia, L., 7, 20
Bohadschia, Pres, 294
Boldoa, Cav., 11, 21
Bombax, L., 99, 158
Bombycella, DC., 96
Bombycodendron, Zout., 96
Bombycospermum, PREsL, 156
Bonimia,PL., 476
Bonnetia, Marr. & Zucc., 266
Bonnetia, ScHREB., 243, 266
Bonplandia, W., 462
Boronella, H. Bx., 394, 469
Boronia, Sm., 393, 468
Boschia, Kortu., 105, 165
Boscia, ‘THons., 490
Bosistoa, F. Murzz., 399, 477
Bouchardatia, H. By., 399, 477
Bougainvillea, Crois., 12, 21
Bouzetia, Monrrovs., 440
Boymia, A. Juss., 476
Brachyebiton, Sonorr., 61
Brackenridgea, A. Gray, 367
Braddleya, VELLOZ., 355
Bridgesia, Hook. & ARN., 26
Brombya, F. Muez., 476
Brotera, Cav., 131
Brotera, VELLOZ., 195
Brotobroma, Kansr.
136
Brownlowia, Roxs., 167, 190
Brucea, Mizz., 416, 503
Bruguiera, Cav., 6
Brunellia, R. & Pav., 420
Bubroma, Scures., 136
Bueco, Wenpz., 465
Buettneria, LœrL., 78, 133
Bugainvillea, Commens., 12
Bulnesia, C. Gay, 430, 517
Burghartia, Neck, 295
REICHB.,
& TR.
Burkardia, Scop., 295
Byrsanthus, GuiLem., 287, 324
Cacao, T., 80
Cadellia, F. Murtx., 418, 506
Calabura, PLux., 193
Calantica, JauB., 284, 322
Calceolaria, LŒFL,, 358
Callirhoe, Nurr., 88
Calodendron, THunB., 292, 467
Calpandria, BL., 236
Calpidia, Dur.-Tu., 8
Calymenia, Nurr., 6
Calyptrion, GING., 360
Calyxhymenia, OrrEe., 6
Camellia, L., 236
Campylanthera, Scnorr., 158
Caraipa, AUBL., 244, 268
Cardiocarpus, ReiNw., 510
Cardiophora, Bentx., 510
Cardiostegia, Prest, 131
Carica, L., 291
Carolinea, L. r., 159
Carpodiptera, GrisEs., 169, 191
Carpophyllum, Mig., 61
Carpotroche, Exp, 275, 809
Carria, GaRDN., 260
Jarrictera, Scor., 187
Caryocar, ALLAM., 250, 271
Caryolobia, GamRrn., 221
Casearia, JACQ., 313
Casimiroa, LLAv. & Lex., 402,
488
Casinga, Grises., 312
Castela, Ture., 414, 500
Catostemma, BENTH., 253
Cavalam, RueEp, 113
Cavalam, Rumeu., 61
Cavallium, Scnorr, 61
Cavanillesia, R. & Pav., 105,
162
Ceiba, Marr. & Zucc., 99
Ceiba, PLum., 158
Cephalacis, H. By., 294
Cephalotomandra, Karst.
Tr., 9
Ceratocoreta, DC., 198
Cespedesia, Goup., 370, 377
Chadara, Forsk., 199
Chætea, JAcQ., 78
Chalcas, L., 493
Chamælea, T., 421
Chamæmelanium, Gine., 346
Chanlmoogra, Roxs., 325
Cheirolæna, BuntH., 71, 130
Cheirostemon, H. B., 72
Chichæa, Prest, 61
Chilmoogra, Ham., 325
Chilmoria, Ham., 325
Chilocalyx, Turcz., 495
Chionotria, Jack., 406
Chiranthodendron, LARREAT,
70, 131
&
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Chitonia, Sess. & Moe, 430,
578
Chlanis, Kz., 308
Choisya, H. B. K., 400, 478
Chorilæna, Enpu., 396, 474
Chorisia, H. B. K., 102, 159
Christannia, PRESsL, 318
Christiana, DC., 169, 190
Chrysion, SPACH, 343
Cienfuegia, W., 156
Cienfugosia, Cav., 156
Cistus, L., 330, 338
Citreum, T., 407
Citrus, L., 407, 496
Cittorhynchus, W., 364
Clappertonia, Mutssn., 197
Clausena, Burm., 406, 494
Cleyera, Tauxs., 241
Cleyera, DC., 264
Cloak, RapEm., 289
Clompanus, Rumpn., 61
Closaschima, Korrx., 261
Cneoridium, Hook. r., 418, 506
Cneorum, L., 421, 511
Cochlospermum, K., 297, 329
Codonocarpus, A. Cunn., 43
Ceclostegia, BrentH., 105, 166
Cohonoria, AUBL., 356
Cola, Baun., 64, 125
Coleonema, Barri. & WENDL.,
392, 463
Colignonia, Enpt., 11, 21
Colona, Cav., 200
Columbia, Pers., 175, 201
Columella, VELLOZ., 8
Colythrum, Scnorr., 484
Comeurya, H. By., 401
Commersonia, Forst., 80, 134
Conchocarpus, M1Kax, 462
Conoria, J., 356
Cookia, SonneR., 496
Corchoropsis, S. & Zuce., 198
Corchorus, L., 173, 198
Cordylanthus, Bu., 286
Cordyloblaste, Hunscu., 286
Coreta, P. Br., 198
Coreta, Rumpn., 198
Corethrostyles, ENDL., 84
Coretoides, DC., 198
Coriaria, Nissoz., 432, 519
Correa, SM., 395, 473
Correas, Horrmans., 473
Correia, VELLOZ., 364
Corynostylis, Marr., 346, 360
Costa, VELLOZ., 462
Cotylephora, Metssn., 165
Courtenia, R. Br., 64
Covilhamia, Korrr., 110
Cræpaloprumnon, Karsr., 310
Crantzia, SCHREB., 490
Craspedum, Lour., 178
C'ateria, PERS., 314
Crinodendron, Mot., 180, 206
Cristaria, Cav., 91, 146
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Crowea, Sm., 294, 470
Cullenia, Wicut, 105, 164
Curtisia, ScHreB., 396
Cusparia, H., 462
Cyanothamnus, LinpL., 393
Cycloptera, Nurr., 8
Cyclotheca, Mog., 43
Cyminosma, GÆRTIN., 486
Cynocrambe, T., 39
Dangervilla, VEzLOZ., 462
Dantia, Lipp., 7
Dasyanthera, Presi, 317
Dasycarpus, Œrsr., 208
Dasylepis, Orrv., 326
Dasynema, Scuorr., 207
Davya, Moc. & Sess., 242
Dayenia, Mizz., 134
Decachistia, Wieur & ARn., 99,
157
Decatropis, Hoox. r., 401, 482
Delabechea, Lin px, 61
Dendrostylis, Karst. & TR,
275, 309
Desmophyllum, Wes., 380
Desplatsia, Bocg., 175, 200
Deu, Frur., 432
Dicarpæa, Pres, 29
Dicellostyles, Benru., 99, 157
Dicera, Forsr., 178
Diclidocarpus, A. Gray, 201
Dictamnus, L., 459
Dictamus, Lamk., 384:
Dictyoloma, DC., 418, 505
Didymandra, W., 283
Didymeles, Duv.-Tu., 399
Didymeria, Linpt., 473
Didymomeles, SFRENG., 400
Didymotheca, Hook. r., 43, 58
Dioryctandra, Hassk., 356
Diosma, BERG., 392, 466
Dioxippe, Ram., 406
Dipetalum, Dazz., 490
Diplodiscus, Turcz., 169, 191
Diplolæna, R. Br., 375, 396
Diplopenta, ALEr., 152
Diplophractum, Desr., 201
Diporidium, WENDL. F., 375
Dipterocarpus, GÆR1TN. F., 210,
221
Dipterospermum, Grirr., 260
Dischidium, GING., 346
Dissomeria, BENTH., 285, 322
Ditomostrophe, Turcz., 140
Diuroglossum, Turcz., 136
Dombeya, Cav., 69, 129
Doona, Tuw., 213, 225
Doriena, Denxsr., 486
Dovyalis, E. Meyx., 277, 311
Draytonia, A. Gray, 243
Dripax, Nor., 356
Drummondia, Harv., 472
Dryobalanops, Garrn., 210, 221
Duboscia, Bocg., 175, 200
Dubouzetia, Pancu., 207
Dumreichera, Sreup.& Hocust.,
98
Duncania, Rercup., 490
Dupinia, Necx., 240
Durio, L., 105, 164
Dutaillyea, H. By., 400, 479
Ebelingia, Rercus., 509
Echinocarpus, Bu., 207
Edmonstonia, SEEM., 315
Edwardia, Rarin., 64
Ebrenbergia, Marr., 427
Elæocarpus, L., 177, 205
Elemifera, PLuM., 403
Elidurandia, Buck, 156
Elvasia, DC., 367, 374
Empleuridium, Sonp., 292, 467
Empleurum, SozanD., 292, 467
Entelea, R. Br., 172, 197
Erblichia, SrEm., 294
Ercilia, Expc., 26
Ercilla, A. Juss., 26, 52
Erinocarpus, Nimmo, 175, 202
Eriocarpus, J., 233
Eriodendron, DC., 102, 158
Eriolena, DC., 68, 128
Erione, Scuorr., 158
Erioraphe, M1Q., 130
Eriostemon, Su., 470
Eriotheca, Scuorr., 99
Eriudalphus, Ness, 317
Eroteum, Sw., 241, 264
Erpetion, DC., 348
Erythrochiton, Ness & Marr.,
385, 459
Erythrochiton, Grirr., 240
Erythrocistus, Dun., 331
Erythropsis, Livpu., 61
Esenbeckia, H. B. K., 401, 484
Euabatia, H. By., 321
Euasterolasia, BENTH., 473
Euceræa, Mart., 280, 315
Euchætis, Barri. & WENDL,,
392, 466
Eucistus, H. By., 331
Eucoreta, Enpu., 199
Eucrowea, H. Bx., 471
Eudovyalis, H. Ex. 311
| Buelvasia, PL., 374
Euevodia, H. By., 476
Eugodoya, Pu., 377
Eugrewia, H. By., 200
Euguaiacum,H. By., 517
Euguidonia, H. By., 314
Euhelianthemum, H. BN., 333
Euoncoba, H. By., 309
Eupapaya, H. Bw., 292
Eupavonia, H. By., 152
Euphytolacca, Mog., 26
Euquararibea, H. Bx., 161
Eurawsonia, H. Bx., 326
523
Eurinorea, H. By., 356
Eurya, THunB., 241, 265
Eurycoma, Jacx., 417, 504
Eurynema, Enopt., 74
Eusterculia, Scxorr., 63
Eusteuartia, H. Bx., 261
Eusynaxis, Grirr., 262
Euthemis, Jack., 367, 375
Eutriumfetta, H. By., 203
Euvatica, B. H., 223
Evodia, Forsr., 398, 476
Fabago, T., 422
Fagarastrum, Dow, 494
Fagonia, L., 425, 513
Fagoniastrum, Lirp., 422
Ferberia, Scor., 143
Feronia, Corr., 407, 496
Firmiana, MarsiGz,, 61
Flacourtia, Commers., 276, 309
Flacurtia, J., 276
Fleischeria, Strup., 145
Forgetina, Bocg., 207
Foveolaria, Mrtssn., 207
Franklinia, Marsu., 258
Fraxinella, T., 382
Freziera, Sw., 264
Friesia, DC., 209
Fugosia, J., 99, 156
Fumana, Don., 333
Furcaria, DC., 96
Galipea, AUBL., 389, 462
Gallesia, Mog., 38
Gallesioa, Ram., 494
Galvezia, BEeRTER., 26
Galvezia, R. & Pav., 489
Ganitrus, GÆRTN., 178
Ganja, DC., 198
Gaudinia, J. Gay, 29
Gaya, H. B. K., 145
Gayoides, Expz., 145
Gayopsis, A. Gray, 148
Geeria, Bu., 265
Geleznovia, Turcz., 394, 472
Gerberia, Scor., 161
Giesekia, ENpt., 27
Giseckia, L., 27, 53
Glandulifolia, WENDL., 464
Glespermum, Tr. & PL, 343,
356
Gloiospermum, B. H., 356
Glossarrhen, Marr. & Zucc.,
360
Glossospermum, WALL., 77
Glossostemon, Desr., 84, 138
Glycosmis, Corr.. 405
Glyphæa, Hook. r., 172, 193
Godovia, PERS., 377
Godoya, R. & Pav., 370, 377
Geethea, Nees & Marr., 94, 153
| Gomphia, SCHREB., 364
524
Gonoptera, Turcz., 516
Gonus, Lour., 503
Gordonia, Ezz., 237, 2450
Gossampinus, Ham., 99
Gossampinus, SCHOTT., 158
Gossypium, L., 154
Greffea, Srem., 172, 195
Grandidiera, Jaus., 309
Graniera, Manp. & Wepp., 321
Greevesia, F. Muezz., 152
Grewia, L., 175, 199
Guaiacum, PLum., 429, 516
Guazuma, PLuM., 83, 136
Guazumoides, DC., 198
Guiacidium, A. Gray, 516
Guichenotia, J. Gay, 85, 140
Guidonia, PLum., 280. 313
Gymnonychium, Barri, 465
Gynocardia, R. Br., 289, 325
Gyrandra, Mog., 44
Gyrostemon, Desr., 41, 58
Hæmocharis, Sariss., 261
Halfordia, F. Muete., 401, 486
Halimium, Spacu, 333
Hampea, Scuutt., 105, 163
Hannafordia, F. Muru., 86, 141
Hannoa, PL., 414, 498
Haploclathra, Bentu., 245, 269
Haplophyllum, A. Juss., 380
Harmala, L., 425
Harrisonia, R. Br., 419, 509
Hasseltia, H. B. K., 177, 204
Hastingia, Kœx., 137
Haynea, Re1cHB., 149
Helia, Rœm., 495
Heliauthemum, T., 332, 338
Helicteres, L., 66, 126
Helietta, Tun., 401, 484
Heliocarpus, L., 202
Helwingia, ADaxs., 312
Hemiphractum, T'urcz., 224
Heptaca, Lour., 308
Heritiera, Arr., 64, 126
Hermannia, L., 74, 132
Hermidium, Warts., 14
Herrania, Goup., 83, 136
Hesperethusa, Ram., 405
Heterocladus, Turcz., 432
Heterophylleia, Turcz., 432
Heterophyllum, Bocg., 78
Heteropyxis, Grirr., 165
Heterozygia, BGE., 427
Hexadica, Lour., 253
Hexagonotheca, Turcz., 194
Hibiscus, L., 95, 154
Hildegardia, Scuorr., 61
Hilleria, VELLOZ., 35
Hilsenbergia, Bos., 69
Hisingera, HELLEN., 310
Hoferia, Scor., 264
Hoheria, A. Cunn., 91, 146
Hoherianthus, H. By., 147
Holacantha, A. Gray, 414, 501
Homalium, Jaca, 286, 323
Homalolepis, Turcz., 411
Honckenya, W., 172. 197
Hopea, Roxs., 213, 224
Hortia, VanDeLz.,, 401, 485
Hosimannia, PL., 374
Howittia, F. Muezz., 91, 149
Hudsonia, L., 333, 339
Huegelia, R. Br., 440
Humea, Roxs., 167
Huonia, Moxrrous.. 486
Hybanthus, JacQ., 346, 358
Hydnocarpus, Garry., 290, 326
Hymenanthera, R. Br., 356
Hymenotheca, F. Muez., 43
Hyptiandra, Hook. r., 414, 500
Idesia, Maxim, 278, 312
Imhofia, Zozz, & Mor., 356
Jngenhousia, Mog. & Sess., 155
Tonidiopsis, PRESL, 360
lonidium, Venv., 359
Irion, P. Br., 346
Troucana, AUBL., 314
Irvingia, Hook. r., 420, 509
Isauxis, ARN., 223
Isodendrion, A. Gray, 342, 355
Isora, ScHorr., 66
Ivira, AUBL., 61
Jabotapita, PLUM., 364
Jacartia, MarcGr., 292
Jacea, DC., 346
Jackia, SPRENG., 68
Jaequinia, Mur., 177
Jalapa, T., 4
Jambolifera, L, 486
Josepha, VEzLoz., 12
Juliana, Luav. & Lex., 478
Julostyles, Tuw., 99, 157
Kallstræmia, Scop., 427
Kampmanuia, RariN., 396
Kelletia, Seem., 177
Keraudrenia, J. Gay, 86, 142
Ketmia, T., 95
Ketmia, Enpu., 96
Kielmeyera, Mart. & Zucc.,
244, 267
Kieseria, Nees, 243
Kiggelaria, L., 290, 327
Kirkia, Ourv., 416, 504
Kitaibelia, W., 93, 150
Kleinhovia, L., 68, 127
Klobach, RapEm., 259
Keeberlinia, Zucc., 420, 511
Keelreutera, Murr, 27
Kaœnigia, Commers., 69
Kosteletzkya, PRESL, 99, 156
Kuaia, Karst. & Tr., 484
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Kublia, H. B. K., 282, 318
Kydia, Roxs., 91, 150
Lacaris, Ham., 396
Lacathea, SazIsB., 258
Lacistema, Sw., 282, 321
Ladanium, Spacu, 332
Letia, Lœru., 278, 312
Lagunæa, Cav., 95
Lagunaria, Don, 98
Lagunezia, Scor., 286
Lagunea, Vent., 97
Lahia, Hassk., 164
Lampetia, Rœm., 495
Langsdorfia, Leanpr., 396
Laplacea, H. B. K., 237
Lappula, DC., 203
Juarrea, Cav., 517
Lasiopetalum, Su, 84, 139
Lasiospermum, H. By., 343,
356
Lasiostemon, Ness & Marr,
462
Laureola, Rem., 487
Lavatera, L., 143
Lavradia, VELLoZz., 349, 362
Lawrencia, Hook., 147
Lebretonia, Scur., 152
Lechea, L., 333, 339
Lecheoides, H. By., 339
Lechidium, Spacu, 334
Ledenbergia, KL., 35, 55
Ledonia, Spacu, 332
Lemonia, Linpt., 465
Leonia, R. & Pav., 343, 357
Lepta, Lour., 476
Leptidium, Gine., 346
Leptolæna, Dur.-Tn., 228, 233
Leptonychia, Turcz., 83, 137
Leptothyrsa, Hook. r.,388, 461
Lettsomia, R. & Pav., 264
Leucothamnus, Linpu., 140
Leucothea, Moe. & Sess., 242
| Lightfootia, Sw., 312
Lightfootia, Vatu, 319
Lightia, Scnoms., 136
Lilenia, Berver, 319
Limeum, L., 29, 53
Limon, T’., 407
Limonia, GæÆrTN., 317
Limonia, L., 405, 493
Lindackeria, Presi, 309
Lindenia, Mart., 7
Lindleya, Nes, 261
Lindleya, H. B. K., 314
Lindnera, Retcus., 171
Linscotia, Apaxs., 29
Locandi, Apaxs., 499
Lochemia, ARN., 77
Lochneria, Scor., 178
Loghania, Scor., 271
Lophanthus, Forsk., 77
Lophion, Spacu, 346
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Lophira, Banxs, 215, 226
Lopimia, Ners & Marr., 152
Lozania, Mur., 283
Lucinium, Proux., 403
Ludia, Lamx., 282, 317
Luhea, W., 172, 195
Lunanea, DC., 64
Lunania, Hook., 280, 315
Lunasia, BLaxc., 401, 485
Lundia, Scuum. & Tuôwx., 308
Luvunga, Ham., 407, 495
Luxeniburgia, A.S. H., 368, 375
Lysiosepalum, F. Moete. SD)
140
Macqueria, Commers., 396
Macrostylis, Barrz. &W ENDL.,
392, 466
Meerlensia, VeEttoz., 198
Mesia, Gxrtn., 370
Mahurea, Augz., 245, 268
Malache, Trew., 152
Malachodendron, Cav., 261
Malachra, L., 94, 152
Malacocarpus, Fisca. & Mer.
426
Mallococca, Forsr., 199
Malope, L., 91, 150
Malva, L., 90, 142
Malvastrum, A. Gray, 145
Malvastrum, DC., 90
Malvastrum, Wepp., 90
Malvaviseus, Drzz., 95, 153
Malvaviseus, GÆRTN., 155
Malvella, Jaus. & Spacu, 145
Malvinda, Meprx., 144
Mancoa, Rarin., 35
Mannia, Hook. r., 414, 499
Manungala, Branc., 499
Marcgravia, PLuM., 246, 270
Marila, Sw., 245, 269
Marotti, Rneep., 325
Martiniera, VELLOz., 267
Marumia, REINw., 242
Mateatia, VELLOZ., 61
Matisia, H. B., 161
Matisiopsis, H. Bx., 161
Mauduytia, Commers., 499
Maximiliana, Mart., 297
Maxwellia, H. By., 83, 138
Mayna, Aug, 275, 309
Mayna, Ranp., 275, 309
Mazeutoxeron, LABILL., 473
Medicosma, Hook. r., 400, 479
Medusa, Lour., 356
Megabothrya, HANCE, 476
Megastigma, Hook. r., 401, 483
Melanium, GinG., 346
Melanococca, Bu., 401, 481
Melhania, Forsx., 7], 131
Melicope, Forsr., 476
Melicytus, Forsr., 343, 357
Meliphlea, Zucc., 149
| Melistaurum, Forsr., 314
Melochia, L., 76, 132
Merope, Ræœm., 495
Methorium, Scaorr., 66
Metrodorea, A. S. H., 484
Michoxia, VELLOZ., 253
Microcos, L., 199
| Microcybe, Turcz., 394, 471
Microlæna, Watt., 68
Micromelum, Bz., 406, 494
Microsemma, LABILL., 263
Miltianthus, Bex., 422
Miltus, Lour., 27
Mirabilis, L., 4, 18
Mitella, T., 274
Mitscherlichia, K., 10
Mnemion, Spacu, 343
Mocanera, BLanc., 221
Mocanera, J., 265
Modiola, Mæxcx., 91, 149
Mohlana, Manrr., 35, 55
Mohlanella, Mig., 55
Mollia, Mart, & Zucc., 172, 196
Monniera, L., 390, 463
Monocera, Jacq, 178
Monococeus, F. Muezz., 37, 56
Monoporandra, Tuw., 203, 224
Monoporina, Presr, 269
Monospora, Hocust., 311
Montezuma, DC., 163
Montia, Howsr., 202
Moranda, Scopr., 130
Mougeotia, H. B. K., 77
Muenteria, Wazp., 502
Munnicksia, DENNST., 325
Muntingia, PLUM., 172, 193
Murraya, L., 406, 493
Myaris, Prest, 494
Myriantheia, Dur.-Tx.,
Myriochæta, DC., 207
Myriotriche, Turez., 321
Myrodia, Sw., 161
Myrodiopsis, Tr. & Pr., 161
Myroxylon, Forsr., 310
Mytilicoceus, Zozz., 485
Myxospermum, Rœm., 406
286
Napæa, L., 144
,Napimoga, AuBL., 286
Naudinia, Pt. & Linpt., 462
Naveæ, Wesp., 143
Nebra, Nor, 10
Neckia, KoRTH., 348, 362
Neea, R. & Pav., 10
Neesia, Bu., 105, 165
Nematolepis, Turcz., 395, 472
Nematospermum, Ricu., 283
Nettoa, H. By., 198
Neumannia, A. Ricw., 319
Nima, Ham., 503
Niota, Lamx., 499
Nisa, Noronu., 286
Nitraria, L., 430, 578
525
Noisettia, H. B. K., 846, 360
Nominium, GING., 346
Norantea, AUBL., 249, 271
Nuttallia, Banr., 86
Nyctage, V. Roy., 2
Nyctaginia, Cuots., 5, 18
Nyctago, J., 2
Obelanthera, Turcz., 242
Obentonia, VELLOZ., 462
Ochna, Scares , 367, 375
Ochroma, Sw., 105, 162
Ochroxylum, Scrres., 396
Octolobus, WELW., 66
cie SCHIED., Fe 19
Olbia, Meprx., 143
Omalopsis, Moa., 26
Omphacarpus, Korra., 199
Oncoba, Forsk., 275, 308
Ophelus, Lour., 160
Orthocarpæa, DC., 67
Orthothecium, Scuorr., 56
Osmelia, THw., 314
Osyris, GMEL., 430
Oudemansia, M1Q., 66
Ouratea, AUBL., 364, 374
Oxanthera, Moxrrous., 407
Oxybaphus, Vaut, 6, 19
Oxytandrum, Neck., 194
Ozophyllum, ScHRes., 462
Pachira, AuBt., 103, 159
Pachynocarpus,, 213, 223
Pachystigma, Hoox., 480
Pacnoe, RuExED., 219
Pagetia, F. Muezz., 399, 478
Palava, Cav., 93, 151
Palava, R. & Pav., 242
Palavia, Cav., 6
Palavia, Ma@ncu., 151
Pallasia, Hourv., 467
Pallavia, VezLoz., 8
Pandora, Noronu., 234
Pangi, Rumrx., 289
Pangium, Rumpx., 288, 324
Papaya, T., 291, 327
Papeda, Hassx., 407
Paramignya, Wient, 401, 495
Parapetalifera, Wen DL, 465
Parita, Scor., 98
Pariti, RHgep., 98
Passoura, AUBL., 356
Pavonia, Cav., 94, 152
RL AuBL., 340, 355
Peganum, L., 425, 514
Pelea, A. Gray., 47 6
Peleastrum, H. Ex. 476
Pelliceria, TR. & PL. 245, 269
Pelliciera, B. H., 245, 269
Peltostegia, Turcz., 110
Peltostigma, Watp., 480
Pentace, Hassk., 169, 191
526
Pentaceras, G. F. Mry., 78
Pentaceras, Hook. r., 402, 489 |
Pentacme, A. DC., 224
Pentacrophys, A. Gray, 5, 19
Pentaglottis, Wazz., 131
Pentaloba, Lour., 356
Pentamorpha, Scawerpz., 385
Pentanoma, Moe. & Sess., 396
Pentapetes, L., 71, 130
Pentaspermum, DC., 157
Periclistia, BENTH., 340
Peridiscus, Bexrx., 277, 312
Perijæa, Tuz., 396
Permkara, ApAwns., 178
Periptera, DC., 110
Petalandra, Hassk., 224
Petiveria, PLUM., 35, 55
Phebalium, VENT., 470
Phellodendron, Rurr., 402, 488
Philagonia, BL, 476
Philippodendron, Port., 147
Philomeda, Nor., 364
Philotheca, Runce., 395, 472
Phoberos, Lour., 317
Phœnicospermum, M1Q., 208
Pholidandra, Neck., 462
Phyllanthophora, 90
Phyllostema, Neck., 411
Phymosia, Drsvx., 149
Physiphora, Souanp., 356
Physocodon, Turcz., 77
Phytolaca, Rarin., 25
Phytolacca, T., 52
Picræna, Lin, 415, 503
Picramnia, Sw., 507
Picrasma, H. Bu., 415, 502
Picrella, By., 417 505
Picrodendron, PL., 419, 508
Picrolemma, Hook. r., 416, 503
Piercea, Mitt., 33
Pilocarpus, VaxL, 401, 483
Pimia, Spem., 138
Pineda, R. & Pav., 318
Pintoa, C. Gay, 430, 517
Piparea, AUBL., 314
Piptostylis, Dauz., 494
Fireunia, Mog., 25
Pircuniastrum, Mog., 26
Piriqueta, AUBL., 295
Pisonia, PLum., 8, 20
Pitavia, L., 402, 489
Pitumba, Aust., 314
Pityranthe, Taw., 169, 191
Plagianthus, Forsr., 91, 147
Plagiopteron, Grirr., 177, 205
Platydesma, Manx., 400, 479
Plectranthera, MarT., 368
Plectrocarpa, GrzL., 430, 517
Pleurandropsis, H. By., 395,
447
Ploiarium, Korrx., 268
Podostaurus, JUNGH., 457
Peecilandra, Tut., 370, 378
Peecilodermis, Scuorr., 61
Peeciloneuron, Bepp., 245, 269
Pohlana, Nees & Marr., 396
Polembryon, A. Juss., 484:
Polyaster, Hook, F., 401, 482
Polychlæna, G. Don, 77
Polyspora, Sweer, 260
Pombalia, VaNDELL, 359
Pongelion, Ruerp., 449
Porlieria, R. & Pav., 430, 517
Porpa, Bu., 203
Pourretia, W., 162
Prockia, P. Br., 176, 204
Prosthesia, BL., 356
Pseudægle, M1q., 407
Pseudiosma, DC., 440
Pseudolacca, Mog., 26
Ptelea, K., 402, 490
Pteranthera, BL., 222
Pterocælion, Turcz., 191
Pterocymbium, R. Br., 61
Pterolæna, DC., 68
Pterospermum, Scures., 68,
Pterota, P. Br., 396
Pterygium, Corr., 221
Pterygota, Scnort., 61
Ptychopyxis, Mig., 110
Pumilea, P. Br., 294
Pyramidocarpus, OLIv.,
320
Pyrenaria, Bu., 239, 263
Pyrospermum, M1Q., 110
282,
Quamoclidion, CHots., 4
Quararibea, Augz., 104, 161
Quassia, L., 411, 497
Quinaria, Lour., 494
Rabelaisia, Px., 485
Racoubea, AUBL., 286
Raleighia, GARDN., 321
Raputia, AugL., 462
Ravenia, VELLOZ., 390, 463
Ravia, Ness & Marr., 462
Rawsonia, Harv, & Sonp., 290,
326
Recchia, Moe. & Suss., 415
Redoutea, VENT., 156
Reevesia, Linpt., 69, 128
Reichenbachia, SPRENG., 12
Reinwardtia, Kortx., 240
Reinwardtia, Ness, 242
Renardia, Turcz., 311
Retinodendron, Korr., 223
| Rhamnopsis, Rercug., 277
Rhetsa, Wieut & ARN., 396
Rhinanthera, Bu., 317
Rhizobolus, Garrn., 250
Rhodax, Spacu, 333
Rhodocistus, Spacu, 332
Rhodolæna, Dur.-Tn., 231, 234
Rynchostemon, Sterrz., 140
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Riana, AUBL., 356
Riedlia, DC., 77
Rigiostachys, PL., 415
Rinorea, Aust., 342, 356
Rissoa, ARN., 495
Rivina, Pium., 33, 54
Reepera, A. Juss., 425
Rossenia, VELLOZ., 462
Roumea, Porr., 310
Ruizia, Cav., 71, 130
Rulingia, R. Br., 80, 135
Ruta, T., 380, 457
Ruteria, Meprx., 382
Rutidanthera, Pu., 371
Rutosma, A. Gray, 458
Ruyschia, Jaca, 250, 271
Ryanæa, DC., 280, 316
Ryania, Vaux, 280, 316
Sadymia, Grises., 278
Salmalia, Scuorr., 99
Salmasia, SCHREB., 302
Salpianthus, H. B., 11
Samadera, GæRTN., 499
Samandura, L., 414, 499
Samyda, L., 278, 313
Sandfordia, Drumm., 472
Saouari, AUBL., 253
Sarcoca, Rarin., 24
Sarcodactylis, Garrn., 407
Sarcolæna, Dup.-‘l'n., 231, 233
Sarcozygium, BGE., 474
Sarosanthera, Korrx., 264
Sarotes, LiNpz., 140
Sassangua, Nuns, 236
Saurauja, W., 242, 266
Sauvagea, NECK., 350
Sauvagesia, L., 346, 361
Savignonia, Wrss., 143
Scaphium, Scxorr., 61
Scaphopetalum, Masr., 83, 136
Schillera, Rercus., 6S
Schima, Remnw., 239, 262
Schizolæna, Dur.-TH., 231, 234
Schlechtendalia, SPRENG., 196
Schoutenia, Kortu., 172, 192
Schouwia, ScHRAD., 152
Schumacheria, SPRENG., 295
Schuurmansia, BL., 348, 362
Schwarzia, VELLOZ., 271
Schweiggeria, SPRENG.,
360
Scivris, Nees & Marr., 462
Sciuris, SCHREB., 462
Scleronema, Bentu., 105, 163
Scleroolena, H. By., 231
Sclerostylis, Bu., 495
Scolopia, Scures., 281, 317
Scopolia, SM., 490
Seyphæa, Pres, 269
Scyphellandra, Taw., 342, 356
Scypholetia, H. By., 312
346,
INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Sczeglewia, Turcz., 68
Seetzenia, R. Br., 425, 513
Seguiera, Porr., 37
Seguieria, LœrL., 37, 56
Seidlia, Kosr., 223
Selinocarpus, A. Gray, 5, 19
Senkenbergia, SCHAU., 7
Senræa, W., 98
Sericodes, A. Gray, 516
Seringia, J. Gay., 86, 141
Serræa, ENDL., 98
Shorea, RoxB , 213, 225
Sicklera, Raw., 493
Sida, L., 90, 144
Sidabutilon, H. By., 148
Sidalcea, A. Gray, 144
Simaba, AUBL., 411
Simaruba, AugL., 414, 498
Siphomeria, Bos., 199
Siphoniopsis, Karst., 64
Sisyndite, E. Mey., 428, 515
Skimmia, Touns., 402, 487
Sloanea, La@ru., 194
Sloanea, L., 180, 207
Solanoides, T., 33
Solea, GING., 359
Solenantha, G. Don, 357
Solmsia, H. Bx., 177, 205
Sophisteques, ComMERrs., 364
Soulamea, Lamk., 420, 510
Souroubea, AuBL., 271
Southwellia, SazisB., 61
Sparmannia, L. r, 172, 196
Spathe, P. Br., 507
Spathelia, L., 419, 507
Spathularia, A. 8. H., 355
Sphæralcea, A. S. H., 91, 149
Sphæroma, ScaLTL., 149
Sphæroma, Harv., 149
Spiranthera, A. S. H., 387,
460
Spirocarpæa, DC., 68
Sprengelia, Scuutr., 131
Stachycrater, Turcz., 314°
Stauranthus, LieBm., 404, 492
Stegia, Mæxcn., 143
Stemonoporus, Tuw., 224
Stephanocarpus, SPACH, 332
Sterculia, L., 60, 125
Steuartia, CATESB., 261
Steudelia, PRESL, 38
Steudelia, Marr., 357
Stevartia, Forsr., 144
Stewartia, L., 261
Stigmarota, Lour., 276
Streptopetalum, Hocusr., 295
Streptothamnus, F. MuEeLzL., 278
Stuartia, B. H., 261
Sturtia, R. Br., 155
Sunaptea, GRIFF., 222
Suriana, PLUM., 484, 519
Surubea, Mey., 271
Sutherlandia Gmez., 65
Symphyopetalum, Drumm., 472
Synzyganthera, R. & Pav., 283
Systemon, REG., 440
Tachibota, Aust., 302
Tæniostema, SPACI, 533
Tantalus, Noronu., 233
Taonabea, J., 240
Taonabo, AUBL., 239
Taraktogenos, Hassk., 326
Tariri, AUBL., 419, 507
Tarrietia, Bz., 64, 125
Teclea, Dez., 404, 492
Telfairia, Newm., 78
Ternstreinia, L. r., 239, 268
Terpnanthus, Nezs & Mart.,
460
Tersonia, Mog., 43, 58
Tetracocyne, ‘l'urez., 319
Tetradia, R. Br., 66, 126
Tetradiclis, Srev., 383, 458
Tetradium, Lour., 476
Tetramerista, M1Q., 367, 375
Tetrathylacium, Paper. & ENDt.,
280, 315
Thamnia, P. Br., 312
Thamnosma, Torr. & FRE,
283, 458
Thea, L., 235, 260
Thelygonum, L., 39, 57
Theobroma, L., 80, 135
Theodoria, Neck. 61
Thespesia, Corr., 99, 155
Thiodia, BENN., 312
Thiodia, Grises., 314
Thomasia, J. Gay, 85, 140
Thorntonia, Rricns., 156
Thurberia, A. Gray, 155
Ticorea, AUBL., 389, 462
Tilia, T., 169, 192
Tinantia, Marr., 7
Tinea, SPRENG., 177
Tobinia, Drsvx., 396
Toddalia, J., 403, 490
Toluifera, Lour., 406
Torreya, SPRENG., 13
Torrubia, VELLOZ., 8
Toxicodendron, Mitt, 403
Toxosiphon, H. By., 389, 461
Tragularia, Kay., 8
Triacis, GRiseB., 294
Tribolacis, GRrIsEB., 294
Tribulopsis, R. Br., 427
Tribulus, T., 427, 514
Trichadenia, Tuw., 290, 325
Trichanthera, EHRens., 74
Trichocarpus, ScHREB., 207
Trichosiphon, Scuorv., 61
Trichospermum, Bu., 175,201
Tricliceras, DC., 295
Tricratus, LHér., 8
Tricuspidaria, R. & Pav., 206
Tricuspis, Pers., 206
or
Re]
“I
Tricyela, Cav., 12
Trilx, L., 177
Trimeria, Harv., 278, 311
Trionæa, B. H., 95
Trionum, MEpik., 96
Triphaca, Lour., 61
Triphasia, Lour., 405
Tristylium, Turcz., 264
Triumfetta, PLum., 175, 202
Trochetia, DC., 71, 129
Tsja, Kamer., 236
Tsubaki, Kamrr., 236
Tuberaria, Dun., 333
Turnera, L., 294, 328
Typalia, Dennst., 396
Typhaiea, DC., 152
Ungeria, Scxorr. & Enpt., 69,
128
Urena, L., 94, 151
Urocarpus, Drumm., 394, 473
Urucu, Marcr., 274
Vahlia, Dant., 69
Valentinia, Sw., 314
Vallea, Mur., 180, 208
Vanalphimia, Turc., 242
Vareca, Roxs., 356
Vasconcella, H. S. H., 293
Vasconcellea, A. DC., 293
Vasconcellia, B. H., 292
Vateria, 213, 223
Vatica, L., 213, 222
Vasivæa, H. By., 176, 203
Velaga, Apans., 68
Ventenatia, PaL.-BEAU v., 308
Vepris, Commers., 490
Vialia, Vis., 131
Vieillardia, Ap. Br. & GR, 9
Villamilla, R. & Pav., 33
Vincentia, Bog., 199
Viola, T., 343, 358
Violeoides, Micux., 360
Visnea, L. F., 241, 265
Vlamingia, De VRIESE., 358
Veelekeria, Ku. & Karsr., 240
Walkera, Scures., 370
Wallacea, Spruce., 370, 379
Wallichia, DC., 68
Waltheria, L., 77, 133
Wedelia, La@rt., 7
Wickstræmia, Scurap., 261
Winterlia, DENNST., 405
Wissadula, Mepix., 91, 148
Wissidia, GRises., 148
Wittelsbachia Marr. & Zucc.,
297
528 INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
Wittmannia, TurR., 6 Xyladenius, Desvx., 318 Zieria, Sm., 394, 469
Wittmannia, Vaxz, 409 Xylon, T., 155 Zieridium, H. By., 394, 469
Wolkensteinia, REG., 367 Xylosma, Forsr., 277, 310 Zuelania, A. Ricu, 312
Wormia, VAHL, 214 Xylotheca, Hocust., 308 Zwingera, SCHBEB., 411
Wormskioldia, Scaum. & Zygophyllum, L., 422, 512
THonn., 295
Zanthoxylon, K., 396
Xeropetalum, Dez., 69 Zanthoxylum, L., 475
END OF VOL. IV
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